1) All living systems require a constant input of free energy which is obtained from food and transformed through a series of chemical reactions from one form to another.
2) Energy is released through exergonic (catabolic) reactions like cellular respiration which break bonds, while endergonic (anabolic) reactions like synthesis require energy to form bonds.
3) ATP acts as a short-term energy storage molecule, transferring energy between reactions by having a phosphate bond that is easily broken to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
Blood, sweat, and tears were put in to this! Use it and abuse it! Here is the ultimate study buddy for you to ace the test. All the material was derived from class notes, extra help, and of course Mr. Williamsen himself! ENJOY!!!
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is the reverse of photosynthesis. Glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce ATP, water, and carbon dioxide through a series of redox reactions. ATP is a high-energy molecule that cells use to power their metabolic functions.
Organisms need energy to sustain life processes like growth, movement, and reproduction. They obtain energy primarily from food sources through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to break down glucose and harvest energy, producing ATP as energy currency. ATP is an excellent energy donor that is recycled thousands of times per second to power cellular work. The three main stages of cellular respiration extract energy from glucose in steps, with glycolysis occurring in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane via chemiosmosis. Oxygen is required for the electron transport chain, which produces the most ATP and drives ATP synthesis. Cellular
This document provides an overview of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose and produces significantly more ATP, yielding a total of 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration, also called fermentation, does not use oxygen and only produces 2 ATP molecules during glycolysis. The first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is glycolysis. Aerobic respiration also involves the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to efficiently produce energy in the form of ATP.
This document discusses bioenergetics and energy production through the TCA (Krebs) cycle. It defines bioenergetics as the part of biochemistry concerned with energy flow through living systems. It explains that living organisms obtain energy through breaking chemical bonds and oxidizing materials, often with oxygen. The energy is used to produce ATP, which acts as an energy battery. The TCA cycle is described as a series of chemical reactions that starts and ends with oxaloacetate, and produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn to generate energy.
1) All living systems require a constant input of free energy which is obtained from food and transformed through a series of chemical reactions from one form to another.
2) Energy is released through exergonic (catabolic) reactions like cellular respiration which break bonds, while endergonic (anabolic) reactions like synthesis require energy to form bonds.
3) ATP acts as a short-term energy storage molecule, transferring energy between reactions by having a phosphate bond that is easily broken to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
Blood, sweat, and tears were put in to this! Use it and abuse it! Here is the ultimate study buddy for you to ace the test. All the material was derived from class notes, extra help, and of course Mr. Williamsen himself! ENJOY!!!
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is the reverse of photosynthesis. Glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce ATP, water, and carbon dioxide through a series of redox reactions. ATP is a high-energy molecule that cells use to power their metabolic functions.
Organisms need energy to sustain life processes like growth, movement, and reproduction. They obtain energy primarily from food sources through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to break down glucose and harvest energy, producing ATP as energy currency. ATP is an excellent energy donor that is recycled thousands of times per second to power cellular work. The three main stages of cellular respiration extract energy from glucose in steps, with glycolysis occurring in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane via chemiosmosis. Oxygen is required for the electron transport chain, which produces the most ATP and drives ATP synthesis. Cellular
This document provides an overview of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose and produces significantly more ATP, yielding a total of 38 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration, also called fermentation, does not use oxygen and only produces 2 ATP molecules during glycolysis. The first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is glycolysis. Aerobic respiration also involves the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to efficiently produce energy in the form of ATP.
This document discusses bioenergetics and energy production through the TCA (Krebs) cycle. It defines bioenergetics as the part of biochemistry concerned with energy flow through living systems. It explains that living organisms obtain energy through breaking chemical bonds and oxidizing materials, often with oxygen. The energy is used to produce ATP, which acts as an energy battery. The TCA cycle is described as a series of chemical reactions that starts and ends with oxaloacetate, and produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn to generate energy.
This biology class covers energy, metabolism, and ATP. The lesson defines key terms like energy, thermodynamics, metabolism, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and ATP. It explains that the first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, and the second law is that energy cannot be converted without loss of usable energy. Metabolism includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, providing energy for cellular work.
The document discusses how the ionization energies of elements can indicate their position in the periodic table. It notes that potassium, as a group 1 element, has a jump in energy needed to remove its second electron. Similarly, it identifies jumps for elements in groups 2 through 5 that correspond to removing the third, fourth, fifth and sixth electrons respectively, demonstrating how ionization energies reflect the electron configuration of elements.
Proteins and nucleic acids are two important organic biomolecules. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform functions like building body parts. Their building blocks are amino acids. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, store and pass on genetic information, and are composed of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. DNA specifically contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine and forms the classic double helix structure through base pairing between strands.
1. The document defines the basic building blocks of living things as atoms, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms bond together through ionic and covalent bonds to form molecules.
2. The four main types of macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy and include sugars like glucose. Lipids function to store energy and include fats, oils, and other compounds.
3. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and are important for structure, enzymes, and other functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA control cell functions and heredity by
Getting energy to make atp part 1 (pp.231-226) answer keyJavier Aguirre
This document is a biology assignment from Centro Escolar Solalto for the 9th Pre-IB Biology class, taught by Javier Aguirre. It provides instructions for students to complete a handout on cellular respiration by investigating key vocabulary terms and answering questions about glycolysis from their textbook. The questions cover topics like the stages of cellular respiration, where glycolysis occurs, what happens during glycolysis, and the role of molecules like ATP, NAD+, and pyruvic acid in energy production.
Mitochondria lesson the basics of glucose to ATP productionStephanie Beck
This document provides information about how cells convert food energy into a usable form through cellular respiration. It discusses that glucose is the molecule that cells can directly use for energy but must first be broken down by mitochondria. The mitochondria break down glucose and convert the energy from it into many molecules of ATP through cellular respiration. ATP is the form of energy that cells can directly use to power their functions and work. The document seeks to explain this process to students through diagrams, examples, and questions to help them understand how food energy is converted into a usable form in cells through the mitochondria and ATP.
This document provides an overview of the major biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It defines monomers and polymers, noting that biomolecules are polymers made of repeating monomer units. Carbohydrates are introduced, with monosaccharides as monomers, and examples including starch and glucose. Nucleic acids are then covered, with nucleotides as monomers, and DNA and RNA as examples. The key points about each biomolecule are outlined.
Fermentation allows cells to produce ATP without oxygen through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis proceeds normally to generate pyruvate and NADH, but in the absence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to pyruvate instead of entering the electron transport chain. This regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue repeatedly. There are two main types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. Both recycle NAD+ so glycolysis and ATP production can continue anaerobically.
Photosynthesis and respiration are important chemical reactions in living organisms.
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen through a two-stage process that takes place in chloroplasts. Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy in cells, and is the opposite of photosynthesis. Both processes are essential as photosynthesis produces food for autotrophs like plants, while respiration releases energy from that food in all organisms.
Cellular respiration introduction general for 9th grade biologyStephanie Beck
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy from glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a small amount of energy as ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down the pyruvate molecules, producing more ATP and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to pump protons out of the mitochondria, powering ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP while fermentation makes only 2 ATP without oxygen.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.8 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces 36-38 ATP. Anaerobic respiration has fewer steps and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing only 2 ATP without oxygen. Both involve glycolysis but aerobic respiration continues with the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain while anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid or ethanol. Aerobic respiration is more efficient but requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration produces less energy in the absence of oxygen.
1) Cells acquire energy through metabolic pathways like photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation. Photosynthesis converts light or chemical energy into organic compounds like glucose. Cellular respiration and fermentation break down glucose to extract stored chemical energy and produce ATP.
2) During cellular respiration, glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing pyruvate. The Krebs cycle then extracts more energy from pyruvate in the mitochondria. Finally, the electron transport chain uses enzymes and oxygen to produce ATP through redox reactions.
3) Without oxygen, some cells use fermentation instead of respiration to regenerate NAD+ and produce a small amount of ATP through glycolysis alone. Fermentation is less efficient
Most of the document is a series of concept checks from a biology textbook chapter on cellular respiration. Here are the key points:
1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and reaction with oxygen to release energy, captured as ATP, while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
2) There are three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - which take place in different parts of the cell and produce a total of 38 ATP molecules per glucose.
3) Fermentation differs in that it does not require oxygen and produces much less ATP, but is used by microbes to produce foods like cheese and yogurt and by muscles during intense exercise to produce lactic
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy. This occurs in mitochondria and produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. During intense exercise, the body shifts to anaerobic respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm when oxygen demand outstrips supply. It generates lactic acid and ATP more quickly but to a lesser extent. The human body repays this oxygen debt through deep breathing after exercise to oxidize lactic acid buildup.
Metabolism involves the chemical processes that take place in organisms. There are catabolic pathways that break down molecules and release energy, and anabolic pathways that use energy to build molecules. Energy exists in various forms like kinetic, potential, and activation energy, and it can be transferred and transformed according to the laws of thermodynamics. Cellular respiration uses energy from molecules to make ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, but anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation pathways.
2016 cellular respiration and photosynthesisGreg Scrivin
Plants are autotrophs that perform photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis has two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced. Glucose is used by plants and is the starting material for cellular respiration in animals and fungi to release energy, with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between photosynthesis and respiration.
The document provides information about photosynthesis including:
1. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts located in plant leaves. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH.
2. The Calvin cycle uses the products of the light reactions along with CO2 to produce G3P, which can then be converted into glucose and other organic molecules.
3. The two main stages, the light reactions and Calvin cycle, work together to ultimately convert sunlight, water and CO2 into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds through the overall process of photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose and oxygen are broken down to release energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP. In the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is further broken down, producing more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, the electron transport chain uses oxygen to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic cellular respiration is more efficient, producing 36 ATP per glucose molecule, while anaerobic fermentation only produces 2 ATP.
The document provides a review of topics for an AP Biology midterm exam, including ecology, biochemistry, cells, and cellular energies. It lists over 100 questions across these topics testing knowledge of biomes, marine zones, freshwater communities, mimicry, behaviors, population growth factors, nutrient cycling, threats to biodiversity, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, organelles, transport mechanisms, enzymes, thermodynamics, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and metabolic pathways. Students are expected to know characteristics, examples, differences, and be able to explain concepts, draw structures, determine properties, and balance equations.
The document discusses the process of DNA replication in cells. It begins by reviewing that DNA is found in the nucleus and stores the cell's genetic information. It then describes in three steps how DNA replicates: 1) The DNA helicase enzyme unwinds the double helix, 2) DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand, and 3) DNA ligase seals the phosphate backbone. The document emphasizes that DNA replication is essential for cells to divide and for organisms to grow and develop.
This biology class covers energy, metabolism, and ATP. The lesson defines key terms like energy, thermodynamics, metabolism, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and ATP. It explains that the first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, and the second law is that energy cannot be converted without loss of usable energy. Metabolism includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, providing energy for cellular work.
The document discusses how the ionization energies of elements can indicate their position in the periodic table. It notes that potassium, as a group 1 element, has a jump in energy needed to remove its second electron. Similarly, it identifies jumps for elements in groups 2 through 5 that correspond to removing the third, fourth, fifth and sixth electrons respectively, demonstrating how ionization energies reflect the electron configuration of elements.
Proteins and nucleic acids are two important organic biomolecules. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform functions like building body parts. Their building blocks are amino acids. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, store and pass on genetic information, and are composed of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. DNA specifically contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine and forms the classic double helix structure through base pairing between strands.
1. The document defines the basic building blocks of living things as atoms, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms bond together through ionic and covalent bonds to form molecules.
2. The four main types of macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy and include sugars like glucose. Lipids function to store energy and include fats, oils, and other compounds.
3. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and are important for structure, enzymes, and other functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA control cell functions and heredity by
Getting energy to make atp part 1 (pp.231-226) answer keyJavier Aguirre
This document is a biology assignment from Centro Escolar Solalto for the 9th Pre-IB Biology class, taught by Javier Aguirre. It provides instructions for students to complete a handout on cellular respiration by investigating key vocabulary terms and answering questions about glycolysis from their textbook. The questions cover topics like the stages of cellular respiration, where glycolysis occurs, what happens during glycolysis, and the role of molecules like ATP, NAD+, and pyruvic acid in energy production.
Mitochondria lesson the basics of glucose to ATP productionStephanie Beck
This document provides information about how cells convert food energy into a usable form through cellular respiration. It discusses that glucose is the molecule that cells can directly use for energy but must first be broken down by mitochondria. The mitochondria break down glucose and convert the energy from it into many molecules of ATP through cellular respiration. ATP is the form of energy that cells can directly use to power their functions and work. The document seeks to explain this process to students through diagrams, examples, and questions to help them understand how food energy is converted into a usable form in cells through the mitochondria and ATP.
This document provides an overview of the major biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It defines monomers and polymers, noting that biomolecules are polymers made of repeating monomer units. Carbohydrates are introduced, with monosaccharides as monomers, and examples including starch and glucose. Nucleic acids are then covered, with nucleotides as monomers, and DNA and RNA as examples. The key points about each biomolecule are outlined.
Fermentation allows cells to produce ATP without oxygen through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis proceeds normally to generate pyruvate and NADH, but in the absence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to pyruvate instead of entering the electron transport chain. This regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue repeatedly. There are two main types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. Both recycle NAD+ so glycolysis and ATP production can continue anaerobically.
Photosynthesis and respiration are important chemical reactions in living organisms.
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen through a two-stage process that takes place in chloroplasts. Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy in cells, and is the opposite of photosynthesis. Both processes are essential as photosynthesis produces food for autotrophs like plants, while respiration releases energy from that food in all organisms.
Cellular respiration introduction general for 9th grade biologyStephanie Beck
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy from glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a small amount of energy as ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down the pyruvate molecules, producing more ATP and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to pump protons out of the mitochondria, powering ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP while fermentation makes only 2 ATP without oxygen.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.8 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces 36-38 ATP. Anaerobic respiration has fewer steps and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing only 2 ATP without oxygen. Both involve glycolysis but aerobic respiration continues with the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain while anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid or ethanol. Aerobic respiration is more efficient but requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration produces less energy in the absence of oxygen.
1) Cells acquire energy through metabolic pathways like photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation. Photosynthesis converts light or chemical energy into organic compounds like glucose. Cellular respiration and fermentation break down glucose to extract stored chemical energy and produce ATP.
2) During cellular respiration, glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing pyruvate. The Krebs cycle then extracts more energy from pyruvate in the mitochondria. Finally, the electron transport chain uses enzymes and oxygen to produce ATP through redox reactions.
3) Without oxygen, some cells use fermentation instead of respiration to regenerate NAD+ and produce a small amount of ATP through glycolysis alone. Fermentation is less efficient
Most of the document is a series of concept checks from a biology textbook chapter on cellular respiration. Here are the key points:
1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and reaction with oxygen to release energy, captured as ATP, while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
2) There are three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - which take place in different parts of the cell and produce a total of 38 ATP molecules per glucose.
3) Fermentation differs in that it does not require oxygen and produces much less ATP, but is used by microbes to produce foods like cheese and yogurt and by muscles during intense exercise to produce lactic
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing energy. This occurs in mitochondria and produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. During intense exercise, the body shifts to anaerobic respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm when oxygen demand outstrips supply. It generates lactic acid and ATP more quickly but to a lesser extent. The human body repays this oxygen debt through deep breathing after exercise to oxidize lactic acid buildup.
Metabolism involves the chemical processes that take place in organisms. There are catabolic pathways that break down molecules and release energy, and anabolic pathways that use energy to build molecules. Energy exists in various forms like kinetic, potential, and activation energy, and it can be transferred and transformed according to the laws of thermodynamics. Cellular respiration uses energy from molecules to make ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, but anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation pathways.
2016 cellular respiration and photosynthesisGreg Scrivin
Plants are autotrophs that perform photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis has two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced. Glucose is used by plants and is the starting material for cellular respiration in animals and fungi to release energy, with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between photosynthesis and respiration.
The document provides information about photosynthesis including:
1. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts located in plant leaves. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH.
2. The Calvin cycle uses the products of the light reactions along with CO2 to produce G3P, which can then be converted into glucose and other organic molecules.
3. The two main stages, the light reactions and Calvin cycle, work together to ultimately convert sunlight, water and CO2 into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds through the overall process of photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose and oxygen are broken down to release energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP. In the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is further broken down, producing more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, the electron transport chain uses oxygen to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic cellular respiration is more efficient, producing 36 ATP per glucose molecule, while anaerobic fermentation only produces 2 ATP.
The document provides a review of topics for an AP Biology midterm exam, including ecology, biochemistry, cells, and cellular energies. It lists over 100 questions across these topics testing knowledge of biomes, marine zones, freshwater communities, mimicry, behaviors, population growth factors, nutrient cycling, threats to biodiversity, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, organelles, transport mechanisms, enzymes, thermodynamics, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and metabolic pathways. Students are expected to know characteristics, examples, differences, and be able to explain concepts, draw structures, determine properties, and balance equations.
The document discusses the process of DNA replication in cells. It begins by reviewing that DNA is found in the nucleus and stores the cell's genetic information. It then describes in three steps how DNA replicates: 1) The DNA helicase enzyme unwinds the double helix, 2) DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand, and 3) DNA ligase seals the phosphate backbone. The document emphasizes that DNA replication is essential for cells to divide and for organisms to grow and develop.
BIOLOGY 103 Spring 2015FINAL EXAMINATIONPlease copy and paste th.docxlascellesjaimie
BIOLOGY 103 Spring 2015
FINAL EXAMINATION
Please copy and paste the final examination into a Word file. Complete it in this form (do not make any structural changes!) and submit it as an attachment into your
Assignment Folder.
Do not forget to put your name on top of the exam!
The absolute deadline for submission is
Sunday, March 8, NOON
.
I cannot accept any later submissions.
YOUR NAME:
_______________________________________________________________
Total possible points: 100
I. Multiple choice questions. Please
bold
or
underline
the correct answer (1point each=50 points)
1. In October of 2003, a raging wildfire swept through the mountain ecosystems in Southern California, burning everything in its path to the ground and driving away all of the animals. In order for the mountain ecosystem to establish itself, which member of the food web has to return first?
Deer
Coyotes
Snake
Grasses
2. Suppose you conduct an experiment which simulates glacial recession over time. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
Glacial mass
Sunlight
The season
Time
3. How many dependent variables can be tested during any single experiment?
4
3
2
1
4. The effectiveness of a medication containing growth hormones is tested on a group of young male rabbits 3 weeks of age. The best control group would be:
Any group of rabbits
A group of male rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
A group of female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
A mixed group of male/female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
No control is required; just measure whether the rabbits grew
5. When writing a lab report or a research paper, you need to show what the difference is between the “Results” section and the ”Discussion” section. Which of the following is correct?
The
Discussion
analyzes data, whereas the
Results
analyzes the procedure.
The
Discussion
analyzes data, whereas the
Results
displays data.
The
Discussion
displays data, whereas the
Results
analyzes the Discussion.
The
Discussion
displays the procedure, whereas the
Results
analyzes the data.
6. What characteristic of carbon makes it a good backbone for creating diverse and durable molecules?
Carbon is a large atom
Carbon forms four covalent bonds
Carbon forms hydrogen bonds
All of the above
7. Which of the following reactions or pathways is catabolic?
Converting glucose to carbon dioxide and water (cellular respiration)
Making starch from many glucose monomers
Photosynthesis, which builds glucose from carbon dioxide using energy from light
Making ATP from ADP and phosphate
8. One human disease is caused by a change in the DNA from GAA to GUA. This change is an example of:
Crossing-over
A meiosis error
A mitosis error
A mutation
9. What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus?
Elecctrons
Protons
Neutrons
Protons and neutrons
Protons and electrons
10. Which of the following describes H
2
0, NaCl, CO
2
, and HCl?
All are acids
All are gases
All .
This document provides an overview of ecology and interactions between organisms and their environment. It begins by defining key terms like ecosystem, abiotic and biotic factors, and pH. It then discusses food webs and energy transfer between trophic levels. Population growth and limiting factors are explained using graphs. Examples of symbiotic relationships and the carbon cycle are provided. Finally, human impacts like overpopulation and pollution are discussed.
1. The document discusses the basic biological molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes how each is made up of smaller monomer units that bond together to form larger polymers.
2. Carbohydrates include sugars, starch and cellulose. Lipids include fats, oils, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides.
3. These molecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in organisms like energy storage, structure, catalysis and information transfer.
The document discusses key concepts in organic chemistry and biochemistry. It covers organic compounds, carbon bonding, polymers, macromolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also discusses the structure and functions of enzymes.
The document discusses organic chemistry and the key biomolecules that make up living organisms. It explains that organic compounds are created by living things and contain carbon. The four main types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are made up of monomers that join to form polymers, while nucleic acids are made of nucleotides that form DNA and RNA. Enzymes are discussed as protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions.
Product explanation with voice (english)whitnelson
This document summarizes a product seminar about a hydrogen supplement called excellent H. It discusses the role of hydrogen in the human body, how free radicals contribute to illness, and the benefits of hydrogen as an antioxidant. Hydrogen selectively neutralizes hydroxyl radicals and improves energy by converting to water after completing its antioxidant effects. The supplement utilizes coral calcium to absorb and release hydrogen in the body. It was invented by Dr. Taneaki Oikawa and Dr. Kokichi Hanaoka.
This document contains a biology review with questions and answers about key topics like:
- The basic components of living things like cells, biological elements, and biomolecules
- The functions of biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- Important chemical reactions in living things like dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
- The roles of ATP and enzymes in storing and releasing energy
This document provides an overview of cellular respiration by discussing its three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. It explains that cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria and releases energy from glucose and other food molecules to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. The document also compares aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and contrasts how photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells generate ATP through these metabolic pathways.
This document discusses biochemistry concepts including the four major macromolecules, enzymes, and water properties. It begins with an overview of the unit objectives around macromolecules, enzymes, and water properties. It then explores each concept in more detail through essential questions and explanations of structures, functions, and examples. Key points covered include the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, how enzymes function as catalysts, and properties of water that make it essential for life such as polarity, hydrogen bonding, heat absorption and cohesion/adhesion.
Ps & cr and aerobic vs. anaerobic notesmrimbiology
The document discusses photosynthesis and cellular respiration. [1] Photosynthesis occurs in plants and uses carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. [2] Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP in mitochondria. [3] Photosynthesis and respiration are complementary processes, with photosynthesis producing the oxygen and glucose used for respiration.
Cellular respiration introduction for 9th grade biologyStephanie Beck
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy stored in glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three main stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down pyruvate, producing more ATP, CO2, and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to generate most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are passed through protein complexes, producing up to 36 ATP per glucose molecule.
The document discusses various cellular processes and organelle functions including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, cell transport, and protein synthesis. It also covers DNA structure and genetic inheritance through processes like replication, transcription, and translation. Key cellular and genetic concepts like mutations, variation, and interrelationships between organ systems are examined.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert food energy from glucose into ATP energy through a series of metabolic pathways. It occurs in four main parts: glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain and chemiosmotic phosphorylation. These pathways take place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and ultimately produce 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule through substrate-level phosphorylation and chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Cellular respiration and its production of ATP are essential for powering cellular work and processes.
Cell respiration involves the controlled release of energy through the breakdown of organic molecules like glucose. There are two main types: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water; and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. Aerobic respiration occurs in three main stages - glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the link reaction in the mitochondria, and the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in the mitochondrial matrix. This process generates ATP through redox reactions and chemiosmosis.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry concepts. It begins by defining biochemistry as the study of chemical processes in living organisms. It then discusses the basic building blocks of matter - atoms and their components. Atoms bond together to form elements, isotopes, and compounds through ionic and covalent bonds. The document outlines four main types of carbon-based molecules found in living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It also discusses the roles of enzymes, chemical reactions, water properties, acids and bases, and the pH scale in biochemical processes.
what I like to do for take home tests is whats called "Pick your Poison". This gives students a chance to look up the material themselves and invest alittle time being the detective and collaborating. So here you are the answers for one of the them. Cheers!
what I like to do for take home tests is whats called "Pick your Poison". This gives students a chance to look up the material themselves and invest alittle time being the detective and collaborating.
This document appears to be the beginning of an assignment where a student is asked to provide their name and class period. However, no other information is given beyond repeating "Name: Period:" twice with no other context provided.
This document discusses different types of sutures including the continuous suture and vertical mattress suture which are described as easy. The simple interrupted suture is also described as easy while the horizontal mattress suture is described as a tad more interesting.
Ok so this is my something or the other PPT of the series dedicated to the Human Anatomy. The humor is mine. So just change it to fit your needs. Hope this helps.
The document contains questions and answers for a Jeopardy-style game covering various topics in anatomy and physiology. It includes questions about body systems, bones, muscles, energy, cells, and biochemical processes. Players can earn points for correct answers and additional bonus points for follow up questions. The game is led by an instructor of mixed Vietnamese and African American ethnicity named Mr. Jackson.
This document summarizes various blood abnormalities and diseases including anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and hemophilia. It discusses how anemia can be caused by a decrease in red blood cells due to hemorrhaging, lysis, or diseases like leukemia, or due to not enough hemoglobin from lack of iron or conditions like thalassemia. Thalassemia is an inherited disorder that causes the body to make fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin. Sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped. Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder where individuals have little or no clotting factor, with the two main types being Hemophilia A
Ok so this is my 23th PPT of the series dedicated to the Human Anatomy. The humor is mine. So just change it to fit your needs. Hope this helps.
*Its actually followed by a lab where the student learn to suture things.
Ok so this is my 18th PPT of the series dedicated to the Human Anatomy. It is designed to be a handout version of a Lab if your class either has or does NOT have a skeleton at your disposal. Just change it to fit your needs. Hope this helps.
Ok so this is my 17th PPT of the series dedicated to the Human Anatomy. It is designed to be a handout version of a Lab if your class either has or does NOT have a skeleton at your disposal. Just change it to fit your needs. Hope this helps.
This document provides instructions for a lab activity where students will learn to identify the major bones, joints, and markings on skulls. Students are asked to label skulls provided at their lab tables as well as identify these features from images in their textbooks. They should be able to identify these skull structures and features from real human skulls.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. Energy: Potential vs. Kinetic The gunpowder in the bullet is what type of energy? Potential When the bullet is fired what type of energy is it? Kinetic
3. Energy: Potential vs. Kinetic The totally calm open ocean is what type of energy? Potential The hurricane swells, that smashes your small boat to pieces and sends you to a deserted island for 5 years, is what type of energy? Kinetic
4. M.E.R.C. The machine is gauging a heart rate, what type of Energy is using? Electrical The Heart beating causing the EKG to react this way is what type of energy? Mechanical or Chemical The CT or CAT scan, they used to see if you have a heart block is what type of energy? Radiant
5. M.E.R.C. The bear riding the bike is using what type of energy? Mechanical After he gets angry from doing so many laps for the amusement of simpletons and Eats the trainer, what type of energy does he then convert the slave-driver into? Chemical
6. M.E.R.C. These fine fellows go on the “biggest loser”. The trainer tells them to do sit ups, what type of energy is he asking for? Mechanical One of them thinks he sees Jennifer Aniston at the beach and accidentally gets HARPOONED by passing Japanese whalers. What type of energy is the sun, beating down on his soon to be sushi-self, giving off? Radiant
7. M.E.R.C. A nuclear test goes horribly wrong and radiates a near by atoll (small island). The effects are felt through generations of its people through birth defects and vitamin deficiencies. What energy has the radiant energy of the blast effected in the population? Chemical
8. Organic Compounds What elements make up all organic compounds? Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen What is the chemical formula for this molecule? C 6 H 12 O 6 What is the name of this molecule? Glucose
9. Organic Compounds A single sugar is called? A Mono___________ Saccharide The process of joining two sugars is called? Dehydration synthesis This molecule is called a ________________? Breaking it down requires 2 things. What are they? A Enzyme And Water Disaccharide
10. Organic Compounds This long chain of Saccharides is called? A Polysaccharide The Rxn to break it down is called? Hydrolysis What is the disease that is the inability for the body to absorb sugar? Diabetes
11. Organic Compounds Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Steroids are the most abundant _______ in the body? Lipids Testosterone, Estrogen…etc. Have what molecule as their basic backbone? Cholesterol
12. Organic Compounds A man hanging out in the Sun gets strong bones and grows to be the size of a Silverbacked Gorilla (in human form)!! Vitamin D What is the lipid type being stimulated? Fact: A male Silverbacked Gorilla eats 60 lbs of vegetation a day! Can you imagine the size of the ….nvm Moving On!
13. Organic compounds Amino Acids are the Basic Building Blocks of what? Proteins To be considered an Amino Acid a molecule needs to have what 2 things? NH2 and COOH
14. Organic Compounds What is the protein Structural level of this molecule? Quaternary What is this molecule? Hemoglobin How many levels of Structural organization are to a protein? 4
15. Organic Compounds Antibodies Hormones Transport proteins Enzymes Are what type of proteins? Functional Proteins Give an Example of a Transport Protein? Blood
16. Organic Compounds What is another word for Enzyme? Catalyst For SOME Enzymes to become active they must be turned ON . Give a process of this. Phosphorylation
17. Organic Compounds The suffix “-ASE” means what? An Enzyme What is “Denaturing”? When a protein loses its “useful” shape, or ~unravels~ What 3 things that can Denature a Protein? Acid, Alkali and Heat
18. Organic Compounds What is an “Active Site” ? Area on the enzyme onto which the Substrate binds to. What 2 things determine the binding of the Substrate to the Enzyme? Shape and Charge Does an Enzyme change shape during and after the Rxn? No
19. Organic Compounds A Phosphate group A Sugar And a what make up a Nucleic ACID? Nitrogenous (Nitrogen-containing) Base What is the Nitrogenous Base used in RNA instead of Thymine ? Uracil
20. Organic Compounds How many strands does a RNA chain have? A Single Strand What sugar does DNA use? Deoxyribose What 3 Nitrogenous Bases do Both DNA and RNA have in Common? Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine
21. Organic Compounds Adenosine Triphosphate is called _________ for short. ATP What is the important part of ATP that makes it the valuable to a body? The High Energy Phosphate bonds
24. Messenger and Runners ~Rules~ Messengers Each Group will *Choose 1 Messenger He/She will pick up the Message Bring it back to the Group **Messengers can NOT talk till they get back to the Group** Runners (Can NOT be Messengers!!) *Choose 1 Runner Will return to the board and write the Answer Spelling DOES Count!!!! **Groups can GUIDE (Yell answers or spelling corrections) to the Runner** Final Answer Must be UNDERLINED to be considered Finished