building construction for architecture

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION-II
AR.KAMAL SINGH
LECTURE AT MECHINAGAR
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUES
DIPLOMA IN
ARCHITECTURE II/II

2. CHAPTER.4
Timber door, Window and ventilator:
4.1 Definition, elements and types
4.2 Construction Method and joinery details

3. 1.DOOR
A door is a hinged or otherwise
movable barrier that allows ingress
into and egress from an enclosure. The
created opening in the wall is a
doorway or portal. A door's essential
and primary purpose is to provide
security by controlling access to the
doorway.

4. 1. timber door
Timber doors are the classic choice
for your home. Timber is perhaps the
oldest material used for doors, and
there are many good reasons why
timber is still used today. Timber is
strong, secure, and environmentally
friendly and with proper maintenance
will last longer than uPVC, aluminium
or composite doors.

5. element of timber door

6. 1. elemet of timber door

7. 1. Door frame
Side jambs, head jambs, and mulls
are the parts that make up the frame.
Residential door frames are most often
made of wood but can also be made of
aluminum, fiberglass, or a composite
material

8. 2. Head jamb
The top horizontal section of a door or
window frame is called the head jamb.

9. 3. Door jamb versus door frame
A door jamb is an individual section of
a door frame. Two side jambs make up
the vertical components of the door
frame and the head jamb is the top
horizontal component. Together, the
jambs (along with mullion) comprise
the door frame.

10. 4. Mullion (mull)
When two individual windows or a
door and window are joined, the seam
between the frames of the two units is
called the mull, which is short for
mullion. In this case, a door jamb has
been joined to a window/sidelight
jamb.

11. 5. Sill
Sills are the bottom component of a
door frame. They are the part of the
door that gets sealed and fastened to
the floor. Only exterior doors (those
that lead to the outdoors or garages)
have sills. Learn how to prep a floor for
a door sill.

12. 6. Glazing
Glazing is just another word for the
glass in a door or window. The glazing
in newer exterior doors like this one
are made up of at least two layers of
glass and sometimes three. Inert gas,
usually argon, is injected between the
glass layers to provide additional
insulation.

13. 7.Sidelights
Sidelights are tall narrow windows
found on one or both sides of a door.
Sidelights allow more light into
entryways, improve views, and can
create a more welcoming entry point
experience. Find out more about
sidelights and when you might want to
install one.

14. 8.Threshold
A threshold is the protective cap that
covers the sill. It is typically sloped
toward the outside to help shed water.
Thresholds are made of durable
materials like metal or fiberglass
because they need to be strong
enough to withstand foot traffic.

15. 9.Casing
Window and door casing trim is
designed to hide the gaps between a
window or door frame and the surface
of the interior wall.

16. types of door
Paneled Doors
Paneled doors are among the classic
wooden door designs used in
residential properties. Their frame is
made from wood, while shutter panels
can have glass, plywood, or hardboard
inserts for extra glamour. Paneled
doors may also have rectangular or
square patterns that are sculpted in a
style that mimics one or more panels
grooved on it.

17. types of door
Battened and Ledged Doors
Battened and ledged door designs are
the most simple wooden door designs
that have been used for ages. Most of
these door styles consist of wooden
battens with two diagonal braces and
three vertical ledges (bottom, middle,
and top). Depending on one’s
preferences, they can be either braced,
or braced and framed, for better
aesthetic appeal and added rigidity.

18. types of door
Battened and Ledged Doors
Battened and ledged door style
involves the use of 150mm battens
and 20mm wooden boards. This design
improves stability, making it ideal for
narrow openings and external doors.
Battened and ledged doors are
typically used in toilets, bathrooms,
and other related areas.


19. types of door
Laminated Core Flush Doors
Laminated core flush doors are great
for business owners looking for wooden
doors that can stand up to wear and
tear without giving in easily. These
solid-core doors are also known to be
one of the most fire-resistant wooden
door options available today. Perhaps
the most noticeable advantage of
these doors is their capability to
withstand both interior and exterior
usage.

20. types of door
Bifold Doors
Wooden bifold doors are a versatile
choice for hotels, restaurants, and
other rooms that depend on spacious
lobbies or balconies extending to outer
decks. They’re also an ideal option for
business premises where an adjustable
wall has to be incorporated without the
hassle of having to build a new one.

21. types of door
Wooden French Doors
A wooden French door style often
serves as the main front door of most
businesses or stores. This is a unique
door style whose traditional design
adds a warm look and charming touch
to the enclosed space. When properly
installed by a team of professionals,
French doors can grant a home a sense
of welcome.

22. types of door
Wooden Dutch Doors
Louvered doors are another popular
option used in many homes and
businesses. The louvered style is a
unique door style that simultaneously
tenders unparalleled privacy and
excellent air flow.
Whether you intend to hide a large
closet or operate a standard entryway,
wooden louvered doors will do the

23. types of door
Barn Doors
Barn doors have become a trendy
mainstay in many modern homes and
farmhouses due to their ingenious
ability to add the spectacular country
vibe. Its vintage charm helps add style
to bedrooms, closets, bathrooms, and
so much more.
The good thing about this wooden
door style is that it can be mashed up

24. types of door
Hollow-Core Wooden Doors
Hollow-core wooden doors are
typically used for interior passage
doors in most business premises.
They’re largely constructed with a thin
layer of wood or fiberboard
surrounding a honeycombed cardboard
or plastic core. Hollow-core doors are
price-friendly and ideal for those of us
on a strict budget.

25. types of door
Final Thought
When building a new house or
remodeling an old one, the types of
doors you choose can make or break
the entire architectural structure.
Doors are a prominent aspect of any
building, and you need to choose the
best option with a sound balance
between function and form.

26. Advantages of Timber Doors & Windows:
1.Timber is durable and lasts very
long. It has that calm, natural warmth
that all life has.
2.It has low thermal conductivity and
is great as an insulator. It keeps
excess heat and cold out. So it does
not let the energy bills shoot up much
in both the crucial seasons.

27. Advantages of using Timber Doors &
Windows:
3.It is environmentally sustainable.
According to a recent report, timber
products reduce the amount of CO2 in
the air. So you are also contributing in
reducing the Carbon footprint.
4.Timber will last up to or over 60
years. It is durable and has been used
for centuries for making homes, doors,
window frames, etc. However, it
requires huge sheaths of paint to keep
it from rotting and increase the

28.  dis Advantages of using Timber Doors &
Windows:
Timber doors & windows need to be
regularly maintained and protected as
they are prone to rot.
Timber as a material is prone to
termites. It needs regular anti-termite
treatments

29.  dis Advantages of using Timber Doors &
Windows:
Humid weather conditions, especially
if you live by the sea, it has a bad
effect on the timber.
Timber is more expensive than UPVC,
the other preferred material for doors
& windows

30.  timber door characteristics
Hardness – a good timber is hard
enough to resist deterioration.
Strength – to resist heavy structural
loads.
Toughness – timbers, having natural
annual rings, are one of the strongest
woods. They have enough toughness
to resist shock due to vibrations, they
resist splitting and do not break when
they are being bent.

31.  timber door characteristics
Elasticity – tinder wood has a proper
elasticity that allows it to regain its
original shape after the removal of
loads.
Durability – it not only lasts for a long
time, but this type of wood is also able
to resist attacks of worms and fungi.

32.  function of door
It is provided to give access to the
inside of a room of a house
It serves as a connecting link
between the various internal portion of
a house
It provides lighting and ventilation to
rooms
Controls the physical atmosphere
within a space by enclosing it
They act as a barrier to noise

33.  window/ventilation
an opening especially in the wall of a
building for admission of light and air
that is usually closed by casements or
sashes containing transparent material
(such as glass) and capable of being
opened and shut

34.  The selection of suitable windows in a
particular place should be dependent on the
following factors.
Location of room
Size of room
Direction of wind
Climatic conditions
Utility of room
Architectural point of view

35.  element or part of window
Pane. The window pane is the piece,
or pieces, of glass in your window.
Window Rail. The top and the bottom
parts of sashes are called the window
rails. ...
Spacers. Spacers are placed between
the panes of glass double and triple-
pane windows to help insulate the
windows. ...
Sash Lock. ...
Lift. ...

37.  type of window
Fixed windows
Sliding windows
Pivoted windows
Double-hung windows
Louvered windows
Casement windows
Metal windows
Sash windows
Corner windows

38.  1. Fixed Windows
Fixed windows are fixed to the wall
without any closing or opening
operation. In general, they are
provided to transmit the light into the
room. Fully glazed shutters are fixed to
the window frame. The shutters
provided are generally weatherproof.

39. 2. Sliding Windows
In this case, window shutters are
movable in the frame. The movement
may be horizontal or vertical based on
our requirements. The movement of
shutters is done by the provision of
roller bearings. Generally, this type of
window is provided in buses, bank
counters, shops, etc..

40. 3. Pivoted Windows
In this type of windows, pivots are
provided to window frames. Pivot is a
shaft which helps to oscillate the
shutter. No rebates are required for
the frame. The swinging may either
horizontal or vertical based on the
position of pivots.

41. 4. Double Hung Windows
Double hung windows consist of pair
of shutters attached to one frame. The
shutters are arranged one above the
other. These two shutters can slide
vertically with in the frame. So, we can
open the windows on top or at bottom
to our required level.

42. 5. Louvered Windows
Louvered windows are similar to
louvered doors which are provided for
the ventilation without any outside
vision. The louvers may be made of
wood, glass or metal. Louvers can also
be folded by provision of cord over
pulleys. We can maintain the slope of
louvers by tilting cord and lifting cord.

43. 6. Casement Windows
Casement windows are the widely
used and common windows nowadays.
The shutters are attached to frame and
these can be opened and closed like
door shutters. Rebates are provided to
the frame to receive the shutters. The
panels of shutters may be single or
multiple. Sometimes wired mesh is
provided to stop entering of fly’s.

44. 7. Metal Windows
Metal windows, generally mild steel is
used for making metal windows. These
are very cheap and have more
strength. So, now days these are
widely using especially for public
buildings, private building etc.

45. 8. Sash Windows
Sash window is type of casement
window, but in this case panels are
fully glazed. It consists top, bottom
and intermediate rails. The space
between the rails is divided into small
panels by mean of small timber
members called sash bars or glazing
bars.

46. 9. Corner Windows
As in the name itself corner windows
are provided at the corners of room.
That means corner windows has two
faces in perpendicular directions. By
providing this type of windows, light or
air can be entered into room in two
different directions.

47. 10. Bay Windows
Bay windows are projected windows
form wall which are provided to
increase the area of opening, which
enables more ventilation and light form
outside. The projection of bay windows
are of different shapes. It may be
triangular or rectangular or polygonal
etc. They give beautiful appearance to
the structure.

48. 11. Dormer Windows
Dormer windows are provided for
sloped roofs. These are projected from
the sloping surface as shown in below
image. They provide ventilation as well
as lighting to the room. They also
enhance aesthetic sense of room.

49. 12. Clerestory Windows
If the rooms in a building are of
different ceiling heights, clerestory
windows are provided for the room
which has greater ceiling height than
the other rooms. The shutters able to
swing with the help of cord over
pulleys. These also enhances the
beauty of building.

50. 13. Lantern Windows
Lantern windows are provided for
over the flat roofs. The main purpose
of this window is to provide the more
light and air circulation to the interior
rooms. Generally, they are projected
from the roof surface so, we can close
the roof surface when we required.

51. 14. Gable Windows
Gable windows are provided for
sloped roof buildings. These windows
are provided at the gable end of sloped
roof so; they are called as gable
windows. They also improve the
appearance of building.

52. 15. Ventilators
Ventilators are provided for the
purpose of ventilation in the room.
They are provided at greater height
than windows nearer to roof level. It is
in very small size. Horizontally pivoted
shutters are provided for ventilators.
Sometimes shutter is replaced by
wired mesh, in this case sunshade is
provided to prevent against rain water.

53. 16. Skylights
Skylights or generally provided on the
top of sloped roofs. To admit light into
the rooms, sky lights are provided. It
is provided parallel to the sloping
surface. Sky lights can be opened
when we required. Lead gutters are
arranged to frame to make it as
waterproof.

54. function of window
Providing Natural Sunlight
Delivering Energy Efficiency
Ventilating the Home

55. ventilation
is the intentional introduction of
outdoor air into a space. Ventilation is
mainly used to control indoor air
quality by diluting and displacing
indoor pollutants; it can also be used
to control indoor temperature,
humidity, and air motion to benefit
thermal comfort, satisfaction with
other aspects of indoor environment,
or other objectives.

56. type
Mechanical ventilation is the
intentional fan driven flow of outdoor
air into a building. Mechanical
ventilation systems may include supply
fans (which push outdoor air into a
building), exhaust fans (which draw air
out of building and thereby cause
equal ventilation flow into a building),
or a combination of both. Mechanical
ventilation is often provided by
equipment that is also used to heat
and cool a space.

57. type
Natural ventilation is the intentional
passive flow of outdoor air into a
building through planned openings
(such as louvers, doors, and windows).
Natural ventilation does not require
mechanical systems to move outdoor
air. Instead, it relies entirely on
passive physical phenomena, such as
wind pressure, or the stack effect.
Natural ventilation openings may be
fixed, or adjustable. Adjustable
openings may be controlled

58. type
Mixed-mode ventilation systems use
both mechanical and natural
processes. The mechanical and natural
components may be used at the same
time, or at different times of day, or in
different seasons of the year.[3] Since
natural ventilation flow depends on
environmental conditions, it may not
always provide an appropriate amount
of ventilation. In this case, mechanical
systems may be used to supplement or
regulate the naturally driven flow.

59. type
Infiltration is the circumstantial flow
of air from outdoors to indoors through
leaks (unplanned openings) in a
building envelope. When a building
design relies on infiltration to maintain
indoor air quality, this flow has been
referred to as adventitious ventilation

60. BENEFITS OF GOOD VENTILATION SYSTEMS
1. Control impurities
You may think that the air quality
where you live isn't great, especially if
you live in a bustling city centre, but in
many cases, the air inside can be more
polluted than the air outside. A good
ventilation system will help expel a
build-up of pollutants, bacteria,
moisture and unpleasant odours, such
as body odour.

61. BENEFITS OF GOOD VENTILATION SYSTEMS
2. Air regulation
Unless you have a good ventilation
system in place, you have no control of
the air flow in your building. Too much
fresh air can mean costly energy bills,
which is why good ventilation helps
control the air, while regulating to the
required health and safety levels.

62. BENEFITS OF GOOD VENTILATION SYSTEMS
3. Stop condensation
Condensation can lead to mould and
rotten surfaces - which, naturally, is
something you would want to avoid.
Damp conditions and condensation can
also cause health issues, such as
allergic reactions and respiratory
problems for many people. However,
ensuring your company or organisation
has good ventilation systems in place
will help reduce these risks.

63. BENEFITS OF GOOD VENTILATION SYSTEMS
4. Reduce temperatures
When there are lots of people in a
confined space, whether is for work,
conference or a public event, the
environment can soon become hot and
stuffy. A well-ventilated room will
instantly be more comfortable -
creating a more relaxed environment,
while also making for a more
productive workplace.Condensation
can lead to mould and rotten surfaces -

64. Construction Method and joinery details
1. door
A Door may be defined as an
openable barrier secured in a wall
opening,
 A door is an accessible barrier which
is provided in a wall opening to give an
access to the inside of a room of a
building. The internal portions of a
building are connected by doors.

65. Construction Method and joinery details
1. door
No of doors in room should be kept
minimum, cause it consume large
number of doors & obstruct for in more
area
Doors should be in corner of room
nearly about 20 cm, not in centre of
wall length.

66. Construction Method and joinery details
1. door
Doors for residential buildings :
1. External Door = 1.10 X 2 m to
1.20 X 2 m
 Internal door = 0.9 X 2.0 m to 1.0 X
2.0 m
3. Bath & W.C. = 0.7 X 2.0 m to 0.8
X 2.0 m

67. Construction Method and joinery details
1. door
Doors for residential buildings :
1. External Door = 1.10 X 2 m to
1.20 X 2 m
 Internal door = 0.9 X 2.0 m to 1.0 X
2.0 m
3. Bath & W.C. = 0.7 X 2.0 m to 0.8
X 2.0 m
As per rule the height of a door
should not be less than 1.8 m to 2 m

68. Construction Method and joinery details
2. window
 It is a vented barrier secured ina
wall opening,
Function of window is to admit light
and air to the building and to give a
view to outside.
It alos required to give a measure
resistance to fire.

69. Construction Method and joinery details
2. window
 It is a vented barrier secured ina
wall opening,
Function of window is to admit light
and air to the building and to give a
view to outside.
It alos required to give a measure
resistance to fire.

70. Construction Method and joinery details
2. window
 Windows should be located in
opposite wall, facing a door or another
window, so cross ventilation is
achieved.
The sill level of window should be
located min. About 70 to 80 cm floor
level of the room.