The document discusses the periodic table, including its history and development. It describes how Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements based on atomic weight and chemical properties, though he left gaps for undiscovered elements. The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number and divides them into rows (periods) and columns (groups). Elements within the same group have similar properties due to their valence electrons. The periodic table is useful for organizing information about elements and predicting chemical behaviors.
this presentation is based on chapter one of class 10 (maharashtra board).. this includes description about how was the modern periodic table was made..
this presentation is based on chapter one of class 10 (maharashtra board).. this includes description about how was the modern periodic table was made..
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Why is the Periodic Table important
to me? • The periodic table is the
most useful tool to a
chemist.
• You get to use it on
every test.
• It organizes lots of
information about all the
known elements.
2
3. Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …
• …was a mess!!!
• No organization of
elements.
• Imagine going to a grocery
store with no organization!!
• Difficult to find information.
• Chemistry didn’t make
sense.
3
4. Dmitri Mendeleev
Father of the Table
HOW HIS WORKED…
• Put elements in rows by
increasing atomic weight.
• Put elements in columns
by the way they reacted.
SOME PROBLEMS…
• He left blank spaces for
what he said were
undiscovered elements.
(Turned out he was
right!)
• He broke the pattern of
increasing atomic weight
to keep similar reacting
elements together.
4
5. The Current Periodic Table
• Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.
• Now the elements are put in rows by increasing
ATOMIC NUMBER!!
• The horizontal rows are called periods and are
labeled from 1 to 7.
• The vertical columns are called groups are
labeled from 1 to 18.
5
6. Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic
Table Gets Useful!!
• Elements in the
same group
have similar
chemical and
physical
properties!!
• (Mendeleev did that on purpose.)
Why??
• They have the same
number of valence
electrons.
• They will form the same
kinds of ions.
6
7. P
Zn As
Sb
Pt Bi
Midd. -1700
Cr Mn
Li
K
N O F
Na
BBe
H
Al Si Cl
Ca Ti V Co Ni Se Br
Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Rh Pd Cd Te I
Ba Ta W Os Ir
Mg
Ce Tb Er
Th U
1735-1843
Discovering the Periodic Table
C
S
Fe Cu
Ag Sn
Au Hg Pb
Ancient Times
He
Sc Ga Ge
Rb Ru In
Cs Tl
Pr Nd Sm Gd Dy Ho Tm Yb
La
1843-1886
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Po Rn
Ra
Eu Lu
Pa
Ac
1894-1918
Tc
Hf Re At
Fr
Pm
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
1923-1961
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
1965-
7
8. In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic number.
There are seven rows,
or Periods, in the
table.
Each period
corresponds to a
principal energy level.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
8
9. The elements within
a column, or group,
in the table have
similar properties.
The Three classes of elements are metals, nonmetals,
and metalloids.
9
12. Metals
About 80% of the elements are metals.
Characteristics of metals
1. Good conductors of heat and electric current.
2. Solids at room temperature.
3. Ductile , can be drawn into wires.
Except mercury is liquid.
4. Most metals are malleable.
5. Lose electrons. (will be explained next chapter)
12
14. Nonmetals
Elements in the upper-right corner of the periodic
table.
Characteristics of nonmetals
3. Most nonmetals are gases at room
temperature.
1. Poor conductors of heat and electric current
Few of them are solids like sulfur and phosphorus, they
are brittle
Except carbon
2. Gain electrons. (will be explained next chapter)
14
16. Metalloids
Elements that have similar properties to metals
and nonmetals.
They may behave like metals and sometimes like
nonmetals.
e.g. pure silicon is a poor conductor of electric
current, like nonmetals.
But if a small amount of boron is mixed with silicon,
it conducts electric current
16
17. The periodic table displays the symbols and names of
elements, along with information on the structure of the
atoms.
Elements can be sorted into different groups based on
their electron configurations.
17
22. Transition Metals
are elements that usually displayed in the main
body of a periodic table.
e.g. copper, silver, zinc, iron.
All Transition metals have electron
configurations that end up with d orbitals.
22
26. Inner Transition metals
are elements that appear below the main body of
the periodic table
All inner Transition metals have electron
configurations that end up with f orbitals.
e.g. lanthanum, actinium
(Lanthanides, Actinides)
26
28. Atomic radius is one half the distance between the nuclei of
two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined.
In general, atomic size increases from top to bottom within
a group.
In general, atomic size decreases from left to right across
a period.
Ions
Positive and negative ions form when electrons are
transferred between atoms.
An ion with a positive charge is called a cation. (e.g. Na1+)
An ion with a negative charge is called an anion. (e.g. Cl1-)
28
29. The energy required to remove an electron from an
atom is called ionization energy.
First ionization energy tends to decrease from top to bottom
within a group.
First ionization energy tends to increase from left to right
across a period.
Cations are always smaller than the atoms from which they form.
Anions are always larger than the atoms from which they form.
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons
when the atom is in a compound.
In general, electronegativity values decrease from top to
bottom within a group and increase from left to right. 29
