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This document discusses prepositions and conjunctions in Mandarin Chinese. It provides examples of the most common prepositions used to indicate location, direction of action, joint performance of action, and transfer of something. Prepositions in Chinese always follow the object noun and verb. The document also lists some common conjunctions used to connect words, phrases, or sentences, including additive conjunctions like "he" (and) and contrast conjunctions like "keshì" (but).
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Basic grammar cheat sheet کانون زبان جهان mehdi sufi
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This document provides an overview of prepositions and conjunctions that are important for the ACT exam. It defines prepositions as words that show relationships of time, location, or between objects. It lists common prepositions and explains that prepositional phrases include a preposition and a noun or pronoun. The document also defines three types of conjunctions - coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. It provides examples of how to use each type of conjunction correctly and emphasizes the importance of parallel structure.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Resume of Semantic
This document provides definitions and examples related to semantics. It discusses key terms like sentence, utterance, proposition, reference, sense, predicate, deixis, definiteness, and logic. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language contexts. Sentences, utterances and propositions are distinguished, with examples provided. Sense properties like stereotypes and relations like synonymy and hyponymy are also examined. Logical notation for simple propositions is demonstrated. The document explores derivation, speech acts, and the differences between locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts.
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This document provides a review of the main parts of speech in the English language. It defines and provides examples of each part of speech including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it discusses the key characteristics and functions within sentences. The review is intended to serve as a reference for the essential information about the core parts of speech in the English language.
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This document provides information on parts of speech, sentence structure, and tips for writing good sentences. It defines different parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives. It also explains simple, compound and complex sentences. Finally, it gives guidelines for constructing clear sentences, such as keeping the subject and verb close together and placing adjectives before the words they modify.
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Parts of speech are the different types of words that serve different functions in a sentence. There are eight main parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech plays a specific role - for example, nouns are names of people, places or things, verbs express actions or states of being, and prepositions show the relationship between other words.
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Adjective clauses
1. Adjective clauses modify nouns and provide additional information about the noun, like adjectives. They contain both a subject and predicate and always follow the noun they modify.
2. Adjective clauses can be formed by combining two sentences with a repeated noun into one sentence, replacing the repeated noun with a relative pronoun.
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Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
Parts Of Speech : Tips
The document provides definitions and examples for identifying different parts of speech in English, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and more. It explains that nouns can be identified by adding "the" or possessive pronouns in front of a word. Verbs are identified by adding "should" or "to" in front of a word. Other parts of speech like adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions are defined based on their grammatical functions in a sentence. The document also distinguishes between different types of nouns, verbs, pronouns and sentences.
Parts of speech
This document defines and provides examples of the eight parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It explains that nouns name people, places or things. Pronouns take the place of nouns. Adjectives modify nouns. Verbs identify actions or states of being. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships between words. Conjunctions connect words or phrases. Interjections express emotions.
Parts of speech
In 3 sentences, the document summarizes the 8 parts of speech used in grammar:
Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections are the 8 categories words are classified into according to their uses in sentences. Examples of each part of speech are provided, as well as explanations of how words can be classified into multiple categories and how certain words like pronouns relate back to nouns. Difficulties in classification are discussed with examples of words that can have multiple parts of speech.
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Chapter 8
This document provides a list of important Chinese vocabulary words with their definitions and examples. It explains that knowing the precise meanings and appropriate uses of synonyms is important in Chinese as they do not always have interchangeable meanings. The list defines words like "索赔" meaning to ask for compensation, "假装" meaning to pretend, "藏" meaning to conceal or hide something concrete, "隐瞒" meaning to conceal an abstract subject or idea, and "隐藏" meaning to hide or conceal. Examples are provided to illustrate the meanings and proper uses of each word.
Chapter 7
The document provides a list of common Chinese idioms and structures used to connect and compare ideas:
1) It lists several common idiomatic structures used in Chinese to connect ideas, such as "A ba... bù A ba..." meaning doing something or not doing it both have pros and cons, and "chú le...jiù shì..." meaning one thing or another with no other options.
2) It also lists structures used to indicate alternating occurrences like "yí huì’er....yí huì’er...." and structures used to show consequences like "fǒu zé" meaning "otherwise".
3) Additionally, it provides connectors for comparisons ("jì........y
Chapter 5
Chinese uses exclamation particles to record aspects of speech beyond strict meaning, with some characters exclusively representing exclamations and others sharing characters with other words. Exclamation particles, like other Chinese words, are single syllable and similarly structured, with common ones including 哈哈,哇,啊,嘿,哦,嘛,呗.
Chapter 4
Méi negates past actions and the existence of feelings in the past, while bù negates present and future actions and current or future feelings. Méi is used to talk about not liking someone in the past, while bù expresses not currently liking someone. The only exception is the verb zhī dào, which uses méi rather than a non-existent "méi zhī dào" expression to negate knowing something.
Chapter 3
This document provides Chinese words that express groups and their English definitions:
1. 一道 (yí dào) means together or one, depending on the context, and is used to refer to steps, long thin objects, commands, questions, dishes, or walls surrounding something.
2. 一批 (yì pī) refers to a group, stock, batch, collection, or pile.
3. 一系列的 (yí xì liè de) means a sequence or series, such as a series of concerts arranged by a band.
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2. 吃白饭 means to live off others without paying.
3. 点赞 means to like or praise a social media post.
4. Several additional phrases are explained relating to influences, hidden experts, contradictions, and other concepts.
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Chapter 6
- 1. Prepositions and conjunctions Prepositions Prepositions occur before a noun phrase and indicate some relationship between the noun phrase and the main verb of the sentence. Propositions always followed by an object noun and a verb. There are three grammatical rules connected to prepositions : 1. Unlike English, in Chinese the proposition occurs immediately before the verb. 2. The preposition is right before the noun and nothing can be put between them. 3. Adverb can occur only before the preposition. Here are the most common Mandarin prepositions, arranged according to function: 1. Prepositions that indicate location in time or space – no movement involved 在 (zài) at, in, on 在 (zài) is optional in time expressions
- 2. 2. Prepositions that indicate an action performed towards a reference point – no movement involved 对 (duì ) to, towards (a person or a location) 向 xiàng towards (a person or a location) 3. Prepositions that indicate joint performance of an action. 跟 (gēn) with (also functions as a conjunction) 4. Prepositions that indicate movement of the subject. 从 (cóng) from (movement from a location) 到 (dào) to (movement to a location that is the destination) 往 (wǎng) towards (a location) 进 (jìn) into a location 5. Prepositions that indicate transfer of something from one noun phrase to another 给 (gěi ) to, for 跟 (gēn) from 向 (xiàng) from ……
- 3. Conjunctions A conjunction is used for connecting words, phrases or sentences expressing a certain logic relationship Here are the some of the most useful Mandarin conjunctions: Conjunctions that indicate an ‘additive’ or ‘and’ relationship (always between nouns) 1. 和 (hé) and 2. 跟 (gēn) also functions as proposition 3. 同 (tóng) and 4. 与 (yǔ) literally 5. 还是 (hái shi) or 6. 或者 (huò zhě) or 7. 可是 （kě shì）but (contrast conjunction) ……