This document provides an overview of the American Revolution and early republic. It discusses growing colonial resistance to British rule due to taxes like the Stamp Act and restrictions on western expansion. The Sons of Liberty formed to protest these laws. The Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts increased tensions, leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander and fought the British at Bunker Hill. On July 4th, 1776 Congress declared independence from Britain. After difficult battles, American victory at Yorktown in 1781 led to the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing US independence. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to calls for a stronger federal government, resulting in the 1

1. CHAPTER 2:CHAPTER 2:
REVOLUTION AND THEREVOLUTION AND THE
EARLY REPUBLICEARLY REPUBLIC

2. COLONIAL RESISTANCE ANDCOLONIAL RESISTANCE AND
REBELLION – SECTION 1REBELLION – SECTION 1
 TheThe Proclamation ofProclamation of
17631763 sought to haltsought to halt
the westwardthe westward
expansion of theexpansion of the
colonist, thus thecolonist, thus the
colonist believed thecolonist believed the
British government didBritish government did
not care about theirnot care about their
needsneeds
 This was one of manyThis was one of many
measures passed bymeasures passed by
thethe English ParliamentEnglish Parliament
that would bethat would be
strenuously opposedstrenuously opposed
by the Americanby the American
ColonistsColonists
England’s
Parliament and
Big Ben

3. NO TAXATION WITHOUTNO TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATIONREPRESENTATION
 Huge debt from theHuge debt from the
French-Indian WarFrench-Indian War
caused the Englishcaused the English
Parliament toParliament to
impose a series ofimpose a series of
taxes on thetaxes on the
colonistscolonists
 TheThe Sugar ActSugar Act andand
thethe Stamp ActStamp Act
were two suchwere two such
taxestaxes
Colonists protest

4. THE SUGAR ACTTHE SUGAR ACT
 The Sugar Act (1764)The Sugar Act (1764)
placed duties (taxes)placed duties (taxes)
on certain importson certain imports
that had not beenthat had not been
taxed beforetaxed before
 More importantly, itMore importantly, it
meant colonistsmeant colonists
accused of violatingaccused of violating
the Act were tried inthe Act were tried in
Vice-Admiral CourtsVice-Admiral Courts
rather than Colonialrather than Colonial
CourtsCourts

5. THE STAMP ACTTHE STAMP ACT
 In March of 1765In March of 1765
Parliament passedParliament passed
thethe Stamp ActStamp Act
which imposed awhich imposed a
tax on documentstax on documents
and printed itemsand printed items
such as wills,such as wills,
newspapers, andnewspapers, and
cards (a stampcards (a stamp
would then bewould then be
placed on the item)placed on the item)

6. RESISTANCE GROWSRESISTANCE GROWS
 In May of 1765In May of 1765
Colonists formed aColonists formed a
secret resistancesecret resistance
group called,group called, SonsSons
of Libertyof Liberty toto
protest the lawsprotest the laws
 Merchants agree toMerchants agree to
boycott Britishboycott British
goods until thegoods until the
Acts are repealedActs are repealed

7. MORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTSMORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTS
 More taxes andMore taxes and
acts soon followed:acts soon followed:
Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act
Townshend ActsTownshend Acts
The Townshend ActsThe Townshend Acts
taxed goodstaxed goods
brought into thebrought into the
colonies fromcolonies from
Britain – includingBritain – including
lead, paint, glass,lead, paint, glass,
paper andpaper and TEATEA

8. TENSION MOUNTS INTENSION MOUNTS IN
MASSACHUSETTSMASSACHUSETTS
 The atmosphere inThe atmosphere in
Boston was extremelyBoston was extremely
tensetense
 The city erupted inThe city erupted in
bloody clashes and abloody clashes and a
daring tax protest, alldaring tax protest, all
of which pushed theof which pushed the
colonists and Englandcolonists and England
closer to warcloser to war
 Boston MassacreBoston Massacre waswas
in 1770 when a mobin 1770 when a mob
taunted Britishtaunted British
soldiers – 5 colonistssoldiers – 5 colonists
were killedwere killed
BOSTON MASSACRE 1770
BY PAUL REVERE

9. BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773

10. BRITS RESPOND TO TEABRITS RESPOND TO TEA
VANDALSVANDALS
 After 18,000 poundsAfter 18,000 pounds
of tea was dumped byof tea was dumped by
colonists into Bostoncolonists into Boston
Harbor, King GeorgeHarbor, King George
III was infuriatedIII was infuriated
 Parliament respondedParliament responded
by passing theby passing the
Intolerable Acts;Intolerable Acts;
which included thewhich included the
closing of the Harbor,closing of the Harbor,
the Quartering Act,the Quartering Act,
Martial law in BostonMartial law in Boston

11. THE ROAD TO REVOLUTIONTHE ROAD TO REVOLUTION
 Colonists start toColonists start to
organize andorganize and
communicatecommunicate
 First ContinentalFirst Continental
CongressCongress met in 1774met in 1774
and drew up rightsand drew up rights
 Military preparationMilitary preparation
beganbegan
 England reacts byEngland reacts by
ordering troops toordering troops to
seize weaponsseize weapons
ATTENDEES INCLUDED SAMUEL
ADAMS, PATRICK HENRY, AND
GEORGE WASHINGTON
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS - 1774 PHILLY

12. LEXINGTON AND CONCORDLEXINGTON AND CONCORD
 With Paul Revere’sWith Paul Revere’s
announcement, theannouncement, the
Colonists and theColonists and the
British began fightingBritish began fighting
in April of 1775in April of 1775
 The first battle of theThe first battle of the
American RevolutionAmerican Revolution
lasted only 15lasted only 15
minutes, but itsminutes, but its
impact has lasted forimpact has lasted for
over 200 yearsover 200 years

13. SECOND CONTINENTALSECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESSCONGRESS
 May 1775, ColonialMay 1775, Colonial
leaders met for aleaders met for a
Second ContinentalSecond Continental
CongressCongress
 Some called forSome called for
Independence, someIndependence, some
for reconciliationfor reconciliation
 Finally, the CongressFinally, the Congress
agreed to appointagreed to appoint
George WashingtonGeorge Washington asas
head of thehead of the
Continental ArmyContinental Army
Patrick Henry
addresses
Congress

14. BATTLE OF BUNKER HILLBATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
 British GeneralBritish General
Thomas GageThomas Gage decideddecided
on an attack onon an attack on
Breed’s Hill (nearBreed’s Hill (near
Boston)Boston)
 Deadliest battleDeadliest battle of warof war
as over 1,000as over 1,000
redcoats and 450redcoats and 450
colonists diedcolonists died
 BattleBattle misnamedmisnamed
Bunker Hill (Breed’sBunker Hill (Breed’s
Hill would have beenHill would have been
more accurate)more accurate)
June 1775
Battle of
Bunker Hill

16. OLIVE BRANCH PETITIONOLIVE BRANCH PETITION
 By July 1775, theBy July 1775, the
Second ContinentalSecond Continental
Congress wasCongress was
readying for war,readying for war,
though still hoping forthough still hoping for
peacepeace
 Most delegates deeplyMost delegates deeply
loyalloyal to King Georgeto King George
IIIIII
 July 8 –July 8 – Olive BranchOlive Branch
PetitionPetition sent to Kingsent to King
who flatly refused itwho flatly refused it

17. INDEPENDENCE MINDEDINDEPENDENCE MINDED
 Public opinionPublic opinion
shifted towardshifted toward
IndependenceIndependence
 Why?Why?
EnlightenmentEnlightenment
ideas (Johnideas (John Locke’sLocke’s
Social ContractSocial Contract,,
and Thomasand Thomas
Paine’sPaine’s CommonCommon
SenseSense))
HUGE BEST SELLER,
“COMMON SENSE” 1776

18. DECLARATION OFDECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE
 OnOn July 4, 1776July 4, 1776, the, the
Continental CongressContinental Congress
voted unanimouslyvoted unanimously
that the Americanthat the American
Colonies were free andColonies were free and
they adopted thethey adopted the
Declaration ofDeclaration of
IndependenceIndependence
 The Colonists hadThe Colonists had
declared theirdeclared their
independence– theyindependence– they
would now have towould now have to
fight for itfight for it
JEFFERSON, ADAMS, & FRANKLIN

20. THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCETHE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
– SECTION 2– SECTION 2
 Colonists dividedColonists divided
betweenbetween LoyalistsLoyalists
andand PatriotsPatriots
 New York City earlyNew York City early
site of battlessite of battles
 Colonial troopsColonial troops
retreat, thenretreat, then
surprise Britishsurprise British
troops attroops at SaratogaSaratoga

21. WINNING THE WARWINNING THE WAR
 With French military leaderWith French military leader
Marquis de Lafayette’sMarquis de Lafayette’s
help, Colonial troopshelp, Colonial troops
became effective fightersbecame effective fighters
 May 1780, British troopsMay 1780, British troops
successfully take Charlessuccessfully take Charles
Town, S.C.Town, S.C.
 However, it was the lastHowever, it was the last
major victory for themajor victory for the
British asBritish as GeneralGeneral
CornwallisCornwallis finallyfinally
surrendered at Yorkstown,surrendered at Yorkstown,
Va. on October 18, 1781Va. on October 18, 1781
 TheThe Americans victoryAmericans victory
shocked the worldshocked the world
Cornwallis surrenders

22. TREATY OF PARISTREATY OF PARIS
 Peace talks began inPeace talks began in
Paris in 1782Paris in 1782
 American negotiatingAmerican negotiating
team includedteam included JohnJohn
Jay, John Adams, andJay, John Adams, and
Ben FranklinBen Franklin
 Treaty signed inTreaty signed in
September of 1783September of 1783
and officiallyand officially
recognized therecognized the
independence of theindependence of the
United States and setUnited States and set
boundariesboundaries

23. CONFEDERATION AND THECONFEDERATION AND THE
CONSTITUTION – SECTION 3CONSTITUTION – SECTION 3
 After theAfter the
Revolution, manyRevolution, many
favored afavored a RepublicRepublic
 Some supported aSome supported a
strong federalstrong federal
governmentgovernment
(Federalists)(Federalists) whilewhile
others favoredothers favored
states rightsstates rights (Anti-(Anti-
Federalists)Federalists)

24. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
 The SecondThe Second
Continental CongressContinental Congress
issued a set of lawsissued a set of laws
called thecalled the Articles ofArticles of
ConfederationConfederation in 1781in 1781
 Gave states one voteGave states one vote
each in Congresseach in Congress
regardless ofregardless of
population of statepopulation of state
 Split power betweenSplit power between
National GovernmentNational Government
and Stateand State

25. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OFACCOMPLISHMENTS OF
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
 America’sAmerica’s firstfirst
ConstitutionConstitution
 Established NationalEstablished National
governments ability togovernments ability to
wage war, signwage war, sign
treaties, coin money,treaties, coin money,
run post officerun post office
 Land Ordinance ofLand Ordinance of
17851785 – made land– made land
parcels small &parcels small &
affordableaffordable
 Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance
of 1787of 1787 – set– set
requirement for statesrequirement for states

26. WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLEWEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE
OF CONFEDERATIONOF CONFEDERATION
 Congress could notCongress could not
collect taxescollect taxes
 Each state had oneEach state had one
vote regardless ofvote regardless of
populationpopulation
 No executive branchNo executive branch
 No national courtNo national court
systemsystem
 Nine of thirteen statesNine of thirteen states
needed to agree toneeded to agree to
pass any lawpass any law
 Lacked national unityLacked national unity
 Weak Central Gov’tWeak Central Gov’t

27. SHAY’S REBELLIONSHAY’S REBELLION
 An event that highlightedAn event that highlighted
the weakness of thethe weakness of the
Central (National)Central (National)
government wasgovernment was Shay’sShay’s
RebellionRebellion
 Farmers in westernFarmers in western
Massachusetts rose up inMassachusetts rose up in
protest over increasedprotest over increased
taxestaxes
 Daniel Shay led 1,200Daniel Shay led 1,200
farmers toward the arsenalfarmers toward the arsenal
in Springfieldin Springfield
 The event caused alarmThe event caused alarm
throughout the republicthroughout the republic
1787

29. CREATING A NEWCREATING A NEW
GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
 The delegates at theThe delegates at the
ConstitutionalConstitutional
Convention realizedConvention realized
the need tothe need to
strengthen the centralstrengthen the central
governmentgovernment
 They soon decided toThey soon decided to
create an entirely newcreate an entirely new
Constitution instead ofConstitution instead of
amending the Articlesamending the Articles
 CompromiseCompromise was thewas the
order of the dayorder of the day“Compromise”

30. VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEYVIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY
PLANSPLANS
 Virginia Plan:Virginia Plan:
BicameralBicameral
Legislation basedLegislation based
on state populationon state population
 New Jersey Plan:New Jersey Plan:
UnicameralUnicameral
Legislation basedLegislation based
on one state = oneon one state = one
votevote

31. GREAT COMPROMISEGREAT COMPROMISE
 After a deadlockedAfter a deadlocked
that dragged on & on,that dragged on & on,
Roger ShermanRoger Sherman finallyfinally
suggested the Greatsuggested the Great
Compromise whichCompromise which
satisfied both big &satisfied both big &
small statessmall states
 Bicameral CongressBicameral Congress
with House of Repswith House of Reps
based on populationbased on population
(VA Plan) and Senate(VA Plan) and Senate
based on one state =based on one state =
one vote (NJ Plan)one vote (NJ Plan)

32. THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISETHREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE
 Next difficult issue:Next difficult issue:
SlaverySlavery
 Southern statesSouthern states
wanted slaveswanted slaves
included in theincluded in the
population figurespopulation figures
used to determineused to determine
RepresentativesRepresentatives
 Northern states whichNorthern states which
had few slaves,had few slaves,
disagreeddisagreed
 Compromise was toCompromise was to
count each slave ascount each slave as
3/5ths3/5ths of a personof a person

33. DIVISION OF POWERSDIVISION OF POWERS
 Next issue: Should theNext issue: Should the
National government orNational government or
the states hold power?the states hold power?
Who shall beWho shall be sovereign?sovereign?
 Delegates choose to splitDelegates choose to split
powerpower
 FederalismFederalism systemsystem
developeddeveloped
 Federal government hadFederal government had
delegated, or enumerateddelegated, or enumerated
powers (Coin, trade, war,powers (Coin, trade, war,
etc.)etc.)
 States had reservedStates had reserved
powers (education)powers (education)

39. SEPARATION OF POWERSSEPARATION OF POWERS

40. RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTIONRATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION
 The ConstitutionalThe Constitutional
Convention adjournedConvention adjourned
in September of 1787in September of 1787
 Nine of thirteen statesNine of thirteen states
had to ratify thehad to ratify the
ConstitutionConstitution
 Supporters of theSupporters of the
Constitution wereConstitution were
Federalists. ThoseFederalists. Those
opposed were Anti-opposed were Anti-
FederalistFederalist

41. FEDERALISTFEDERALIST
 Led byLed by AlexanderAlexander
Hamilton, JamesHamilton, James
Madison and John Jay,Madison and John Jay,
Federalist believedFederalist believed
that while thethat while the
Constitution was notConstitution was not
perfect, it was farperfect, it was far
superior to the Articlessuperior to the Articles
of Confederationof Confederation
 They favored a strongThey favored a strong
central governmentcentral government
James
Madison
“Father of the
Constitution”

42. ANTI-FEDERALISTANTI-FEDERALIST
 The Anti-FederalistThe Anti-Federalist
view was that theview was that the
Constitution did notConstitution did not
guarantee the rightsguarantee the rights
of the people of theof the people of the
statesstates
 Led byLed by Patrick Henry,Patrick Henry,
George Mason, andGeorge Mason, and
Richard Henry Lee,Richard Henry Lee,
the Anti-Federaliststhe Anti-Federalists
wanted a Bill of Rightswanted a Bill of Rights
to off-set the strongto off-set the strong
central governmentcentral government
Lee penned his views in the
widely read, Letters from the
Federal Farmers

43. ADOPTION OF THE BILL OFADOPTION OF THE BILL OF
RIGHTSRIGHTS
 To satisfy the States-To satisfy the States-
Rights advocates, aRights advocates, a
Bill of Rights wasBill of Rights was
added to theadded to the
Constitution toConstitution to
guarantee individualguarantee individual
rightsrights
 The Bill of Rights wasThe Bill of Rights was
ratified in Decemberratified in December
of 1791- three yearsof 1791- three years
after the Constitutionafter the Constitution
was ratifiedwas ratified
First Ten Amendments

44. OLDEST LIVING CONSTITUTIONOLDEST LIVING CONSTITUTION
 The U.S. ConstitutionThe U.S. Constitution
is the oldest writtenis the oldest written
national constitution innational constitution in
the worldthe world
 Elastic ClauseElastic Clause key tokey to
flexibilityflexibility
 Also ability to change,Also ability to change,
or “amend” theor “amend” the
Constitution helpsConstitution helps
preserve itpreserve it
 27 Amendments have27 Amendments have
been addedbeen added

45. LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION –LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION –
SECTION 4SECTION 4
 TheThe herohero of theof the
Revolution was theRevolution was the
unanimous choice forunanimous choice for
the nation’s firstthe nation’s first
presidentpresident
 WashingtonWashington took officetook office
under the Constitutionunder the Constitution
and with the Congressand with the Congress
 He faced an enormousHe faced an enormous
task of creating atask of creating a newnew
governmentgovernment
America’s First President

46. JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789
 One of Washington’sOne of Washington’s
first tasks was tofirst tasks was to
create a judicialcreate a judicial
systemsystem
 Judiciary Act set upJudiciary Act set up
our justice systemour justice system
 The act called for aThe act called for a
Supreme Court,Supreme Court,
federal courts, andfederal courts, and
district courtsdistrict courts
 The systemThe system
guaranteed that theguaranteed that the
federal laws wouldfederal laws would
remain “supreme”remain “supreme”

47. WASHINGTON CREATESWASHINGTON CREATES
DEPARTMENTSDEPARTMENTS
 WashingtonWashington
createdcreated 33 executiveexecutive
branchesbranches
 StateState: Thomas: Thomas
JeffersonJefferson
 WarWar: Henry Knox: Henry Knox
 TreasuryTreasury::
Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

49. Hamilton Vs. JeffersonHamilton Vs. Jefferson
 Hamilton was aHamilton was a
staunch Federalist,staunch Federalist,
while Jefferson waswhile Jefferson was
an Anti-Federalistan Anti-Federalist
 Hamilton believedHamilton believed
in commerce &in commerce &
industry, whileindustry, while
Jefferson believedJefferson believed
in a society ofin a society of
farmer-citizensfarmer-citizens

50. HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLANHAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN
 Hamilton wanted aHamilton wanted a
National BankNational Bank fullyfully
funded by thefunded by the
GovernmentGovernment
 Opponents, like JamesOpponents, like James
Madison, felt theMadison, felt the
Constitution made noConstitution made no
provisions for such aprovisions for such a
Federal bankFederal bank
 Thus begins a longThus begins a long
battle between thosebattle between those
whowho interpret theinterpret the
Constitution looselyConstitution loosely
vs. strictlyvs. strictly

51. TWO-PARTY SYSTEMTWO-PARTY SYSTEM
 Differences withinDifferences within
Washington’s cabinetWashington’s cabinet
gave rise to agave rise to a Two-Two-
Party SystemParty System
 Supporters Hamilton’sSupporters Hamilton’s
strong governmentstrong government
view calledview called
themselvesthemselves FederalistsFederalists
 Supporters ofSupporters of
Jefferson’s vision of aJefferson’s vision of a
strong statestrong state
government weregovernment were
calledcalled Democratic-Democratic-
RepublicansRepublicans

52. WHISKEY REBELLIONWHISKEY REBELLION
 During Washington’sDuring Washington’s
22ndnd
term in officeterm in office
(1794),(1794), WhiskeyWhiskey
farmers,farmers, angered byangered by
an excessivean excessive taxtax,,
attacked tax collectorsattacked tax collectors
 Washington respondedWashington responded
with great forcewith great force
(13,000 troops)(13,000 troops)
 Set precedent forSet precedent for
armed force toarmed force to
support federalsupport federal
authorityauthority

53. ELECTION OF 1796ELECTION OF 1796
 Federalists nominatedFederalists nominated
Vice President JohnVice President John
AdamsAdams
 Democratic-Democratic-
RepublicansRepublicans
nominated Thomasnominated Thomas
JeffersonJefferson
 Adams wins andAdams wins and
runner-up Jeffersonrunner-up Jefferson
becomes vice-becomes vice-
president (as lawpresident (as law
dictated)dictated)
Jefferson (left) and Adams

54. XYZ AFFAIRXYZ AFFAIR
 Adams attempts to avoidAdams attempts to avoid
war with France afterwar with France after
France ships seizeFrance ships seize
American shipsAmerican ships
 He sends official to meetHe sends official to meet
with France foreignwith France foreign
ministerminister
 France sends three lowFrance sends three low
level officerslevel officers
 Adams is insulted andAdams is insulted and
refers to them as “X, Y,refers to them as “X, Y,
and Z”and Z”
 Next two years anNext two years an
undeclared naval warundeclared naval war
between France & U.S.between France & U.S.
was wagedwas waged

55. ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTSALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
 To counter what heTo counter what he
considered a threat againstconsidered a threat against
the government, Adamsthe government, Adams
passed through Congresspassed through Congress
thethe Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts
 Alien Act raised residenceAlien Act raised residence
requirements forrequirements for
citizenship from 5 to 14citizenship from 5 to 14
years and allowedyears and allowed
President to deport anyonePresident to deport anyone
 Sedition Act set fines & jailSedition Act set fines & jail
for anyone making falsefor anyone making false
statements against thestatements against the
governmentgovernment

56. STATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFYSTATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFY
ALIEN & SEDITION ACTSALIEN & SEDITION ACTS
 In an event that wouldIn an event that would
foreshadow futureforeshadow future
conflicts, twoconflicts, two
Southern States (Va,Southern States (Va,
& Ky.) asserted the& Ky.) asserted the
principle ofprinciple of
nullificationnullification
 Nullification meantNullification meant
that a state couldthat a state could
nullify, or considernullify, or consider
void, any act ofvoid, any act of
Congress theyCongress they
deemeddeemed
unconstitutionalunconstitutional