This document discusses communication and perception. It defines communication as the exchange of ideas between humans using words, pictures, signs or body language. Perception is defined as the psychological process of attending to, organizing and interpreting sensory data. The document also outlines the communication process, barriers to communication, non-verbal communication cues, principles of perceptual organization, and errors in person perception. It aims to provide information on key concepts in communication and perception.

1. Chapter #2
Communication & Perception
SYED KHURSHEED BUKHARI
M.COM (final)
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
OF MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES
PESHAWAR
Contact # : 03452460252
khursheed9491@yahoo.com
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2. Communication
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Origin: the word communication has been
derived from Latin word “communis” which
means to share the experience.
Definition: the exchange of idea’s between
human beings is known as communication.
We can exchange our idea’s through words,
pictures, signs or body language.
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3. Perception

The dynamic psychological process
responsible for attending to organizing
and interpreting sensory data.
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4. Communication Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sender: a person who sends the message.
Encoding: putting your idea’s in some codes.
Message: it is the actual physical product from the sender.
Channel: it is a medium, selected by the sender through which he
sends the message.
Receiver: he is a person who receives the message. He may be a
listener, viewer or reader.
Decoding: it is the art or process of getting idea’s out of the
message.
Noise: it represents the communication barrier that distort the
clarity of the message.
Feed Back: it is the response of the receiver which indicates
success or failure if the communication.
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5. Communication Process
Message
Sender
Noise
Receiver
Feed back
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6. Barriers In Communication
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Language
Prejudgment
Gender Role
Information Overload
Filtering (changing idea’s )
Selective Perception
Communication Apprehension
Emotions
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7. The Significance Of
Non-verbal Communication
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Non-verbal communication is the process of
coding meaning through behavior that do not
involve the use of words.
It is neglected area but, it is true that 75% of
our communication comes through this area.
Gesture, posture, thoughts, signs and body
language are the examples of non verbal
communication.
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8. Gurdham Behavior Categories
136 in 9
Eye brow
Eye gaze
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Head moment
Arm moment
Mouth moment
Limb moment
Trunk moment
Face expression
Other body moment
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9. Selectivity Attention
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It is the ability to choose from the
stream of sensory data, to concentrate
on particular elements and to ignore
others.
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10. Perceptual Organization
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It is the process through which incoming
stimuli are organized or patterned in
systematic and meaningful ways.
OR
An unconscious process of mind through
which we organized or make groups and give
shape to meaningful data.
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11. Impression Management
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Impression management is the process
where by people seeks to control the
image, others have of them.
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12. Perceptual Sets
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A perceptual set is an individual’s
predisposition to respond to particular
events in a particular manner. It is also
known as mental set. As we tend to
perceive, this can also be called
perceptual expectation.
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13. Perceptual World

The individual perceptual world is
simply their personal image, map or
picture of their social, physical and
organizational enviroment.
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14. Principles Of Perceptual
Organization
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1.
2.
3.
There are three principles through
which one perceptual organization
operates
Proximity Principle
Similarity Principle
Principle of closure
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15. Proximity Principle

This principle notes that we tend to
group together or to classify stimuli that
are physically close to each other and
which thus appear to belong together.
For example often we assume that
people are similar just because of that
they live in same neighborhood or work
in same section of factory.
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16. Similarity Principle

This principle notes that we classify or
group together stimuli that resemble
each other in appearance in some
respect.
for example if we assume that they are
similar just because they wear same
clothes etc.
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17. Principle Of Closure

The fact that we are able to make use of
incomplete or ambiguous information by
“filling in gaps” from our own knowledge or
experience.
for example if we take incomplete information
about some one and draw influence from this
incomplete information, is called the principle
of closure.
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18. Perceptual Set And Assumption
About Human Behavior
1.
2.
Halo Effect: A halo effect is a judgment of
someone based on the striking
characteristics such as an aspect of their
dress, speech or posture. It can be positive
or negative.
Stereotyping: A stereotyping is a category
or personality type, to which we consign
people on the bases of their membership of
some known groups.
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19. Errors In Person Perception
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The main errors in the person perception are as
under:
Not collecting enough information about other
people.
Basing our judgment on information that is
irrelevant or insignificance.
We judge people on our own characteristics.
Accepting stereotype uncritically.
Self bias.
Prejudices.
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20. Avoidance Of Errors In
Perception
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Following are the remedies of such errors:
Take more time in judgment about others.
Get out your self from stereotyping.
Avoid halo effect.
Get out bias from your judgment.
Collecting more relevant information about
others.
Avoid attributions such as sex appearance
etc.
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