The document provides an overview of several major civilizations and empires from ancient history, including Ancient Greece, the Persian Empire, the Roman Republic and Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and the Mongolian Empire. It then discusses the Middle Ages in Europe, known also as the Medieval period or Dark Ages, and explains why this era is sometimes referred to as the Dark Ages due to raids and a lack of focus on learning. Finally, it covers several topics related to Christianity during this time period such as reforms in the Catholic Church, the development of architecture like Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals, and the Crusades launched by the Pope to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

1. What were the great civilizations that we discussed
first semester?
•Ancient Greece—500 BC-600 AD
•Persian Empire--530 BC-330 BC
•Roman Republic--509 BC-27 BC
•Roman Empire—27 BC-476 AD
•Byzantine Empire—Split from Roman Empire in 395 AD-
1453
•Mongolian Empire--1200’s-1300’s
•Holy Roman Empire-800-1806

7. Mongolian Empire

9. Chapter 14

10. Middle Ages—Medieval Times—Dark Ages
•What is the difference?
•The Middle Ages lasted roughly 500 AD-1500 AD
•The term medieval simply means “of or relating to the Middle
Ages”
•The Dark Ages was the period in Western Europe between
500(the fall of Rome) and 1000 AD

11. The Dark Ages
•Why is the time period known as the Dark Ages?
•Magyars and Vikings raided western European church
monasteries and destroyed many of these centers of
learning
•Due to this, Europe was thrown backwards in time where
science culture and learning were not focused on as much as
they had been with Ancient Rome and Greece

13. Ch. 14.1 Church Reform and the Crusades
Key Terms
•Simony
•Romanesque
• Gothic
• Urban II
• Crusade
• Saladin
• Richard the Lion-Hearted
• Reconquista
• Inquisition

14. Christianity Review Questions
•T or F—Christianity is the largest religion in the world?
• 2.2 billion people—32% of world’s population
•How was Christianity founded? Who founded and when?
•Where is Christianity located around the world?
•What are the basic beliefs of Christianity?
•What was the significance of Peter and Paul?
•What was the significance of the Roman Emperor Constantine
and Theodosis?
•What was the Great Schism of 1054?

16. The Age of Faith
•Around the 900s, the church was reborn and a spiritual revival
took place-Known as the “Age of Faith”
•The Church restructured itself and started building new
churches-$$-next slide
•Monasteries led the revival
• Cluny Abbey in France ->
•Religion played a vital role
in pushing education in this
era
-Monks, friars and nuns

17. Romanesque vs Gothic Architecture
•Take five minutes and research your assigned
architectural style
•Share your findings to the class
•Watch Video
•Take quiz as a group-after going over all info
•This will be graded

18. Romanesque Cathedrals-800-1100 AD
•Known for having round arches and a heavy roof held up by
thick walls and pillars
•Very dark inside as the thick walls had tiny windows that let in
little light

19. Bamberg Cathedral in Germany

20. Gothic Cathedrals-Starting in the 1100’s
•These cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven
•Light streamed in through huge stained glass windows
•Other art was included within the cathedral-sculpture, wood-
carvings, and stained glass windows
•All of these elements were meant to inspire the worshiper with
the magnificence of God

22. Chartres Cathedral in France

23. Cologne Cathedral in Germany

24. Milan Cathedral in Italy

25. Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France

28. Inside Notre Dame

31. Problems in the Church
•Three main issues within the Church and one outside:
1. Many village priests married and had families
• Such marriages were against Church rulings
2. Bishops sold positions in the Church, a practice called
simony-see next slide
3. Lay investiture
• Kings appointed church bishops
• Church reformers believed the Pope alone should appoint
bishops-See slide 31
4. The spread of Islam in to Spain and Turkey

34. Church Reforms
• The Roman Catholic Church instituted several reforms:
1. The Pope sent out ambassadors(Papal Curia) to represent him at
European courts and to oversee that area's Bishops
2. Canon law and papal courts(Papal Curia) were created to make the
rules clear and to address violations of religious law
3. Simony and marriage for priests were officially outlawed (although
these issues didn't completely go away)
4. The church collected tithes(10%) as taxes and used that
money to help the poor and to run hospitals

36. History of Islam
•Founded in 622 AD by Muhammad in what is now Saudi Arabia
• Muhammad is considered to be a prophet, a messenger of
Allah (God)
•Muslims believe that the Quran is God’s word as revealed to
the prophet Muhammad (570-632 A.D.) through the angel
Gabriel
•Two Major Sects (split c.650CE)
•Sunni
•Shi’a (or Shiite)

37. •One of main differences between Sunnis and Shia Muslims is
their belief about who the leader should be following the death
of Prophet Muhammad
•Sunni, from the Arabic word for “tradition,” accepted the
succession of Muhammad’s elected successors
• The majority of Muslims in the world today are Sunnis
•Shiite, from the Arabic word for “faction,” believe that leaders
must be descendants of Muhammad through his daughter
Fatima and her husband Ali.
•They rule Iran and also have a sizeable presence in Iraq and
Syria.

39. Spread of Islam Video

41. •The Islamic crescent and star is the international symbol for
Islam
•Islam means “submission (to Allah)” in Arabic
•“Allah” is an Arabic word which means “the One True God”
•Muslims do not believe that Jesus was the Messiah, although
they do believe he was a prophet

42. •Muslims are people that practice Islam
•The word “Muslim” means one who submits to the will
of God, regardless of his/her race, nationality or ethnic
background
•Any person who is ready to submit to the will of God is
eligible to become a Muslim

43. 5 Pillars of Islam
1. Shahada(witness) is the Muslim profession of faith
- "I witness that there is no god but Allah, and that
Muhammad is the messenger of Allah"
• Muslims say this when they wake up in the morning
and just before they go to sleep at night

44. • 2. Salat(daily prayer) is a prayer ritual performed 5
times a day by all Muslims over the age of 10
1. Between first light and sunrise
2. After the sun has passed the middle of the sky
3. Between mid-afternoon and sunset
4. Between sunset and the last light of the day
5. Between darkness and dawn
• Face the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

47. The Kaaba

48. 3. Sawm(fasting) is abstaining each day during Ramadan
•Ramadan is the holiest day for Islam. It marks when
Muhammad had the Quran revealed to him
•Sawm helps Muslims develop self-control, gain a better
understanding of God's gifts and greater compassion towards
the deprived.
•Not only is food forbidden between dawn and sunset, but also
things like smoking, chewing gum, negative thoughts and
sexual activity

50. 4. Zakat(almsgiving) is giving money to the poor
• This is a compulsory gift of 2.5 % of one's savings each
year
• Giving in this way is intended to free Muslims from the
love of money
• It reminds them that everything they have really
belongs to God

52. 5. Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca that all physically/financially
able Muslims should make at least once in their life
•Mecca is the most holy place for Muslims
•Takes place during days 8-13 of the 12th month of the Islamic
Lunar calendar
•They circle the Kaaba seven times, say prayers, drink from a
holy spring, walk to Mount Arafat to pray, feast, cast stones at
three pillars(to fight Satan’s temptations), shave hair and run
between some hills

56. Islamic Law
•Sharia Law outlines laws for Muslims and is based from
the Quran
•Many African and Middle Eastern countries laws are
based on Sharia Law
•5 Major Crimes:
•Theft, highway robbery, intoxication, adultery and
falsely accusing another of adultery

57. •The “belief” component of Sharia commands Muslims to
believe in God, the angels, prophets, etc.
•In terms of “character,” Sharia commands Muslims to
strive for traits like humility and kindness, and to avoid
traits such as lying and pride
•“Actions” include those relating to God, such as prayer,
fasting, and pilgrimage, as well as actions relating to other
humans, such as marriage, crime, and business

59. Background- Causes
• Jerusalem was a holy land for the
Christians and each year many come to
visit (pilgrimages)
• The Seljuk Turks (Muslims) controlled
that land and the amount of visitors
grew too much that they began not
allowing visitors
• It was also believed that the increase in
Muslim power would threaten the
Byzantine Capital of Constantinople

60. The Crusades-1095-1291 AD
• The Muslim Seljuk Turks were encroaching upon the Byzantine capital
of Constantinople and were not friendly to Christians
• Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II for help

62. The Crusades-1095-1291 AD
•Pope Urban II agreed to help Emperor Alexios and declared a
“holy war” or a crusade to get control of the Holy Land(Israel)
back from the Muslims
•This started a 200 year fight for control of the Holy Land with 9
different Crusades during that time
•Activity-50 Points
•Each group will research one of the Crusades-1, 2, 3, 4, 5-9
• Basic facts-who, where, when, why
• Causes, Goals, Leaders, Results
• Include pictures/maps and other visuals-short videos(less than 5
minutes
• Keep presentation under 15 minutes(including video)

63. GOAL:
Crusades  recapture the holy land from Muslims

65. 1st Crusade- 1096-1099
•Crusaders captured Jerusalem
• Crusaders entered Jerusalem and killed lots of innocent Muslims
•By 1187- Jerusalem fell back to Muslim rule

67. 2nd Crusade-1147-1149
• Christians were concerned with Muslims taking over Edessa
• Christians failed to recapture Jerusalem but held onto Tyre, Tripoli and
Antioch

68. 3rd Crusade-1189-1192
• Led by Richard the Lionhearted- King of England
• Crusaders won back much land in the Middle East, but not Jerusalem
• Eventually, King Richard came to a truce with Saladin, leader of
Muslims
• Christians would be allowed into Jerusalem

69. 4th Crusade-1202-1204
• Power struggles between Europe and the Byzantine Empire drove the Crusaders
to topple the Byzantine emperor, Alexius III, in favor of his nephew, who became
Alexius IV in 1203
• Alexius IV attempt to submit the Byzantine church to Rome was met with stiff
resistance and Alexius IV was killed by the people from Constantinople
• In response, the Crusaders declared war on Constantinople and the Fourth
Crusade ended with the conquest and looting of the city

71. 5th Crusade-1213-1221
• The 5th Crusade was an attempt by European crusaders to
reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt
• Muslims won and signed an eight year truce with crusaders

72. 6th Crusade-1228-1229
• The Sixth Crusade was an attempt to regain Jerusalem
• It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little
fighting
• Through the diplomacy Frederick II(Holy Roman Empire), crusaders regained
some control over Jerusalem for the next 15 years (1229-1244) as well as over
other areas of the Holy Land
Frederick II and al-Kamil

73. 7th Crusade-1248-1254
• Even with Jerusalem falling back to the Muslims in 1244, the 7th Crusade was
fought in Egypt and ended a decisive Muslim victory

74. 8th Crusade-1270
• The Eighth Crusade was launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in
1270
• The crusade was a failure after Louis IX died shortly after arriving in Tunisia
• His disease-ridden army went back to Europe shortly afterwards.

76. 9th Crusade-1271-1272
• Louis IX of France's failure to capture Tunis in the Eighth Crusade led Henry III of
England's son Edward to sail to Acre(in Israel) in what was the Ninth Crusade
• This crusade saw several victories for Edward but ultimately, the Crusaders
withdrew and eventually lost all land in the Middle East and north Africa
• The Crusades were now over

78. Reconquista-722-1492
•Kick Muslims and non-Christians out of Spain and re-conquer it
for Christianity
•Muslims invaded Spain in 722 AD
•Last Muslim area(Grenada) fell in 1492

80. Why did the Crusades fail?
•After the 1st attempt, each attempt was weaker with less
emphasis on winning
•People soon became about making money and getting goods
•Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic cities and people

81. Effects of Crusades
•Showed power of Church
•Increased trading between East and West
•Led to massive cultural diffusion
•Lead to the Commercial Revolution
•Increased trading helped business flourish
•Merchants increased
•Muslim bitterness and hatred toward Christians
•Constantinople (Istanbul) eventually falls to Turks
•Almost two million people died

82. Crusades Crash Course Video

83. Ch. 14.2
Changes in Medieval Life
•Three-field system
•Guild
•Commercial Revolution
•Thomas Aquinas

84. Changes in Medieval Life
•European population increased as people lived longer-see next
slide
•Food supply increased due to warmer temperatures and
increased farmland/agriculture
• Horses replaced oxen in the fields-much faster
• Three-field system replaced the two-field system
• 2/3 of land would be used for farming instead of half—more food-health
increases-people live longer-see slide 77
•Surnames(last names) started during this period
• Smith, Carpenter(Zimmerman in Germany)
•Trade greatly increased-see slide 78

88. The Guilds
•Precursor to labor unions
•“An organization of individuals in the same business or
occupation working to improve the economic and social
conditions of its members”
•The guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and
working conditions
•Became very wealthy and powerful in Medieval times

91. Commercial Revolution
• Period of time(late 1200’s-early 1700’s) where business and trade
expanded greatly throughout Europe
• Europe was moving away from the manor system/feudalism(see next
slide) where each manor was self-sufficient
• Towns and cities became more important and the place where markets
and fairs were located
• Trade items included cloth, bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather,
dyes, knives, ropes and much more
• Trade routes spread throughout Europe and into Asia(see slide 84)
• Banks and businesses started expanding as well

97. The Revival of Learning
•The Crusades allowed Europeans to “refind” works from the
Greek philosophers while going through the Byzantine Empire
and the Muslim world, including in Spain
•This rekindled learning throughout Europe
•Writers started writing books
•Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy (1308–1314)
•Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales(1386–1400)

99. Thomas Aquinas-1225-1274
• Was an Italian Catholic priest as well as an immensely
influential philosopher and theologian
• One of the Catholic Church's greatest theologians and philosophers
• The Catholic Church honors him as a saint and regards him as the
model teacher for those studying for the priesthood
• Video

100. Ch. 14.3-England and France Develop
•William the Conqueror
•Normandy
•Common law
•Magna Carta
•Parliament
•Hugh Capet

101. England
• By the early 800s, Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms covered Britain
• The Vikings invaded in the later
800’s

102. The Norman Conquest-1066
• The invader of England was William, Duke of Normandy(William the Conqueror)
• Normandy(North men) is a region in northern France that had been conquered
by the Vikings
• As King Edward’s(King of England) cousin, William claimed the English
crown(after Edward’s death) and invaded England with a Norman army

103. •William the Conqueror's main rival was Harold Godwinson, an
Anglo-Saxon who also claimed the English throne
•In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, the Normans defeated the
Harold and the Anglo-Saxons-see map next slide
• Harold was killed in the battle
•William went on the unify the entire country of England setting
the stage for centralized government in England

104. Video

105. England’s Evolving Government
• Over the next couple of centuries, English kings tried to achieve two
goals:
1. They wanted to hold and add to their French lands
2. They wanted to strengthen their own power over the nobles and
the Church
•Common Law became the basis of English law
• Decisions made by English judges over the centuries added to this
law
•Due to the terrible leadership of King John Softsword(Richard
the Lionhearted’s brother and his nickname) the Magna Carta
was written

106. Magna Carta-1215-Video
• Reluctantly signed by King John (Softsword) because it limited the kings
power
• Guaranteed people certain political rights
• No taxation without representation
• Jury trial
• Protection of the law
•The English Parliament got it’s start
with the next English King, Edward
I in 1295

107. Capetian Dynasty Rules France
• There were 47 feudal territories in France in 1000 AD
• In 987, Hugh Capet came to power and ushered in the Capetian
Dynasty that would rule France from 987-1328
• The strength of these Capetian Kings helped unite France

108. Ch. 14.4-The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague
•Avignon
•College of Cardinals
•Great Schism
•John Wycliffe
•Jan Hus
•Bubonic plague
•Hundred Years’ War
•Joan of Arc

109. Popes Vs Kings—1300’s
•As discussed before, this period was known as the Age of Faith
•Religion was extremely important to people
•Pope Boniface VIII faced off against King Philip IV of France
•King Philip said that he had authority over bishops in France
•Pope Boniface said that kings had to obey popes
•Philip captured Boniface and held him prisoner
•Boniface was rescued but died soon thereafter
•Due to this situation, kings would no longer feel forced to obey
popes

110. Pope Boniface VIII King Philip IV

111. The Great Schism(Western Schism)
• King Philip IV persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French
archbishop as the next pope(1305)
• Clement V was selected and he moved the papacy to the French city of
Avignon
• Popes would live there for the next 69 years

112. •The move to Avignon weakened the church so the College of
Cardinals eventually chose a Roman pope due mostly to
people’s demands
•Pope Urban VI became the new pope but he was not
supported soon thereafter by the College of Cardinals due to
his attitude
•So what do you think the College of Cardinals did?
•They chose a second pope, Clement VII, who spoke French
•Urban VI was in Rome and Clement VII was in Avignon
•Each pope excommunicated each other
•Video

113. Pope Urban VI(Rome) Pope Clement VII(Avignon)

114. Simple Solution??
• In 1414, the Council of Constance attempted to end the Great Schism
by choosing a single pope
• They assumed the other two popes would resign
• They didn’t
• There were now a total of three popes: the Avignon pope(antipope),
the Roman pope, and the newly chosen third pope, Alexander
V(antipope)
• With the help of the Holy Roman Emperor, the council forced all three
popes to resign
• In 1417, the Council chose a new pope, Martin V, ending the Great
Schism but leaving the papacy greatly weakened

115. Pope Alexander(Elected Third Pope) Martin V(The One True Pope)

116. John Wycliffe-1320’s-1384-Critic of the Church
•Preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of
the Church
•Believed that the pope and clergy focused too much on wealth
and power
•Believed that the clergy shouldn’t own land or be wealthy
•Taught that the Bible alone—not the pope—was the final
authority for Christian life
•Helped get an English translation of the New Testament of the
Bible
•Followers were the Lollards and was the precursor to
Protestant Reformation(1517)

118. Jan Hus-1369-1415-Critic of the Church
•Influenced by Wycliffe’s
writings, Jan Hus taught that
the authority of the Bible was
higher than that of the pope
•He was excommunicated in
1412 and in 1415 was burned
at the stake for being a
heretic
•His followers were known as
Hussites

119. Bubonic Plague
•When: 1346–1353
•Where:

120. Who was impacted?
•Everyone!
•1/3 of Europe’s population died

122. • How did it start:
• The disease came from Asia over trade routes and spread by fleas
and rats
• Rats were everywhere and they had fleas
• People were dirty and most had fleas
• Fleas bit humans

124. Symptoms:
•Painful swellings called buboes in the lymph nodes,
especially in the armpits and groin
•Sometimes purplish or blackish spots on the skin
•Extremely high fever, chills, delirium, and death

126. Effects of the Plague
•Population fell
•Trade declined and prices rose
•The serfs left the manor in search of better wages.
•Nobles resisted peasant demands for higher wages,
causing peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and
Belgium

127. •Jews were blamed for bringing on the plague and were
driven from their homes or massacred
•The Church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers
failed to stop the onslaught of the bubonic plague

128. •Bubonic Plague Song
•Plague Doctor Video

129. The Hundred Years War
•England •France

131. •When the last Capetian king died without a successor,
England’s Edward III, claimed the right to the French
throne
•The war that Edward III launched continued on and off
from 1337 to 1453 and became known as the Hundred
Years’ War
•The war was not continuous and victory passed back and
forth between the two countries
•Finally, between 1421 and 1453, the French rallied and
drove the English out of France

133. The English Advantage-Video

134. Joan of Arc Video

135. France Won-Why?
1. France as a national entity was created during this war
2. Joan of Arc helped strengthen French nationalism
3. The French were able to avoid conflicts for long
stretches at a time when England was more powerful.
England was not able to deliver a knockout punch
during this time
4. France ended up with more allies than England did
5. France fought on their own land
6. England was bankrupt

136. Impact of the Hundred Year’s War
• A feeling of nationalism emerged in England and France
• Now people thought of the king as a national leader, fighting for the
glory of the country, not simply a feudal lord
• The power and prestige of the French monarch increase since they
won
• The English suffered a period of internal problems known as the War of
the Roses, in which two noble houses fought for the throne

137. Medieval Torture Methods