1. What were the great civilizations that we discussed
first semester?
•Ancient Greece—500 BC-600 AD
•Persian Empire--530 BC-330 BC
•Roman Republic--509 BC-27 BC
•Roman Empire—27 BC-476 AD
•Byzantine Empire—Split from Roman Empire in 395 AD-
1453
•Mongolian Empire--1200’s-1300’s
•Holy Roman Empire-800-1806
10. Middle Ages—Medieval Times—Dark Ages
•What is the difference?
•The Middle Ages lasted roughly 500 AD-1500 AD
•The term medieval simply means “of or relating to the Middle
Ages”
•The Dark Ages was the period in Western Europe between
500(the fall of Rome) and 1000 AD
11. The Dark Ages
•Why is the time period known as the Dark Ages?
•Magyars and Vikings raided western European church
monasteries and destroyed many of these centers of
learning
•Due to this, Europe was thrown backwards in time where
science culture and learning were not focused on as much as
they had been with Ancient Rome and Greece
12.
13. Ch. 14.1 Church Reform and the Crusades
Key Terms
•Simony
•Romanesque
• Gothic
• Urban II
• Crusade
• Saladin
• Richard the Lion-Hearted
• Reconquista
• Inquisition
14. Christianity Review Questions
•T or F—Christianity is the largest religion in the world?
• 2.2 billion people—32% of world’s population
•How was Christianity founded? Who founded and when?
•Where is Christianity located around the world?
•What are the basic beliefs of Christianity?
•What was the significance of Peter and Paul?
•What was the significance of the Roman Emperor Constantine
and Theodosis?
•What was the Great Schism of 1054?
15.
16. The Age of Faith
•Around the 900s, the church was reborn and a spiritual revival
took place-Known as the “Age of Faith”
•The Church restructured itself and started building new
churches-$$-next slide
•Monasteries led the revival
• Cluny Abbey in France ->
•Religion played a vital role
in pushing education in this
era
-Monks, friars and nuns
17. Romanesque vs Gothic Architecture
•Take five minutes and research your assigned
architectural style
•Share your findings to the class
•Watch Video
•Take quiz as a group-after going over all info
•This will be graded
18. Romanesque Cathedrals-800-1100 AD
•Known for having round arches and a heavy roof held up by
thick walls and pillars
•Very dark inside as the thick walls had tiny windows that let in
little light
20. Gothic Cathedrals-Starting in the 1100’s
•These cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven
•Light streamed in through huge stained glass windows
•Other art was included within the cathedral-sculpture, wood-
carvings, and stained glass windows
•All of these elements were meant to inspire the worshiper with
the magnificence of God
31. Problems in the Church
•Three main issues within the Church and one outside:
1. Many village priests married and had families
• Such marriages were against Church rulings
2. Bishops sold positions in the Church, a practice called
simony-see next slide
3. Lay investiture
• Kings appointed church bishops
• Church reformers believed the Pope alone should appoint
bishops-See slide 31
4. The spread of Islam in to Spain and Turkey
32.
33.
34. Church Reforms
• The Roman Catholic Church instituted several reforms:
1. The Pope sent out ambassadors(Papal Curia) to represent him at
European courts and to oversee that area's Bishops
2. Canon law and papal courts(Papal Curia) were created to make the
rules clear and to address violations of religious law
3. Simony and marriage for priests were officially outlawed (although
these issues didn't completely go away)
4. The church collected tithes(10%) as taxes and used that
money to help the poor and to run hospitals
35.
36. History of Islam
•Founded in 622 AD by Muhammad in what is now Saudi Arabia
• Muhammad is considered to be a prophet, a messenger of
Allah (God)
•Muslims believe that the Quran is God’s word as revealed to
the prophet Muhammad (570-632 A.D.) through the angel
Gabriel
•Two Major Sects (split c.650CE)
•Sunni
•Shi’a (or Shiite)
37. •One of main differences between Sunnis and Shia Muslims is
their belief about who the leader should be following the death
of Prophet Muhammad
•Sunni, from the Arabic word for “tradition,” accepted the
succession of Muhammad’s elected successors
• The majority of Muslims in the world today are Sunnis
•Shiite, from the Arabic word for “faction,” believe that leaders
must be descendants of Muhammad through his daughter
Fatima and her husband Ali.
•They rule Iran and also have a sizeable presence in Iraq and
Syria.
41. •The Islamic crescent and star is the international symbol for
Islam
•Islam means “submission (to Allah)” in Arabic
•“Allah” is an Arabic word which means “the One True God”
•Muslims do not believe that Jesus was the Messiah, although
they do believe he was a prophet
42. •Muslims are people that practice Islam
•The word “Muslim” means one who submits to the will
of God, regardless of his/her race, nationality or ethnic
background
•Any person who is ready to submit to the will of God is
eligible to become a Muslim
43. 5 Pillars of Islam
1. Shahada(witness) is the Muslim profession of faith
- "I witness that there is no god but Allah, and that
Muhammad is the messenger of Allah"
• Muslims say this when they wake up in the morning
and just before they go to sleep at night
44. • 2. Salat(daily prayer) is a prayer ritual performed 5
times a day by all Muslims over the age of 10
1. Between first light and sunrise
2. After the sun has passed the middle of the sky
3. Between mid-afternoon and sunset
4. Between sunset and the last light of the day
5. Between darkness and dawn
• Face the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
48. 3. Sawm(fasting) is abstaining each day during Ramadan
•Ramadan is the holiest day for Islam. It marks when
Muhammad had the Quran revealed to him
•Sawm helps Muslims develop self-control, gain a better
understanding of God's gifts and greater compassion towards
the deprived.
•Not only is food forbidden between dawn and sunset, but also
things like smoking, chewing gum, negative thoughts and
sexual activity
49.
50. 4. Zakat(almsgiving) is giving money to the poor
• This is a compulsory gift of 2.5 % of one's savings each
year
• Giving in this way is intended to free Muslims from the
love of money
• It reminds them that everything they have really
belongs to God
51.
52. 5. Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca that all physically/financially
able Muslims should make at least once in their life
•Mecca is the most holy place for Muslims
•Takes place during days 8-13 of the 12th month of the Islamic
Lunar calendar
•They circle the Kaaba seven times, say prayers, drink from a
holy spring, walk to Mount Arafat to pray, feast, cast stones at
three pillars(to fight Satan’s temptations), shave hair and run
between some hills
53.
54.
55.
56. Islamic Law
•Sharia Law outlines laws for Muslims and is based from
the Quran
•Many African and Middle Eastern countries laws are
based on Sharia Law
•5 Major Crimes:
•Theft, highway robbery, intoxication, adultery and
falsely accusing another of adultery
57. •The “belief” component of Sharia commands Muslims to
believe in God, the angels, prophets, etc.
•In terms of “character,” Sharia commands Muslims to
strive for traits like humility and kindness, and to avoid
traits such as lying and pride
•“Actions” include those relating to God, such as prayer,
fasting, and pilgrimage, as well as actions relating to other
humans, such as marriage, crime, and business
58.
59. Background- Causes
• Jerusalem was a holy land for the
Christians and each year many come to
visit (pilgrimages)
• The Seljuk Turks (Muslims) controlled
that land and the amount of visitors
grew too much that they began not
allowing visitors
• It was also believed that the increase in
Muslim power would threaten the
Byzantine Capital of Constantinople
60. The Crusades-1095-1291 AD
• The Muslim Seljuk Turks were encroaching upon the Byzantine capital
of Constantinople and were not friendly to Christians
• Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II for help
61.
62. The Crusades-1095-1291 AD
•Pope Urban II agreed to help Emperor Alexios and declared a
“holy war” or a crusade to get control of the Holy Land(Israel)
back from the Muslims
•This started a 200 year fight for control of the Holy Land with 9
different Crusades during that time
•Activity-50 Points
•Each group will research one of the Crusades-1, 2, 3, 4, 5-9
• Basic facts-who, where, when, why
• Causes, Goals, Leaders, Results
• Include pictures/maps and other visuals-short videos(less than 5
minutes
• Keep presentation under 15 minutes(including video)
65. 1st Crusade- 1096-1099
•Crusaders captured Jerusalem
• Crusaders entered Jerusalem and killed lots of innocent Muslims
•By 1187- Jerusalem fell back to Muslim rule
66.
67. 2nd Crusade-1147-1149
• Christians were concerned with Muslims taking over Edessa
• Christians failed to recapture Jerusalem but held onto Tyre, Tripoli and
Antioch
68. 3rd Crusade-1189-1192
• Led by Richard the Lionhearted- King of England
• Crusaders won back much land in the Middle East, but not Jerusalem
• Eventually, King Richard came to a truce with Saladin, leader of
Muslims
• Christians would be allowed into Jerusalem
69. 4th Crusade-1202-1204
• Power struggles between Europe and the Byzantine Empire drove the Crusaders
to topple the Byzantine emperor, Alexius III, in favor of his nephew, who became
Alexius IV in 1203
• Alexius IV attempt to submit the Byzantine church to Rome was met with stiff
resistance and Alexius IV was killed by the people from Constantinople
• In response, the Crusaders declared war on Constantinople and the Fourth
Crusade ended with the conquest and looting of the city
70.
71. 5th Crusade-1213-1221
• The 5th Crusade was an attempt by European crusaders to
reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt
• Muslims won and signed an eight year truce with crusaders
72. 6th Crusade-1228-1229
• The Sixth Crusade was an attempt to regain Jerusalem
• It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little
fighting
• Through the diplomacy Frederick II(Holy Roman Empire), crusaders regained
some control over Jerusalem for the next 15 years (1229-1244) as well as over
other areas of the Holy Land
Frederick II and al-Kamil
73. 7th Crusade-1248-1254
• Even with Jerusalem falling back to the Muslims in 1244, the 7th Crusade was
fought in Egypt and ended a decisive Muslim victory
74. 8th Crusade-1270
• The Eighth Crusade was launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in
1270
• The crusade was a failure after Louis IX died shortly after arriving in Tunisia
• His disease-ridden army went back to Europe shortly afterwards.
75.
76. 9th Crusade-1271-1272
• Louis IX of France's failure to capture Tunis in the Eighth Crusade led Henry III of
England's son Edward to sail to Acre(in Israel) in what was the Ninth Crusade
• This crusade saw several victories for Edward but ultimately, the Crusaders
withdrew and eventually lost all land in the Middle East and north Africa
• The Crusades were now over
77.
78. Reconquista-722-1492
•Kick Muslims and non-Christians out of Spain and re-conquer it
for Christianity
•Muslims invaded Spain in 722 AD
•Last Muslim area(Grenada) fell in 1492
79.
80. Why did the Crusades fail?
•After the 1st attempt, each attempt was weaker with less
emphasis on winning
•People soon became about making money and getting goods
•Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic cities and people
81. Effects of Crusades
•Showed power of Church
•Increased trading between East and West
•Led to massive cultural diffusion
•Lead to the Commercial Revolution
•Increased trading helped business flourish
•Merchants increased
•Muslim bitterness and hatred toward Christians
•Constantinople (Istanbul) eventually falls to Turks
•Almost two million people died
83. Ch. 14.2
Changes in Medieval Life
•Three-field system
•Guild
•Commercial Revolution
•Thomas Aquinas
84. Changes in Medieval Life
•European population increased as people lived longer-see next
slide
•Food supply increased due to warmer temperatures and
increased farmland/agriculture
• Horses replaced oxen in the fields-much faster
• Three-field system replaced the two-field system
• 2/3 of land would be used for farming instead of half—more food-health
increases-people live longer-see slide 77
•Surnames(last names) started during this period
• Smith, Carpenter(Zimmerman in Germany)
•Trade greatly increased-see slide 78
85.
86.
87.
88. The Guilds
•Precursor to labor unions
•“An organization of individuals in the same business or
occupation working to improve the economic and social
conditions of its members”
•The guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and
working conditions
•Became very wealthy and powerful in Medieval times
89.
90.
91. Commercial Revolution
• Period of time(late 1200’s-early 1700’s) where business and trade
expanded greatly throughout Europe
• Europe was moving away from the manor system/feudalism(see next
slide) where each manor was self-sufficient
• Towns and cities became more important and the place where markets
and fairs were located
• Trade items included cloth, bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather,
dyes, knives, ropes and much more
• Trade routes spread throughout Europe and into Asia(see slide 84)
• Banks and businesses started expanding as well
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97. The Revival of Learning
•The Crusades allowed Europeans to “refind” works from the
Greek philosophers while going through the Byzantine Empire
and the Muslim world, including in Spain
•This rekindled learning throughout Europe
•Writers started writing books
•Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy (1308–1314)
•Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales(1386–1400)
98.
99. Thomas Aquinas-1225-1274
• Was an Italian Catholic priest as well as an immensely
influential philosopher and theologian
• One of the Catholic Church's greatest theologians and philosophers
• The Catholic Church honors him as a saint and regards him as the
model teacher for those studying for the priesthood
