Chapter 1
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This document discusses woven fabric structure. It defines woven fabric as being formed from interlacing warp yarns that run lengthwise and weft yarns that run across. The key operations to form fabric on a loom are shedding, picking, and beating-up. Fabrics can be classified based on their weave structure, densities, yarn types, and fibers. The properties of a fabric depend on its structure, which is determined by the weave type, thread densities, yarn and fiber characteristics, and factors like crimp introduced during weaving.
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Knitting science
This document discusses various aspects of knitting science, including how loop length controls fabric dimensions and properties. It establishes three basic laws governing knitted structure: that loop length is fundamental, loop shape determines dimensions, and the relationship between shape and length can be expressed in equations. Other topics covered include how warp let-off, fabric relaxation and shrinkage, knitted fabric geometry, tightness factor, and robbing back can all influence knitted fabrics. The document also discusses needle bounce, positive needle control, and the Cadratex unit for controlling fabric tube shape.
175035 assignment of [te 2603]
Textile physics provides essential knowledge for textile engineering. It covers topics like yarn geometry, fabric geometry, and mechanical properties that impact material behaviors. Specifically, yarn geometry teaches about fiber distribution, migration, and relationships between twist and count. Fabric geometry addresses permeability, crimp, and tensile properties. Mechanical properties include fatigue, creep, breaking strength, swelling, flexural properties, frictional properties, and thermal properties. Understanding these physics concepts is relevant and necessary for textile engineering applications and process control.
Micro level damage mechanisms
The document discusses various micro-level damage mechanisms in fibrous composites. It describes five mechanisms for fiber-level damage: fiber fracture/breaking, fiber buckling or kinking, fiber bending, fiber splitting, and fiber radial cracking. Two main matrix-level damage mechanisms are also outlined: matrix cracking and matrix interfacial cracking. Finally, five coupled fiber-matrix level mechanisms are covered: fiber pull out, fiber breakage and interfacial debonding, transverse matrix cracking, fiber failure due to matrix cracking, and interfacial shear failure.
Weaving process
Shyamoli Textile Engineering College is affiliated with the University of Dhaka. Weaving involves interlacing two sets of threads at right angles to each other to form fabric - the warp runs longitudinally and the weft crosses it. The warping process transfers yarn from packages to a section beam, which must have uniform tension, no defects, and be smooth. Weaving requires three operations - shedding to separate warp threads into layers, picking to pass the weft through the shed, and beating-up to push the weft pick into the woven fabric.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on quality
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
Fabric structure-and-design
The document provides an overview of looms and loom mechanisms. It discusses the basic components and functions of a loom, including the heald shaft, sley or lay, shuttle, shuttle box, picker, and reed. It describes how these components work together to form fabric by interlacing the warp and weft threads. The passage of materials through a typical loom is also illustrated in a diagram.
Effect of Stitch Length on Different Properties of Plain Single Jersey Fabric
ABSTRACT: The works reported in this paper present the effects of stitch length on different properties of plain single jersey fabric. Fabric properties can be changed due to use of various counts of yarn, type (ring, rotor, and compact), quality, stitch length, structural geometry, fiber composition, etc. With an increase in stitch length, the properties like Courses Per Inch (CPI), Wales Per Inch (WPI), GSM and stitch density will be decreased when the remaining other parameters are constant. Again shrinkage and spirality will be increased and bursting strength decreased with the increased stitch length. Pilling and abrasion resistance show lower grading when stitch length increases.
knitted fabric Manufacturing Process
This document discusses different types of knitting machines and fabrics produced on them. It describes single jersey, pique, and fleece fabrics which are produced on single bed needle machines. Double knit machines have two beds of needles and can produce interlock, rib, and double jersey fabrics. Three thread fleece is made on fleece machines and has long loops on the back side, allowing for high brushing. Characteristics of two thread and three thread fleece fabrics are provided such as weight, yarn used, and fiber percentages. Common issues that can occur with fleece knitting and their remedies are also outlined.
Recommended
Knitting science
This document discusses various aspects of knitting science, including how loop length controls fabric dimensions and properties. It establishes three basic laws governing knitted structure: that loop length is fundamental, loop shape determines dimensions, and the relationship between shape and length can be expressed in equations. Other topics covered include how warp let-off, fabric relaxation and shrinkage, knitted fabric geometry, tightness factor, and robbing back can all influence knitted fabrics. The document also discusses needle bounce, positive needle control, and the Cadratex unit for controlling fabric tube shape.
175035 assignment of [te 2603]
Textile physics provides essential knowledge for textile engineering. It covers topics like yarn geometry, fabric geometry, and mechanical properties that impact material behaviors. Specifically, yarn geometry teaches about fiber distribution, migration, and relationships between twist and count. Fabric geometry addresses permeability, crimp, and tensile properties. Mechanical properties include fatigue, creep, breaking strength, swelling, flexural properties, frictional properties, and thermal properties. Understanding these physics concepts is relevant and necessary for textile engineering applications and process control.
Micro level damage mechanisms
The document discusses various micro-level damage mechanisms in fibrous composites. It describes five mechanisms for fiber-level damage: fiber fracture/breaking, fiber buckling or kinking, fiber bending, fiber splitting, and fiber radial cracking. Two main matrix-level damage mechanisms are also outlined: matrix cracking and matrix interfacial cracking. Finally, five coupled fiber-matrix level mechanisms are covered: fiber pull out, fiber breakage and interfacial debonding, transverse matrix cracking, fiber failure due to matrix cracking, and interfacial shear failure.
Weaving process
Shyamoli Textile Engineering College is affiliated with the University of Dhaka. Weaving involves interlacing two sets of threads at right angles to each other to form fabric - the warp runs longitudinally and the weft crosses it. The warping process transfers yarn from packages to a section beam, which must have uniform tension, no defects, and be smooth. Weaving requires three operations - shedding to separate warp threads into layers, picking to pass the weft through the shed, and beating-up to push the weft pick into the woven fabric.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on quality
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
Fabric structure-and-design
The document provides an overview of looms and loom mechanisms. It discusses the basic components and functions of a loom, including the heald shaft, sley or lay, shuttle, shuttle box, picker, and reed. It describes how these components work together to form fabric by interlacing the warp and weft threads. The passage of materials through a typical loom is also illustrated in a diagram.
Effect of Stitch Length on Different Properties of Plain Single Jersey Fabric
ABSTRACT: The works reported in this paper present the effects of stitch length on different properties of plain single jersey fabric. Fabric properties can be changed due to use of various counts of yarn, type (ring, rotor, and compact), quality, stitch length, structural geometry, fiber composition, etc. With an increase in stitch length, the properties like Courses Per Inch (CPI), Wales Per Inch (WPI), GSM and stitch density will be decreased when the remaining other parameters are constant. Again shrinkage and spirality will be increased and bursting strength decreased with the increased stitch length. Pilling and abrasion resistance show lower grading when stitch length increases.
knitted fabric Manufacturing Process
This document discusses different types of knitting machines and fabrics produced on them. It describes single jersey, pique, and fleece fabrics which are produced on single bed needle machines. Double knit machines have two beds of needles and can produce interlock, rib, and double jersey fabrics. Three thread fleece is made on fleece machines and has long loops on the back side, allowing for high brushing. Characteristics of two thread and three thread fleece fabrics are provided such as weight, yarn used, and fiber percentages. Common issues that can occur with fleece knitting and their remedies are also outlined.
Effect of wale wise increasing of tuck and miss loops on bursting strength of...
Abstract Strength is a very important criterion for any material especially for fabric. To increase the durability and dimensional stability- strength plays a vital role. Of all types of weft knit fabrics single jersey fabric is very popular. This paper focused on the bursting strength of various derivatives of single jersey knit fabric in both grey and finished state. Derivatives of single jersey knit fabrics are found by using tuck and miss loops in corporate with knit loops in wales direction. Higher presence of tuck and miss loops in wales direction affect the bursting strength. From the total analysis it was observed that bursting strength decreases with the increasing of tuck ( single pique, double pique, single lacoste, double lacoste) and miss loops ( Single cross miss, double cross miss) than all knit loop containing fabric (plain single jersey). It is also observed that the bursting strength decrement of tuck loop containing fabric is higher than miss loop containing fabric as well as the lacoste & locknit fabrics have higher bursting strength than the pique & cross miss fabric. Keywords: Single jersey fabric, Tuck loop, miss loop, bursting strength, derivatives of single jersey fabrics
Yarn(fancy & blend )
Fancy yarn deviates from normal yarns through deliberate decorative discontinuities in color and structure. There are various types of fancy yarns classified based on the raw materials, number of components, manufacturing method, and type of effect produced. The basic principle is to feed ground and effect components at different speeds during twisting to create aesthetic effects like loops, knots, and slubs. Fancy yarns are used in high value textiles and provide decorative touches for ladies and children's outerwear.
Study On Various Fiber Properties
This document summarizes the properties of several natural and synthetic fibers. It discusses the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of cotton, wool, jute, silk, nylon, viscose, and polyethylene fibers. For each fiber, it provides details on fiber length, diameter, strength, moisture absorption, and how the fiber is affected by heat, acids, alkalis, and other chemical treatments. It also lists common applications for each fiber type, such as clothing, home textiles, medical textiles, and industrial materials.
Aijrstem14 773
- The document compares the characteristics of ply yarns produced using different techniques, including normal plying, SIRO plying, compact spinning plying, and EliTwist plying.
- Testing found that EliTwist ply yarns had the highest Lea Count-Strength Product value, followed by compact spinning ply yarns. This is because EliTwist and compact spinning techniques better control fiber movement during yarn formation, increasing property realization.
- EliTwist ply yarns also had the lowest irregularities like thin places, thick places, and neps per kilometer. This is due to EliTwist's controlled compact delta zone during yarn formation.
Weft knit fabric geometry
This document provides information about dimensional stability and geometry in weft knit fabric. It was presented by 7 students from the Textile department of Bangladesh University of Business & Technology. The key points discussed include how knitted fabrics are prone to changes in size and shape from wear and washing. It also discusses dimensional stability states, loop length, areal density, fabric cover, tightness factor, and spirality - defined as dimensional distortion where wale rows are not perpendicular to courses. Formulas are presented for factors that influence the angle of spirality, such as the number of feeders, loop shape, and number of active needles.
Textile composite i vps
Textile preforms are used as structural backbones in composite materials. They provide homogeneous distribution of fibers and matrix materials. Various techniques like weaving, knitting and braiding are used to make textile preforms from high performance fibers like carbon, glass and aramid. Woven preforms have advantages like design flexibility and net shape manufacturing but lower out-of-plane properties. Three-dimensional preforms have better in-plane and out-of-plane properties but their production is more complex. Optimization of textile production techniques can help reduce the manufacturing cost of composites using textile preforms.
Spacer fabrics
This document discusses spacer fabrics, which are three-dimensional knitted fabrics composed of two separate knitted layers joined by spacer yarns. Spacer fabrics are produced through weft and warp knitting and have applications in automotive, home, medical, and other technical textiles. They provide properties such as breathability, cushioning, insulation, and compression elasticity. The most common manufacturing process is knitting, which allows for two fabric layers to be held together by tucks or stitches from spacer yarns to create a lightweight, breathable 3D structure.
22 semnani trj paper
The document describes a new method for grading yarn appearance using image analysis and artificial intelligence. Key points:
- It defines classes of apparent yarn faults based on size, shape, and configuration to allow grading of different yarn types.
- Scanned images are converted to binary, divided into strips, and processed to extract just the fault images by eliminating the yarn body and background.
- The fault images are divided into blocks, classified by fault type, and counted to calculate fault factors for each grade.
- An artificial neural network is trained on the fault factors and grades standard images to establish grading criteria for any yarn count.
3d knit
This document discusses 3D knitting technology. It describes how 3D knitting machines can digitally design and produce customized clothing. It then discusses different types of 3D knitted fabrics like multiaxial fabrics produced on special warp knitting machines with layers of yarns at different angles, and sandwich/spacer fabrics made of two separate fabrics connected by yarns or knitted layers. The document also covers companies involved in 3D knitting like Nike, UnderArmour, Karl Mayer, Shima Seiki, Stoll, and Santoni.
yarn count in friction spinning
1. The study investigated the spinning limits and yarn properties of cotton, viscose, and polyester fibers spun on a Dref-3 friction spinning machine across different yarn counts.
2. The spinning limit, defined as the finest yarn count that can be spun with acceptable quality and breakage rate, was found to depend on fiber type and ranged from 33-311 tex for the fibers studied.
3. As yarn count decreased, yarn properties like unevenness and imperfections generally increased for all fiber types due to poorer fiber separation and increased irregularities introduced during drafting. Twists also increased with finer counts.
4. Tensile properties responded differently for different fibers - they remained fairly constant
FIBER LENGTH
This presentation contain about fiber length and various type of length and also the ways to measure span length , effective length,mean length etc.
Briefs- construction procedure and operation sequence
A detailed information on the fabric requirement, construction procedure and operation sequence of men's brief.
Hairiness of-yarns
This document discusses hairiness in yarns and various methods for measuring it. Hairiness refers to protruding fibers, loops, and wild fibers on yarn surfaces. While it adds texture, hairiness can cause issues in downstream processing and the quality of finished fabrics. The document describes several photoelectric devices that use light beams and photocells to quickly and objectively measure hairiness over different fiber lengths, providing advantages over older microscopic methods.
Knitting
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which differ based on the direction the yarn moves during knitting. Weft knitting uses yarn that moves across the fabric, while warp knitting uses yarn that moves in the lengthwise direction of fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are used widely in apparel and technical textiles due to properties like stretchability, shape retention, and moisture absorption.
Yarn Geometry
This presentation discusses yarn geometry and various types of yarns. It defines textiles and yarn, and classifies yarns into continuous filament, staple, core spun, novelty, stretch, and high bulk yarns. It describes the properties, structures, and manufacturing processes of these different yarns. The presentation also covers yarn designation, ideal yarn properties, fiber packing in yarns, optimum twist factor, twist contraction, and the basic geometry of twisted yarns.
Some lessons of Weaving
Woven fabric is produced by interlacing warp threads that run lengthwise with weft threads that run across. The appearance and properties of woven fabric depend on yarn structure and fabric structure. There are four basic fabric parameters: thread count, yarn diameter, yarn bending, and weaving order. Weaving involves repeatedly raising warp yarns with harnesses to make a shed, inserting the weft through with a shuttle or rapier, and firmly beating it into place with a reed. Modern looms use rapier or projectile picking for higher speeds.
Discussion on yarn and cotton spinning
This document discusses yarn and cotton spinning. It defines yarn and lists some key quality parameters such as count, twist, strength, imperfections, and irregularity. It then classifies yarns according to fiber length (spun vs filament), ply, fiber composition (single, blend, core spun), spinning process (ring, rotor, air jet), and end use (woven, knitting, fancy). Rotor yarn is discussed for its applications such as denim fabrics. Cost comparisons are made between different spinning methods.
Comparison between capacitive and photoelectric yarn measuring heads
The document compares capacitive and photoelectric yarn clearers. Capacitive clearers detect yarn mass variations using two parallel plates to measure capacitance changes as yarn passes through. Photoelectric clearers detect diameter variations as yarn blocks/reflects light. Capacitive clearers are more accurate and sensitive but can be affected by moisture. Photoelectric clearers can detect color changes but are less sensitive, require more maintenance, and purity cannot be detected. The document concludes capacitive clearers are generally best for Pakistani industries if moisture is controlled, as they have fewer drawbacks than photoelectric clearers.
Effect of-flexural-rigidity-in-textile-97
Flexural rigidity is a measure of the stiffness of textile fibers and fabrics. It depends on properties of the fibers like the modulus and diameter as well as the structure and properties of the yarns and fabrics. For knitted fabrics, flexural rigidity increases with increasing amounts of stiffer fibers like polybutylene terephthalate. It affects properties like handle, drape, creasing and wear performance. Flexural rigidity is important for applications requiring stiffness like industrial fabrics. It can be experimentally measured using a cantilever bending technique. The flexural rigidity of fabrics depends on parameters like yarn diameter and count, weave structure, and the flexural rigidity of the constituent yarns.
Web stitching & stitch bonding warp knitt
Stitch bonding is a hybrid textile manufacturing technique that combines elements of nonwoven, sewing, and knitting processes. It involves locking layers of cross-laid fibers or nonwoven fabrics into a warp knit structure using pointed needles that penetrate the layers and insert stitching yarn. There are several stitch bonding systems that differ in whether they use a separate stitching thread or form loops within the layers themselves. Common applications of stitch bonded fabrics include upholstery, mattress coverings, cleaning cloths, and industrial materials like filters or insulation.
Chapter 1
This document discusses woven fabric structure. It defines woven fabric as being formed from interlacing warp yarns that run lengthwise and weft yarns that run across. The key operations to form fabric on a loom are shedding, picking, and beating-up. Fabrics can be classified based on their weave structure, thread density, yarn and fiber types. The properties of a fabric depend on its structure, which is determined by the weave type, thread density in the warp and weft, characteristics of the warp and weft threads, fiber characteristics, and factors like crimp introduced during weaving.
Chapter 5
This document discusses dyeing yarn packages and designing colored fabrics. It describes:
- Package dyeing involves dyeing yarn that has been wound on perforated cores to allow dye liquor to flow through. The dyed packages are then dried.
- There are three main types of package dyeing machines: vertical spindle machines, horizontal spindle machines, and tube type machines.
- Colored fabrics can be designed by combining colored warp and weft yarns with different weaves. The color repeat pattern must be considered to determine the minimum number of heald shafts needed.
- Examples show how to construct color patterns based on the weave repeat and color repeats of warp and weft threads
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Effect of wale wise increasing of tuck and miss loops on bursting strength of...
Abstract Strength is a very important criterion for any material especially for fabric. To increase the durability and dimensional stability- strength plays a vital role. Of all types of weft knit fabrics single jersey fabric is very popular. This paper focused on the bursting strength of various derivatives of single jersey knit fabric in both grey and finished state. Derivatives of single jersey knit fabrics are found by using tuck and miss loops in corporate with knit loops in wales direction. Higher presence of tuck and miss loops in wales direction affect the bursting strength. From the total analysis it was observed that bursting strength decreases with the increasing of tuck ( single pique, double pique, single lacoste, double lacoste) and miss loops ( Single cross miss, double cross miss) than all knit loop containing fabric (plain single jersey). It is also observed that the bursting strength decrement of tuck loop containing fabric is higher than miss loop containing fabric as well as the lacoste & locknit fabrics have higher bursting strength than the pique & cross miss fabric. Keywords: Single jersey fabric, Tuck loop, miss loop, bursting strength, derivatives of single jersey fabrics
Yarn(fancy & blend )
Fancy yarn deviates from normal yarns through deliberate decorative discontinuities in color and structure. There are various types of fancy yarns classified based on the raw materials, number of components, manufacturing method, and type of effect produced. The basic principle is to feed ground and effect components at different speeds during twisting to create aesthetic effects like loops, knots, and slubs. Fancy yarns are used in high value textiles and provide decorative touches for ladies and children's outerwear.
Study On Various Fiber Properties
This document summarizes the properties of several natural and synthetic fibers. It discusses the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of cotton, wool, jute, silk, nylon, viscose, and polyethylene fibers. For each fiber, it provides details on fiber length, diameter, strength, moisture absorption, and how the fiber is affected by heat, acids, alkalis, and other chemical treatments. It also lists common applications for each fiber type, such as clothing, home textiles, medical textiles, and industrial materials.
Aijrstem14 773
- The document compares the characteristics of ply yarns produced using different techniques, including normal plying, SIRO plying, compact spinning plying, and EliTwist plying.
- Testing found that EliTwist ply yarns had the highest Lea Count-Strength Product value, followed by compact spinning ply yarns. This is because EliTwist and compact spinning techniques better control fiber movement during yarn formation, increasing property realization.
- EliTwist ply yarns also had the lowest irregularities like thin places, thick places, and neps per kilometer. This is due to EliTwist's controlled compact delta zone during yarn formation.
Weft knit fabric geometry
This document provides information about dimensional stability and geometry in weft knit fabric. It was presented by 7 students from the Textile department of Bangladesh University of Business & Technology. The key points discussed include how knitted fabrics are prone to changes in size and shape from wear and washing. It also discusses dimensional stability states, loop length, areal density, fabric cover, tightness factor, and spirality - defined as dimensional distortion where wale rows are not perpendicular to courses. Formulas are presented for factors that influence the angle of spirality, such as the number of feeders, loop shape, and number of active needles.
Textile composite i vps
Textile preforms are used as structural backbones in composite materials. They provide homogeneous distribution of fibers and matrix materials. Various techniques like weaving, knitting and braiding are used to make textile preforms from high performance fibers like carbon, glass and aramid. Woven preforms have advantages like design flexibility and net shape manufacturing but lower out-of-plane properties. Three-dimensional preforms have better in-plane and out-of-plane properties but their production is more complex. Optimization of textile production techniques can help reduce the manufacturing cost of composites using textile preforms.
Spacer fabrics
This document discusses spacer fabrics, which are three-dimensional knitted fabrics composed of two separate knitted layers joined by spacer yarns. Spacer fabrics are produced through weft and warp knitting and have applications in automotive, home, medical, and other technical textiles. They provide properties such as breathability, cushioning, insulation, and compression elasticity. The most common manufacturing process is knitting, which allows for two fabric layers to be held together by tucks or stitches from spacer yarns to create a lightweight, breathable 3D structure.
22 semnani trj paper
The document describes a new method for grading yarn appearance using image analysis and artificial intelligence. Key points:
- It defines classes of apparent yarn faults based on size, shape, and configuration to allow grading of different yarn types.
- Scanned images are converted to binary, divided into strips, and processed to extract just the fault images by eliminating the yarn body and background.
- The fault images are divided into blocks, classified by fault type, and counted to calculate fault factors for each grade.
- An artificial neural network is trained on the fault factors and grades standard images to establish grading criteria for any yarn count.
3d knit
This document discusses 3D knitting technology. It describes how 3D knitting machines can digitally design and produce customized clothing. It then discusses different types of 3D knitted fabrics like multiaxial fabrics produced on special warp knitting machines with layers of yarns at different angles, and sandwich/spacer fabrics made of two separate fabrics connected by yarns or knitted layers. The document also covers companies involved in 3D knitting like Nike, UnderArmour, Karl Mayer, Shima Seiki, Stoll, and Santoni.
yarn count in friction spinning
1. The study investigated the spinning limits and yarn properties of cotton, viscose, and polyester fibers spun on a Dref-3 friction spinning machine across different yarn counts.
2. The spinning limit, defined as the finest yarn count that can be spun with acceptable quality and breakage rate, was found to depend on fiber type and ranged from 33-311 tex for the fibers studied.
3. As yarn count decreased, yarn properties like unevenness and imperfections generally increased for all fiber types due to poorer fiber separation and increased irregularities introduced during drafting. Twists also increased with finer counts.
4. Tensile properties responded differently for different fibers - they remained fairly constant
FIBER LENGTH
This presentation contain about fiber length and various type of length and also the ways to measure span length , effective length,mean length etc.
Briefs- construction procedure and operation sequence
A detailed information on the fabric requirement, construction procedure and operation sequence of men's brief.
Hairiness of-yarns
This document discusses hairiness in yarns and various methods for measuring it. Hairiness refers to protruding fibers, loops, and wild fibers on yarn surfaces. While it adds texture, hairiness can cause issues in downstream processing and the quality of finished fabrics. The document describes several photoelectric devices that use light beams and photocells to quickly and objectively measure hairiness over different fiber lengths, providing advantages over older microscopic methods.
Knitting
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which differ based on the direction the yarn moves during knitting. Weft knitting uses yarn that moves across the fabric, while warp knitting uses yarn that moves in the lengthwise direction of fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are used widely in apparel and technical textiles due to properties like stretchability, shape retention, and moisture absorption.
Yarn Geometry
This presentation discusses yarn geometry and various types of yarns. It defines textiles and yarn, and classifies yarns into continuous filament, staple, core spun, novelty, stretch, and high bulk yarns. It describes the properties, structures, and manufacturing processes of these different yarns. The presentation also covers yarn designation, ideal yarn properties, fiber packing in yarns, optimum twist factor, twist contraction, and the basic geometry of twisted yarns.
Some lessons of Weaving
Woven fabric is produced by interlacing warp threads that run lengthwise with weft threads that run across. The appearance and properties of woven fabric depend on yarn structure and fabric structure. There are four basic fabric parameters: thread count, yarn diameter, yarn bending, and weaving order. Weaving involves repeatedly raising warp yarns with harnesses to make a shed, inserting the weft through with a shuttle or rapier, and firmly beating it into place with a reed. Modern looms use rapier or projectile picking for higher speeds.
Discussion on yarn and cotton spinning
This document discusses yarn and cotton spinning. It defines yarn and lists some key quality parameters such as count, twist, strength, imperfections, and irregularity. It then classifies yarns according to fiber length (spun vs filament), ply, fiber composition (single, blend, core spun), spinning process (ring, rotor, air jet), and end use (woven, knitting, fancy). Rotor yarn is discussed for its applications such as denim fabrics. Cost comparisons are made between different spinning methods.
Comparison between capacitive and photoelectric yarn measuring heads
The document compares capacitive and photoelectric yarn clearers. Capacitive clearers detect yarn mass variations using two parallel plates to measure capacitance changes as yarn passes through. Photoelectric clearers detect diameter variations as yarn blocks/reflects light. Capacitive clearers are more accurate and sensitive but can be affected by moisture. Photoelectric clearers can detect color changes but are less sensitive, require more maintenance, and purity cannot be detected. The document concludes capacitive clearers are generally best for Pakistani industries if moisture is controlled, as they have fewer drawbacks than photoelectric clearers.
Effect of-flexural-rigidity-in-textile-97
Flexural rigidity is a measure of the stiffness of textile fibers and fabrics. It depends on properties of the fibers like the modulus and diameter as well as the structure and properties of the yarns and fabrics. For knitted fabrics, flexural rigidity increases with increasing amounts of stiffer fibers like polybutylene terephthalate. It affects properties like handle, drape, creasing and wear performance. Flexural rigidity is important for applications requiring stiffness like industrial fabrics. It can be experimentally measured using a cantilever bending technique. The flexural rigidity of fabrics depends on parameters like yarn diameter and count, weave structure, and the flexural rigidity of the constituent yarns.
Web stitching & stitch bonding warp knitt
Stitch bonding is a hybrid textile manufacturing technique that combines elements of nonwoven, sewing, and knitting processes. It involves locking layers of cross-laid fibers or nonwoven fabrics into a warp knit structure using pointed needles that penetrate the layers and insert stitching yarn. There are several stitch bonding systems that differ in whether they use a separate stitching thread or form loops within the layers themselves. Common applications of stitch bonded fabrics include upholstery, mattress coverings, cleaning cloths, and industrial materials like filters or insulation.
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Chapter 1
This document discusses woven fabric structure. It defines woven fabric as being formed from interlacing warp yarns that run lengthwise and weft yarns that run across. The key operations to form fabric on a loom are shedding, picking, and beating-up. Fabrics can be classified based on their weave structure, thread density, yarn and fiber types. The properties of a fabric depend on its structure, which is determined by the weave type, thread density in the warp and weft, characteristics of the warp and weft threads, fiber characteristics, and factors like crimp introduced during weaving.
Chapter 5
This document discusses dyeing yarn packages and designing colored fabrics. It describes:
- Package dyeing involves dyeing yarn that has been wound on perforated cores to allow dye liquor to flow through. The dyed packages are then dried.
- There are three main types of package dyeing machines: vertical spindle machines, horizontal spindle machines, and tube type machines.
- Colored fabrics can be designed by combining colored warp and weft yarns with different weaves. The color repeat pattern must be considered to determine the minimum number of heald shafts needed.
- Examples show how to construct color patterns based on the weave repeat and color repeats of warp and weft threads
Woven Fabric Design: Selvedge
This document discusses different types of selvedges used in weaving to prevent fraying of fabric edges. There are three main types: conventional selvedges produced on shuttle looms, which require strength; tuck selvedges where extra yarn is pulled into the shed; and fringe selvedges where alternating weft tails point up and down to hide the fringe. Special selvedges are needed when the weft yarn is cut, and leno structures that twist or lock outside ends with thread are also used to create strong, uniform selvedges.
Woven Fabric Design: Colour in Fabric Design
This document discusses dyeing yarn packages and designing colored fabrics. It describes:
- Package dyeing involves dyeing yarn that has been wound on perforated cores to allow dye liquor to flow through. The dyed packages are then dried.
- There are three main types of package dyeing machines: vertical spindle machines, horizontal spindle machines, and tube type machines.
- Colored fabrics can be designed by combining colored warp and weft yarns with different weaves. The color repeat pattern must be considered to determine the minimum number of heald shafts needed.
- Examples show how to construct color patterns based on the weave repeat and color repeats of warp and weft threads
Things That Are Woven
If you’ve ever taken part in swimming lessons, part of the boy scouts of brownies then you may have been excited to receive your woven badge.
Woven Fabric Design: Fabric Design
The document discusses different types of fundamental fabric weaves and their derivatives. It describes the key parameters that define weaves like plain, twill, sateen, and how weaves are constructed. Some key weave derivatives discussed include reinforced twills, compound twills, diagonal twills, and shaded twills. Each weave type is constructed based on basic weaves but with additional overlaps or shifts to create different fabric structures and properties.
Woven Fabric Design: Weaving Plan
This document discusses weaving plans, which characterize the process conditions for fabric production on a loom. A weaving plan consists of three elements: the repeat of the weave (e.g. plain, twill, sateen), the draft or drawing-in of warp yarns on heddles, and the lifting plan which determines the raising and lowering of heddles to form the shed for the weft yarn to pass through. Different types of drafts are described including straight, skip, pointed, broken, divided, grouped, and curved drafts. Requirements for drawing-in warp yarns are outlined. Examples of a straight draft arrangement and how a weaving plan relates to a d
Chapter 4
This document discusses different types of selvedges used in weaving to prevent fraying of fabric edges. There are three main types: conventional selvedges produced on shuttle looms, which require strength; tuck selvedges where extra yarn is pulled into the shed; and fringe selvedges where alternating weft tails point up and down to hide the fringe. Special selvedges are needed when the weft yarn is cut, and leno structures that twist or lock outside ends with thread are also used to create strong, uniform selvedges.
Woven Fabric Design: Selvedge
This document discusses different types of selvedges used in weaving to prevent fraying of fabric edges. There are three main types: conventional selvedges produced on shuttle looms, which require strength; tuck selvedges where extra yarn is pulled into the shed; and fringe selvedges where alternating weft tails point up and down to hide the fringe. Special selvedges are needed when the weft yarn is cut, and leno structures that twist or lock outside ends with thread are also used to create strong, uniform selvedges.
Chapter 2
This document discusses weaving plans, which characterize the process conditions for fabric production on a loom. A weaving plan consists of three elements: the repeat of the weave (e.g. plain, twill, sateen), the draft or drawing-in of warp yarns on heddles, and the lifting plan which determines the raising and lowering of heddles to form the shed for the weft yarn to pass through. Different types of drafts are described including straight, skip, pointed, broken, divided, grouped, and curved drafts. Requirements for drawing-in warp yarns are also outlined. Examples of a straight draft arrangement and how a weaving plan relates to a
Chapter 3
The document discusses different types of fundamental fabric weaves and their derivatives. It describes the key parameters that define weaves like plain, twill, sateen, and how weaves are constructed. Some key weave derivatives discussed are reinforced twill, compound twill, angled twill, diagonal twill, and shaded twill. Examples are provided to illustrate how to construct different derivative weaves based on fundamental weave patterns.
Fancy weaves
The document discusses various types of decorative woven fabrics including plain weave, twill weave, fancy weaves, pile fabrics, leno weave, crepe weave, double cloth weaves, and slack tension weaves. It provides examples of each type of weave and describes their distinguishing characteristics and production methods. Complex weaves like jacquard, brocade, and damask use additional warp or filling yarns to create intricate patterns in the fabric structure.
FABRIC STRUCTURE
1) The document discusses different basic weaves including plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave. It explains how each weave is constructed and provides examples of fabrics made with each weave type.
2) Graph paper is used to represent weaves, with squares indicating where warp and weft threads interlace. Different graph paper sizes are used depending on the thread count of the fabric.
3) Derivatives and variations of the basic weaves are also covered, such as basket weave, rib weave, herringbone twill, and diamond and diaper twill designs. The uses of twill weave for different fabric types is mentioned.
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The tappet shedding mechanism uses tappets attached to a bottom shaft to raise and lower heald shafts, forming a shed for the shuttle to pass through. There are two main types - negative tappet shedding, where the tappet controls only one movement of the heald shaft and an external device returns it, and positive tappet shedding where the tappet controls both upward and downward movement. The tappet rotates and strikes a bowl connected to a treadle lever, moving the heald shaft up or down depending on the type of tappet shedding. Tappet shedding can produce basic weaves but is limited in complexity compared to other shedding mechanisms.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Chapter 1
- 5. 1.1 Introduction1.1 Introduction ““Woven fabric is obtained from yarns byWoven fabric is obtained from yarns by interlacing of warp yarn or ends and weft yarns orinterlacing of warp yarn or ends and weft yarns or picks or filling at right angles to each other”picks or filling at right angles to each other”
- 6. Woven fabric is formed on the machine:Woven fabric is formed on the machine: i.i. Combination on 3 operation:Combination on 3 operation: 1.1. SheddingShedding 2.2. PickinPickingg 3.3. Beating-upBeating-up ii.ii. 2 essential operation:2 essential operation: 1.1. Warp letting offWarp letting off 2.2. Cloth taking-upCloth taking-up The loom also equipped with auxillary motions to ensures the requiredThe loom also equipped with auxillary motions to ensures the required structure and properties of fabric by controlling such parametersstructure and properties of fabric by controlling such parameters
- 7. 1.2 Fabrics1.2 Fabrics ClassificationClassification Woven fabrics can be designed by varying the typesWoven fabrics can be designed by varying the types of weave, densities of warp and weft, types of yarnof weave, densities of warp and weft, types of yarn and fibers and so on.and fibers and so on. Fabrics can be classified into 4:Fabrics can be classified into 4: 1.1. Structure with fundamental weavesStructure with fundamental weaves 2.2. Structure of divided and combined weaveStructure of divided and combined weave 3.3. Compound structureCompound structure 4.4. Jacquard structureJacquard structure
- 8. 1.3 Application Parameters on1.3 Application Parameters on Fabric StructureFabric Structure ““Fabric Structure is a manner of construction or theFabric Structure is a manner of construction or the arrangement of particles or body or interrelation of parts orarrangement of particles or body or interrelation of parts or something that is constructed”something that is constructed” The properties of the fabric depend on the fabric structureThe properties of the fabric depend on the fabric structure which is determined by the following parameters:which is determined by the following parameters: 1.1. The weaveThe weave 2.2. The density of threads in the fabricsThe density of threads in the fabrics 3.3. The characteristics of warp and weft threadsThe characteristics of warp and weft threads 4.4. The characteristics of fibersThe characteristics of fibers 5.5. The factors introduced during weaving, such as crimp.The factors introduced during weaving, such as crimp.