This document discusses addition and subtraction of signed binary numbers using a ripple carry adder. It explains how a ripple carry adder works by cascading full adders, with the carry out of one stage connecting to the carry in of the next stage. The time for an n-bit addition is 2n-1 gate delays for the sum and 2n gate delays for the carry out. Faster adders like carry lookahead adders are also discussed, which can perform additions in a constant time of 4 gate delays regardless of the number of bits. Blocked carry lookahead adders are formed by cascading smaller carry lookahead adders to add longer bit numbers.
This document discusses addition and multiplication of signed and unsigned numbers. It describes how to perform n-bit addition and subtraction using a ripple carry adder by cascading full adders. It also discusses faster addition methods like carry lookahead adders and blocked carry lookahead adders. For multiplication, it explains how to implement unsigned multiplication using a combinational array multiplier or a sequential multiplier and discusses how to handle signed number multiplication.
This document provides an overview of arithmetic and multiplication algorithms. It discusses n-bit addition using a ripple carry adder and carry lookahead adder. It also covers unsigned and signed multiplication, including using a combinatorial array multiplier and sequential multiplier. The Booth algorithm for signed multiplication is also introduced.
The document discusses logical design and analysis of combinational circuits using logic gates. It covers topics such as logic gates, synchronous vs asynchronous circuits, circuit analysis, implementing switching functions using data selectors, priority encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers and other basic digital components. Examples are provided to illustrate circuit design and analysis techniques for combinational logic circuits.
This document summarizes a lecture on standard combinational modules. It discusses representation of numbers using 2's complement and 1's complement, and types of adders including half adders, full adders, ripple-carry adders, carry-lookahead adders, and prefix adders. It provides examples of addition and subtraction using each representation. It also briefly discusses comparators for equality and less than operations.
The document provides solutions to various digital logic design problems involving gates like XOR, OR, NAND and circuits like alarm circuit, encoder, decoder, multiplexer, flip-flops, counters and linear feedback shift register. The problems are solved through truth tables, K-maps and schematic diagrams. Implementation of basic gates to realize complex functions and sequential circuits are demonstrated.
This document discusses arithmetic operations in digital computers, specifically addition and subtraction. It explains how half adders and full adders are implemented using logic gates like XOR and AND-OR to add bits. A ripple carry adder cascades full adder blocks to add multiple bits, while carry lookahead adders reduce delay by computing carry signals in parallel. Binary multiplication is also covered, explaining how a logic array or sequential circuit can multiply numbers by shifting and adding partial products. Booth's algorithm improves on this by recoding the multiplier to reduce operations.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits. It begins by defining combinational circuits as those with no storage or feedback, so their outputs depend only on current inputs. It then provides the steps to analyze a combinational circuit by labeling outputs and determining Boolean functions until reaching the outputs. Design procedures are also outlined. Specific combinational circuits discussed include half and full adders used for binary addition, with their truth tables and logic implementations shown. Subtraction using borrow is also briefly introduced.
This document discusses addition and multiplication of signed and unsigned numbers. It describes how to perform n-bit addition and subtraction using a ripple carry adder by cascading full adders. It also discusses faster addition methods like carry lookahead adders and blocked carry lookahead adders. For multiplication, it explains how to implement unsigned multiplication using a combinational array multiplier or a sequential multiplier and discusses how to handle signed number multiplication.
This document provides an overview of arithmetic and multiplication algorithms. It discusses n-bit addition using a ripple carry adder and carry lookahead adder. It also covers unsigned and signed multiplication, including using a combinatorial array multiplier and sequential multiplier. The Booth algorithm for signed multiplication is also introduced.
The document discusses logical design and analysis of combinational circuits using logic gates. It covers topics such as logic gates, synchronous vs asynchronous circuits, circuit analysis, implementing switching functions using data selectors, priority encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers and other basic digital components. Examples are provided to illustrate circuit design and analysis techniques for combinational logic circuits.
This document summarizes a lecture on standard combinational modules. It discusses representation of numbers using 2's complement and 1's complement, and types of adders including half adders, full adders, ripple-carry adders, carry-lookahead adders, and prefix adders. It provides examples of addition and subtraction using each representation. It also briefly discusses comparators for equality and less than operations.
The document provides solutions to various digital logic design problems involving gates like XOR, OR, NAND and circuits like alarm circuit, encoder, decoder, multiplexer, flip-flops, counters and linear feedback shift register. The problems are solved through truth tables, K-maps and schematic diagrams. Implementation of basic gates to realize complex functions and sequential circuits are demonstrated.
This document discusses arithmetic operations in digital computers, specifically addition and subtraction. It explains how half adders and full adders are implemented using logic gates like XOR and AND-OR to add bits. A ripple carry adder cascades full adder blocks to add multiple bits, while carry lookahead adders reduce delay by computing carry signals in parallel. Binary multiplication is also covered, explaining how a logic array or sequential circuit can multiply numbers by shifting and adding partial products. Booth's algorithm improves on this by recoding the multiplier to reduce operations.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits. It begins by defining combinational circuits as those with no storage or feedback, so their outputs depend only on current inputs. It then provides the steps to analyze a combinational circuit by labeling outputs and determining Boolean functions until reaching the outputs. Design procedures are also outlined. Specific combinational circuits discussed include half and full adders used for binary addition, with their truth tables and logic implementations shown. Subtraction using borrow is also briefly introduced.
This document presents a summary of arithmetic micro-operations including addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement. It describes how these operations can be performed using a composite arithmetic circuit containing full adders, half adders, and multiplexers. The circuit allows 7 different operations to be selected including addition, subtraction, increment, decrement, and direct transfer through the use of control signals to determine whether the output is the sum, difference, or unchanged input registers. The document provides details on how each micro-operation is implemented in the circuit through propagation of carries and selection of input signals.
The document discusses combinational logic circuits. It describes combinational logic design procedures including specification, formulation, optimization, technology mapping, and verification. It also discusses analysis procedures for logic diagrams, including labeling gate outputs and determining Boolean functions. Additional topics covered include half adders, full adders, binary adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, priority encoders, and binary-coded decimal to seven-segment displays. Diagrams and truth tables are provided for various logic gates and circuits.
This document discusses combinational and sequential circuits. It begins by defining combinational logic circuits as memoryless digital logic circuits whose output depends only on the current input combination. It then covers various combinational circuits including half adders, full adders, half subtractors, full subtractors, and parallel adders/subtractors. It also discusses sequential circuits including flip-flops and registers. Finally, it covers carry lookahead adders which can speed up the addition process by eliminating inter-stage carry delays.
This document discusses combinational circuit design and provides examples of various combinational logic circuits. It begins with an introduction that defines combinational and sequential circuits. The remainder of the document provides details on specific combinational logic circuits including half adders, full adders, subtractors, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, comparators, and code converters. Worked examples are provided for each circuit type using truth tables, Karnaugh maps, and logic diagrams. Applications of decoders for implementing functions like a full adder are also described.
This document provides an overview of combinational circuits. It discusses analysis and design procedures for combinational logic, including deriving truth tables and Boolean functions from logic diagrams. Examples of specific combinational circuits are given, such as half adders, full adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, comparators, and multipliers. Implementation methods for these circuits using logic gates are illustrated with truth tables and diagrams. Applications like binary addition/subtraction and BCD addition are also covered.
The document discusses combinational logic circuits including decoders, encoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, adders, subtractors, and magnitude comparators. It provides details on their design procedures, truth tables, logic diagrams, and implementations using basic logic gates. Combinational logic circuits have outputs that depend only on the current inputs and do not have memory elements.
This document discusses arithmetic functions in digital circuits. It begins by introducing iterative combinational circuits and binary adders such as half adders, full adders, and ripple carry adders. It then covers binary subtraction using two's complement representation and signed binary numbers. The document explains various signed number representations including signed magnitude and signed complement. It provides examples of addition and subtraction for signed integers in these representations.
The document discusses combinational circuits and provides examples. It can be summarized as:
1) Combinational circuits are digital circuits with outputs that are functions of current inputs only, with no internal stored state or feedback. Their outputs may change instantly due to input changes.
2) Analysis and design of combinational circuits involves determining the circuit function from its truth table or logic expressions, or designing a circuit from a given function.
3) Examples include 7-segment decoders, binary adders, and BCD adders which are analyzed using truth tables and designed using basic logic gates.
- There are two classes of logic circuits: combinational circuits and sequential circuits.
- A combinational circuit consists of logic gates where the output depends only on the current inputs.
- Common combinational circuits include arithmetic functions, data transmission functions, and code converters.
- Combinational circuits can be analyzed using Boolean functions and truth tables to determine the function and design circuits.
This document discusses the design and operation of arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and different types of adders used in ALUs, including ripple carry adders and carry look-ahead adders. It explains that a ripple carry adder has carry propagation delay as its limiting factor, while a carry look-ahead adder calculates carry signals in advance to reduce delay. The carry look-ahead adder uses generate and propagate signals to express carry outputs without relying on preceding carry signals, allowing it to provide sum outputs several gates faster than a ripple carry adder. Verilog code is also presented for implementing a carry look-ahead adder.
- The document discusses register transfer language and micro operations, which involve transferring binary data between registers and performing arithmetic, logic, and shift operations on data stored in registers.
- It describes the basic components of a central processing unit, including registers, arithmetic logic units, multiplexers, and control units that coordinate micro operations.
- Micro operations include arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and increment/decrement, as well as logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, and shifts that manipulate data at the bit level.
Chapter 07 Digital Alrithmetic and Arithmetic CircuitsSSE_AndyLi
This document discusses digital arithmetic and arithmetic circuits. It covers topics such as signed and unsigned binary numbers, addition, subtraction, overflow, binary-coded decimal codes, and the implementation of adders using full adders in VHDL. Specifically, it defines common digital arithmetic concepts like carries, sums, overflow, and binary number representations. It also describes half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders, and how to construct multi-bit adders using full adder components in VHDL.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits and their analysis and design using Boolean algebra and Karnaugh maps. It covers concepts like logic gates, Boolean functions, truth tables, logic minimization, adders, comparators, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and their implementation in Verilog. Example circuits described include half adder, full adder, binary multiplier, magnitude comparator, decoder, encoder, multiplexer. Analysis methods covered are deriving truth tables from logic diagrams, using Karnaugh maps for function minimization, and verifying designs using test benches in Verilog.
Unit 3 Arithmetic building blocks and memory Design (1).pdfShreyasMahesh
Common digital logic blocks include adders, comparators, counters, and multipliers. Adder circuits are important as addition is used in many operations like counting and multiplication. There are different types of adder circuits like ripple carry adders, carry lookahead adders, and carry select adders. Array multipliers use repeated addition and shifting of partial products to multiply numbers. Carry-save multipliers save the carry bits to reduce delay compared to array multipliers.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in a central processing unit. It describes how data is transferred between registers and memory through bus and memory transfers. It also explains different types of microoperations including arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, logic operations, and shift operations. Diagrams and tables are provided to illustrate register transfer, bus structure, arithmetic circuits, logic functions, and the function of an arithmetic logic shift unit.
This document discusses various combinational and sequential logic blocks used in digital circuit design. It covers topics like adders, subtractors, multipliers, multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, encoders, flip-flops, registers, counters and finite state machines. It provides details on the design and working of different logic blocks like half adder, full adder, binary adder, magnitude comparator, encoder, decoder etc. with truth tables and logic diagrams. Examples are given to illustrate the implementation of logic functions using decoders and multiplexers.
combinational-circuit.pptx it tis creative study of digital electronics for ...RishabhSingh308993
This document discusses combinational logic circuits. It covers topics such as analysis procedures for logic diagrams, truth tables, Karnaugh maps, half adders, full adders, binary adders, subtractors, comparators, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, and HDL modeling of combinational circuits. Implementation examples are provided for various logic gates, adders, decoders, encoders, and multiplexers. Top-down and bottom-up design methodologies are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses combinational circuits and components. It covers topics like magnitude comparators, adders, multiplexers, and how they can be implemented using logic gates. Specifically, it provides examples of a 4-bit magnitude comparator and 4-bit ripple carry adder. It also discusses the design and truth table of a 2-to-1 multiplexer. Project 2 details are announced which involves designing eight logic functions.
Computer Organization And Architecture lab manualNitesh Dubey
The document discusses the implementation of various logic gates and flip-flops. It describes half adders and full adders can be implemented using XOR and AND gates. Binary to gray code and gray to binary code conversions are also explained. Circuit diagrams for 3-8 line decoder, 4x1 and 8x1 multiplexer are provided along with their truth tables. Finally, the working of common flip-flops like SR, JK, D and T are explained through their excitation tables.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
This document presents a summary of arithmetic micro-operations including addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement. It describes how these operations can be performed using a composite arithmetic circuit containing full adders, half adders, and multiplexers. The circuit allows 7 different operations to be selected including addition, subtraction, increment, decrement, and direct transfer through the use of control signals to determine whether the output is the sum, difference, or unchanged input registers. The document provides details on how each micro-operation is implemented in the circuit through propagation of carries and selection of input signals.
The document discusses combinational logic circuits. It describes combinational logic design procedures including specification, formulation, optimization, technology mapping, and verification. It also discusses analysis procedures for logic diagrams, including labeling gate outputs and determining Boolean functions. Additional topics covered include half adders, full adders, binary adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, priority encoders, and binary-coded decimal to seven-segment displays. Diagrams and truth tables are provided for various logic gates and circuits.
This document discusses combinational and sequential circuits. It begins by defining combinational logic circuits as memoryless digital logic circuits whose output depends only on the current input combination. It then covers various combinational circuits including half adders, full adders, half subtractors, full subtractors, and parallel adders/subtractors. It also discusses sequential circuits including flip-flops and registers. Finally, it covers carry lookahead adders which can speed up the addition process by eliminating inter-stage carry delays.
This document discusses combinational circuit design and provides examples of various combinational logic circuits. It begins with an introduction that defines combinational and sequential circuits. The remainder of the document provides details on specific combinational logic circuits including half adders, full adders, subtractors, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, comparators, and code converters. Worked examples are provided for each circuit type using truth tables, Karnaugh maps, and logic diagrams. Applications of decoders for implementing functions like a full adder are also described.
This document provides an overview of combinational circuits. It discusses analysis and design procedures for combinational logic, including deriving truth tables and Boolean functions from logic diagrams. Examples of specific combinational circuits are given, such as half adders, full adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, comparators, and multipliers. Implementation methods for these circuits using logic gates are illustrated with truth tables and diagrams. Applications like binary addition/subtraction and BCD addition are also covered.
The document discusses combinational logic circuits including decoders, encoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, adders, subtractors, and magnitude comparators. It provides details on their design procedures, truth tables, logic diagrams, and implementations using basic logic gates. Combinational logic circuits have outputs that depend only on the current inputs and do not have memory elements.
This document discusses arithmetic functions in digital circuits. It begins by introducing iterative combinational circuits and binary adders such as half adders, full adders, and ripple carry adders. It then covers binary subtraction using two's complement representation and signed binary numbers. The document explains various signed number representations including signed magnitude and signed complement. It provides examples of addition and subtraction for signed integers in these representations.
The document discusses combinational circuits and provides examples. It can be summarized as:
1) Combinational circuits are digital circuits with outputs that are functions of current inputs only, with no internal stored state or feedback. Their outputs may change instantly due to input changes.
2) Analysis and design of combinational circuits involves determining the circuit function from its truth table or logic expressions, or designing a circuit from a given function.
3) Examples include 7-segment decoders, binary adders, and BCD adders which are analyzed using truth tables and designed using basic logic gates.
- There are two classes of logic circuits: combinational circuits and sequential circuits.
- A combinational circuit consists of logic gates where the output depends only on the current inputs.
- Common combinational circuits include arithmetic functions, data transmission functions, and code converters.
- Combinational circuits can be analyzed using Boolean functions and truth tables to determine the function and design circuits.
This document discusses the design and operation of arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and different types of adders used in ALUs, including ripple carry adders and carry look-ahead adders. It explains that a ripple carry adder has carry propagation delay as its limiting factor, while a carry look-ahead adder calculates carry signals in advance to reduce delay. The carry look-ahead adder uses generate and propagate signals to express carry outputs without relying on preceding carry signals, allowing it to provide sum outputs several gates faster than a ripple carry adder. Verilog code is also presented for implementing a carry look-ahead adder.
- The document discusses register transfer language and micro operations, which involve transferring binary data between registers and performing arithmetic, logic, and shift operations on data stored in registers.
- It describes the basic components of a central processing unit, including registers, arithmetic logic units, multiplexers, and control units that coordinate micro operations.
- Micro operations include arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and increment/decrement, as well as logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, and shifts that manipulate data at the bit level.
Chapter 07 Digital Alrithmetic and Arithmetic CircuitsSSE_AndyLi
This document discusses digital arithmetic and arithmetic circuits. It covers topics such as signed and unsigned binary numbers, addition, subtraction, overflow, binary-coded decimal codes, and the implementation of adders using full adders in VHDL. Specifically, it defines common digital arithmetic concepts like carries, sums, overflow, and binary number representations. It also describes half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders, and how to construct multi-bit adders using full adder components in VHDL.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits and their analysis and design using Boolean algebra and Karnaugh maps. It covers concepts like logic gates, Boolean functions, truth tables, logic minimization, adders, comparators, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and their implementation in Verilog. Example circuits described include half adder, full adder, binary multiplier, magnitude comparator, decoder, encoder, multiplexer. Analysis methods covered are deriving truth tables from logic diagrams, using Karnaugh maps for function minimization, and verifying designs using test benches in Verilog.
Unit 3 Arithmetic building blocks and memory Design (1).pdfShreyasMahesh
Common digital logic blocks include adders, comparators, counters, and multipliers. Adder circuits are important as addition is used in many operations like counting and multiplication. There are different types of adder circuits like ripple carry adders, carry lookahead adders, and carry select adders. Array multipliers use repeated addition and shifting of partial products to multiply numbers. Carry-save multipliers save the carry bits to reduce delay compared to array multipliers.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in a central processing unit. It describes how data is transferred between registers and memory through bus and memory transfers. It also explains different types of microoperations including arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, logic operations, and shift operations. Diagrams and tables are provided to illustrate register transfer, bus structure, arithmetic circuits, logic functions, and the function of an arithmetic logic shift unit.
This document discusses various combinational and sequential logic blocks used in digital circuit design. It covers topics like adders, subtractors, multipliers, multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, encoders, flip-flops, registers, counters and finite state machines. It provides details on the design and working of different logic blocks like half adder, full adder, binary adder, magnitude comparator, encoder, decoder etc. with truth tables and logic diagrams. Examples are given to illustrate the implementation of logic functions using decoders and multiplexers.
combinational-circuit.pptx it tis creative study of digital electronics for ...RishabhSingh308993
This document discusses combinational logic circuits. It covers topics such as analysis procedures for logic diagrams, truth tables, Karnaugh maps, half adders, full adders, binary adders, subtractors, comparators, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, and HDL modeling of combinational circuits. Implementation examples are provided for various logic gates, adders, decoders, encoders, and multiplexers. Top-down and bottom-up design methodologies are also briefly discussed.
The document discusses combinational circuits and components. It covers topics like magnitude comparators, adders, multiplexers, and how they can be implemented using logic gates. Specifically, it provides examples of a 4-bit magnitude comparator and 4-bit ripple carry adder. It also discusses the design and truth table of a 2-to-1 multiplexer. Project 2 details are announced which involves designing eight logic functions.
Computer Organization And Architecture lab manualNitesh Dubey
The document discusses the implementation of various logic gates and flip-flops. It describes half adders and full adders can be implemented using XOR and AND gates. Binary to gray code and gray to binary code conversions are also explained. Circuit diagrams for 3-8 line decoder, 4x1 and 8x1 multiplexer are provided along with their truth tables. Finally, the working of common flip-flops like SR, JK, D and T are explained through their excitation tables.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
2. Addition/subtraction of signed numbers
si =
ci +1 =
13
7
+ Y
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Example:
1
0
= = 0
0
1 1
1
1 1 0 0
1
1 1 1
0
Legend for stage i
xi yi Carry-in ci Sumsi Carry-outci+1
X
Z
+ 6 0
+
xi
yi
si
Carry-out
ci+1
Carry-in
ci
xi
yi
ci
xi
yi
ci
xi
yi
ci
xi
yi
ci xi yi ci
=
+ + +
yi
ci
xi
ci
xi
yi
+ +
At the ith stage:
Input:
ci is the carry-in
Output:
si is the sum
ci+1 carry-out to (i+1)st
state
3. Addition logic for a single stage
Full adder
(FA)
ci
ci 1
+
s
i
Sum Carry
yi
xi
c
i
yi
xi
c
i
yi
x
i
xi
ci
yi
si
c
i 1
+
Full Adder (FA): Symbol for the complete circuit
for a single stage of addition.
4. n-bit adder
•Cascade n full adder (FA) blocks to form a n-bit adder.
•Carries propagate or ripple through this cascade, n-bit ripple carry adder.
FA c0
y1
x1
s1
FA
c1
y0
x0
s0
FA
cn 1
-
yn 1
-
xn 1
-
cn
sn 1
-
Most significant bit
(MSB) position
Least significant bit
(LSB) position
Carry-in c0 into the LSB position provides a convenient way to
perform subtraction.
5. K n-bit adder
K n-bit numbers can be added by cascading k n-bit adders.
n-bit c
0
yn
xn
s
n
cn
y0
xn 1
-
s
0
ckn
s
k 1
-
( )n
x0
yn 1
-
y2n 1
-
x2n 1
-
ykn 1
-
s
n 1
-
s
2n 1
-
s
kn 1
-
xkn 1
-
adder
n-bit
adder
n-bit
adder
Each n-bit adder forms a block, so this is cascading of blocks.
Carries ripple or propagate through blocks, Blocked Ripple Carry Adder
6. n-bit subtractor
FA 1
y1
x1
s1
FA
c1
y0
x0
s0
FA
cn 1
-
yn 1
-
xn 1
-
cn
sn 1
-
Most significant bit
(MSB) position
Least significant bit
(LSB) position
•Recall X – Y is equivalent to adding 2’s complement of Y to X.
•2’s complement is equivalent to 1’s complement + 1.
•X – Y = X + Y + 1
•2’s complement of positive and negative numbers is computed similarly.
8. Detecting overflows
Overflows can only occur when the sign of the two operands is
the same.
Overflow occurs if the sign of the result is different from the
sign of the operands.
Recall that the MSB represents the sign.
xn-1, yn-1, sn-1 represent the sign of operand x, operand y and result s
respectively.
Circuit to detect overflow can be implemented by the
following logic expressions:
1
1
1
1
1
1
n
n
n
n
n
n s
y
x
s
y
x
Overflow
1
n
n c
c
Overflow
9. Computing the add time
Consider 0th stage:
x0
y0
c0
c1
s0
FA
•c1 is available after 2 gate delays.
•s1 is available after 1 gate delay.
c
i
yi
xi
c
i
yi
x
i
xi
ci
yi
si
c
i 1
+
Sum Carry
10. Computing the add time (contd..)
x0
y0
s2
FA
x0 y0
x0
y0
s1
FA
c2
s0
FA
c1
c3
c0
x0
y0
s3
FA
c4
Cascade of 4 Full Adders, or a 4-bit adder
•s0 available after 1 gate delays, c1 available after 2 gate delays.
•s1 available after 3 gate delays, c2 available after 4 gate delays.
•s2 available after 5 gate delays, c3 available after 6 gate delays.
•s3 available after 7 gate delays, c4 available after 8 gate delays.
For an n-bit adder, sn-1 is available after 2n-1 gate delays
cn is available after 2n gate delays.
11. Fast addition
Recall the equations:
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
c
y
c
x
y
x
c
c
y
x
s
1
Second equation can be written as:
i
i
i
i
i
i c
y
x
y
x
c )
(
1
We can write:
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
y
x
P
and
y
x
G
where
c
P
G
c
1
•Gi is called generate function and Pi is called propagate function
•Gi and Pi are computed only from xi and yi and not ci, thus they can
be computed in one gate delay after X and Y are applied to the
inputs of an n-bit adder.
12. Carry lookahead
ci 1 Gi Pici
ci Gi 1 Pi1ci1
ci1 Gi Pi(Gi1 Pi 1ci 1)
continuing
ci1 Gi Pi(Gi1 Pi 1(Gi 2 Pi 2ci 2 ))
until
ci1 Gi PiGi1 Pi Pi1Gi2 .. PiPi1..P1G0 PiPi 1...P0c0
•All carries can be obtained 3 gate delays after X, Y and c0 are applied.
-One gate delay for Pi and Gi
-Two gate delays in the AND-OR circuit for ci+1
•All sums can be obtained 1 gate delay after the carries are computed.
•Independent of n, n-bit addition requires only 4 gate delays.
•This is called Carry Lookahead adder.
13. Carry-lookahead adder
Carry-lookahead logic
B cell B cell B cell B cell
s
3
P3
G3
c
3
P2
G2
c
2
s
2
G
1
c
1
P
1
s
1
G
0
c
0
P
0
s
0
.
c4
x
1
y
1
x
3
y
3
x
2
y
2
x
0
y
0
G i
c
i
.
.
.
P i
s i
x i
y i
B cell
4-bit
carry-lookahead
adder
B-cell for a single stage
14. Carry lookahead adder (contd..)
Performing n-bit addition in 4 gate delays independent of n
is good only theoretically because of fan-in constraints.
Last AND gate and OR gate require a fan-in of (n+1) for a n-
bit adder.
For a 4-bit adder (n=4) fan-in of 5 is required.
Practical limit for most gates.
In order to add operands longer than 4 bits, we can cascade
4-bit Carry-Lookahead adders. Cascade of Carry-Lookahead
adders is called Blocked Carry-Lookahead adder.
ci1
Gi
Pi
Gi1
Pi
Pi1
Gi2
.. Pi
Pi1
..P
1
G0
Pi
Pi1
...P0
c0
16. Blocked Carry-Lookahead adder
c4 G3 P
3G2 P
3P2G1 P
3P
2 P
1G0 P
3P
2 P
1P0c0
Carry-out from a 4-bit block can be given as:
Rewrite this as:
P
0
I
P
3P
2 P
1P
0
G0
I
G3 P
3G2 P
3P
2G1 P
3P2P
1G0
Subscript I denotes the blocked carry lookahead and identifies the block.
Cascade 4 4-bit adders, c16 can be expressed as:
c16 G3
I
P
3
I
G2
I
P
3
I
P
2
I
G1
I
P3
I
P
2
I
P
1
0
G0
I
P
3
I
P
2
I
P
1
0
P
0
0
c0
17. Blocked Carry-Lookahead adder
Carry-lookahead logic
4-bit adder 4-bit adder 4-bit adder 4-bit adder
s15-12
P3
I
G3
I
c12
P2
I
G2
I
c8
s11-8
G1
I
c4
P1
I
s7-4
G0
I
c0
P0
I
s3-0
c16
x15-12
y15-12
x11-8
y11-8
x7-4
y7-4
x3-0
y3-0
.
After xi, yi and c0 are applied as inputs:
- Gi and Pi for each stage are available after 1 gate delay.
- PI is available after 2 and GI after 3 gate delays.
- All carries are available after 5 gate delays.
- c16 is available after 5 gate delays.
- s15 which depends on c12 is available after 8 (5+3)gate delays
(Recall that for a 4-bit carry lookahead adder, the last sum bit is
available 3 gate delays after all inputs are available)
19. Restoring Division
Shift A and Q left one binary position
Subtract M from A, and place the answer back in A
If the sign of A is 1, set q0 to 0 and add M back to A
(restore A); otherwise, set q0 to 1
Repeat these steps n times
21. Nonrestoring Division
Avoid the need for restoring A after an
unsuccessful subtraction.
Any idea?
Step 1: (Repeat n times)
If the sign of A is 0, shift A and Q left one bit position and
subtract M from A; otherwise, shift A and Q left and add M
to A.
Now, if the sign of A is 0, set q0 to 1; otherwise, set q0 to 0.
Step2: If the sign of A is 1, add M to A
24. Fractions
If b is a binary vector, then we have seen that it can be interpreted as
an unsigned integer by:
V(b) = b31.231 + b30.230 + bn-3.229 + .... + b1.21 + b0.20
This vector has an implicit binary point to its immediate right:
b31b30b29....................b1b0. implicit binary point
Suppose if the binary vector is interpreted with the implicit binary point is
just left of the sign bit:
implicit binary point .b31b30b29....................b1b0
The value of b is then given by:
V(b) = b31.2-1 + b30.2-2 + b29.2-3 + .... + b1.2-31 + b0.2-32
25. Range of fractions
The value of the unsigned binary fraction is:
V(b) = b31.2-1 + b30.2-2 + b29.2-3 + .... + b1.2-31 + b0.2-32
The range of the numbers represented in this format is:
In general for a n-bit binary fraction (a number with an assumed binary
point at the immediate left of the vector), then the range of values is:
9999999998
.
0
2
1
)
(
0 32
b
V
n
b
V
2
1
)
(
0
26. Scientific notation
•Previous representations have a fixed point. Either the point is to the immediate
right or it is to the immediate left. This is called Fixed point representation.
•Fixed point representation suffers from a drawback that the representation can
only represent a finite range (and quite small) range of numbers.
A more convenient representation is the scientific representation, where
the numbers are represented in the form:
x m1.m2m3m4 be
Components of these numbers are:
Mantissa (m), implied base (b), and exponent (e)
27. Significant digits
A number such as the following is said to have 7 significant digits
x 0.m1m2m3m4m5m6m7 be
Fractions in the range 0.0 to 0.9999999 need about 24 bits of precision
(in binary). For example the binary fraction with 24 1’s:
111111111111111111111111 = 0.9999999404
Not every real number between 0 and 0.9999999404 can be represented
by a 24-bit fractional number.
The smallest non-zero number that can be represented is:
000000000000000000000001 = 5.96046 x 10-8
Every other non-zero number is constructed in increments of this value.
28. Sign and exponent digits
•In a 32-bit number, suppose we allocate 24 bits to represent a fractional
mantissa.
•Assume that the mantissa is represented in sign and magnitude format,
and we have allocated one bit to represent the sign.
•We allocate 7 bits to represent the exponent, and assume that the
exponent is represented as a 2’s complement integer.
•There are no bits allocated to represent the base, we assume that the
base is implied for now, that is the base is 2.
•Since a 7-bit 2’s complement number can represent values in the range
-64 to 63, the range of numbers that can be represented is:
0.0000001 x 2-64 < = | x | <= 0.9999999 x 263
•In decimal representation this range is:
0.5421 x 10-20 < = | x | <= 9.2237 x 1018
29. A sample representation
Sign Exponent Fractional mantissa
bit
1 7 24
•24-bit mantissa with an implied binary point to the immediate left
•7-bit exponent in 2’s complement form, and implied base is 2.
30. Normalization
If the number is to be represented using only 7 significant mantissa digits,
the representation ignoring rounding is:
Consider the number: x = 0.0004056781 x 1012
x = 0.0004056 x 1012
If the number is shifted so that as many significant digits are brought into
7 available slots:
x = 0.4056781 x 109 = 0.0004056 x 1012
Exponent of x was decreased by 1 for every left shift of x.
A number which is brought into a form so that all of the available mantissa
digits are optimally used (this is different from all occupied which may
not hold), is called a normalized number.
Same methodology holds in the case of binary mantissas
0001101000(10110) x 28 = 1101000101(10) x 25
31. Normalization (contd..)
•A floating point number is in normalized form if the most significant
1 in the mantissa is in the most significant bit of the mantissa.
•All normalized floating point numbers in this system will be of the form:
0.1xxxxx.......xx
Range of numbers representable in this system, if every number must be
normalized is:
0.5 x 2-64 <= | x | < 1 x 263
32. Normalization, overflow and underflow
The procedure for normalizing a floating point number is:
Do (until MSB of mantissa = = 1)
Shift the mantissa left (or right)
Decrement (increment) the exponent by 1
end do
Applying the normalization procedure to: .000111001110....0010 x 2-62
gives: .111001110........ x 2-65
But we cannot represent an exponent of –65, in trying to normalize the
number we have underflowed our representation.
Applying the normalization procedure to: 1.00111000............x 263
gives: 0.100111..............x 264
This overflows the representation.
33. Changing the implied base
So far we have assumed an implied base of 2, that is our floating point
numbers are of the form:
x = m 2e
If we choose an implied base of 16, then:
x = m 16e
Then:
y = (m.16) .16e-1 (m.24) .16e-1 = m . 16e = x
•Thus, every four left shifts of a binary mantissa results in a decrease of 1
in a base 16 exponent.
•Normalization in this case means shifting the mantissa until there is a 1 in
the first four bits of the mantissa.
34. Excess notation
•Rather than representing an exponent in 2’s complement form, it turns out to be
more beneficial to represent the exponent in excess notation.
•If 7 bits are allocated to the exponent, exponents can be represented in the range of
-64 to +63, that is:
-64 <= e <= 63
Exponent can also be represented using the following coding called as excess-64:
E’ = Etrue + 64
In general, excess-p coding is represented as:
E’ = Etrue + p
True exponent of -64 is represented as 0
0 is represented as 64
63 is represented as 127
This enables efficient comparison of the relative sizes of two floating point numbers.
35. IEEE notation
IEEE Floating Point notation is the standard representation in use. There are two
representations:
- Single precision.
- Double precision.
Both have an implied base of 2.
Single precision:
- 32 bits (23-bit mantissa, 8-bit exponent in excess-127 representation)
Double precision:
- 64 bits (52-bit mantissa, 11-bit exponent in excess-1023 representation)
Fractional mantissa, with an implied binary point at immediate left.
Sign Exponent Mantissa
1 8 or 11 23 or 52
36. Peculiarities of IEEE notation
•Floating point numbers have to be represented in a normalized form to
maximize the use of available mantissa digits.
•In a base-2 representation, this implies that the MSB of the mantissa is
always equal to 1.
•If every number is normalized, then the MSB of the mantissa is always 1.
We can do away without storing the MSB.
•IEEE notation assumes that all numbers are normalized so that the MSB
of the mantissa is a 1 and does not store this bit.
•So the real MSB of a number in the IEEE notation is either a 0 or a 1.
•The values of the numbers represented in the IEEE single precision
notation are of the form:
(+,-) 1.M x 2(E - 127)
•The hidden 1 forms the integer part of the mantissa.
•Note that excess-127 and excess-1023 (not excess-128 or excess-1024) are used
to represent the exponent.
37. Exponent field
In the IEEE representation, the exponent is in excess-127 (excess-1023)
notation.
The actual exponents represented are:
-126 <= E <= 127 and -1022 <= E <= 1023
not
-127 <= E <= 128 and -1023 <= E <= 1024
This is because the IEEE uses the exponents -127 and 128 (and -1023 and
1024), that is the actual values 0 and 255 to represent special conditions:
- Exact zero
- Infinity
38. Floating point arithmetic
Addition:
3.1415 x 108 + 1.19 x 106 = 3.1415 x 108 + 0.0119 x 108 = 3.1534 x 108
Multiplication:
3.1415 x 108 x 1.19 x 106 = (3.1415 x 1.19 ) x 10(8+6)
Division:
3.1415 x 108 / 1.19 x 106 = (3.1415 / 1.19 ) x 10(8-6)
Biased exponent problem:
If a true exponent e is represented in excess-p notation, that is as e+p.
Then consider what happens under multiplication:
a. 10(x + p) * b. 10(y + p) = (a.b). 10(x + p + y +p) = (a.b). 10(x +y + 2p)
Representing the result in excess-p notation implies that the exponent
should be x+y+p. Instead it is x+y+2p.
Biases should be handled in floating point arithmetic.
39. Floating point arithmetic: ADD/SUB
rule
Choose the number with the smaller exponent.
Shift its mantissa right until the exponents of both the
numbers are equal.
Add or subtract the mantissas.
Determine the sign of the result.
Normalize the result if necessary and truncate/round
to the number of mantissa bits.
Note: This does not consider the possibility of overflow/underflow.
40. Floating point arithmetic: MUL rule
Add the exponents.
Subtract the bias.
Multiply the mantissas and determine the sign of the
result.
Normalize the result (if necessary).
Truncate/round the mantissa of the result.
41. Floating point arithmetic: DIV rule
Subtract the exponents
Add the bias.
Divide the mantissas and determine the sign of the
result.
Normalize the result if necessary.
Truncate/round the mantissa of the result.
Note: Multiplication and division does not require alignment of the
mantissas the way addition and subtraction does.
42. Guard bits
While adding two floating point numbers with 24-bit mantissas, we shift
the mantissa of the number with the smaller exponent to the right until
the two exponents are equalized.
This implies that mantissa bits may be lost during the right shift (that is,
bits of precision may be shifted out of the mantissa being shifted).
To prevent this, floating point operations are implemented by keeping
guard bits, that is, extra bits of precision at the least significant end
of the mantissa.
The arithmetic on the mantissas is performed with these extra bits of
precision.
After an arithmetic operation, the guarded mantissas are:
- Normalized (if necessary)
- Converted back by a process called truncation/rounding to a 24-bit
mantissa.
43. Truncation/rounding
Straight chopping:
The guard bits (excess bits of precision) are dropped.
Von Neumann rounding:
If the guard bits are all 0, they are dropped.
However, if any bit of the guard bit is a 1, then the LSB of the retained bit is
set to 1.
Rounding:
If there is a 1 in the MSB of the guard bit then a 1 is added to the LSB of the
retained bits.
44. Rounding
Rounding is evidently the most accurate truncation
method.
However,
Rounding requires an addition operation.
Rounding may require a renormalization, if the addition operation de-
normalizes the truncated number.
IEEE uses the rounding method.
0.111111100000 rounds to 0.111111 + 0.000001
=1.000000 which must be renormalized to 0.100000