This document discusses various topics related to drug dosages measured in units, including reconstituting powdered drugs, calculating dosages of penicillin, heparin, and insulin, and administering mixed insulins. It provides guidelines for reconstituting powdered drugs into liquid form before administration. It also gives examples of calculating oral and parenteral drug dosages when measured in units, as well as indicating insulin dosages on a syringe. The document outlines procedures for mixing and administering two types of insulin in the same syringe.
it is a complete overview on ophthalmic dosage form. beginning from anatomy and physiology of eye with drug absorption mechanism including all factors to formulation considerations and evaluation of the products i.e. eye drops and eye ointment & the evaluation tests. it will help you make the concepts clear about ophthalmic drug deliveries.
it is a complete overview on ophthalmic dosage form. beginning from anatomy and physiology of eye with drug absorption mechanism including all factors to formulation considerations and evaluation of the products i.e. eye drops and eye ointment & the evaluation tests. it will help you make the concepts clear about ophthalmic drug deliveries.
bonded manufacture“ means the premises or any part of the premises approved and licensed for the manufacture and storage of medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol, opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs or narcotics on which duty has not been paid.
Topic cover int his presentation:
1-Structure of Bonded laboratory.
2- Manufacturing procedure.
3- Storage of finished product
4- Sampling of finished goods and medicine
5- Important facts.
Describes in detail the concept of compliance to therapeutic regimen, difference between adherence and compliance, factors which influence compliance, methods of assessing, reasons for non-compliance and strategies to improve compliance to the therapy.
The existence of look alike and sound alike drug names is a one of the most common causes of medication error and is of concern worldwide. As more medicines and new brands are being marketed in addition to the thousands already available. Many of these medication names may look or sound alike. Thus, the potential for error due to confusing drug names is very high. According to the survey from United States Pharmacopoeia, around commonly used medications were involved in such errors. Error prone medication pairs that can easily cause confusion while prescribing, dispensing and administration/consumption were sorted out. Also real life experiences of medication errors and near misses due to error prone drug pairs were collected from the doctors and the dispensers. It is very important that we circulate the list of confusing brand names among the practicing doctors, pharmacists and also to the drug manufacturers. Preventing confusion between already marketed products typically involves collecting voluntary reports of names involved in confusion errors, posting warnings and alerts both electronically and in areas where drugs are used. The fear of malpractice lawsuits and public embarrassment has made the physicians and nurses reluctant to report medication errors. It is more important to create the open environment that encourages the reporting of errors than to develop less meaningful comparative error rates. One possible approach to improving medical error reporting systems. This type of system should also enable internal tracking, trending and comparative analyses. We need to have such system in India.
Containers are in intimate contact with the product. No container presently available is totally non reactive, particularly with aqueous solutions . Both the chemical and physical characteristics are given primary consideration in the selection of a protective container . Glass containers traditionally have been used for sterile products , many of which are closed with rubber stoppers. Interest in plastic containers for parenterals is increasing and such containers are being used for commercial ophthalmic preparations and IV solutions.
The main idea is the incompatibilities that accrue between the IV drug with drug, solution, container and IV set .
Simple study of incompatibilities of drug admixtures in Iraq , that accrue heavily in pharmacy and hospitals, it incorrect because the compliance of patient not a reason for admixture and we didn't found any study on this admixtures that confirm it safety. At last it very important to avoid it because the great risk .
bonded manufacture“ means the premises or any part of the premises approved and licensed for the manufacture and storage of medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol, opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs or narcotics on which duty has not been paid.
Topic cover int his presentation:
1-Structure of Bonded laboratory.
2- Manufacturing procedure.
3- Storage of finished product
4- Sampling of finished goods and medicine
5- Important facts.
Describes in detail the concept of compliance to therapeutic regimen, difference between adherence and compliance, factors which influence compliance, methods of assessing, reasons for non-compliance and strategies to improve compliance to the therapy.
The existence of look alike and sound alike drug names is a one of the most common causes of medication error and is of concern worldwide. As more medicines and new brands are being marketed in addition to the thousands already available. Many of these medication names may look or sound alike. Thus, the potential for error due to confusing drug names is very high. According to the survey from United States Pharmacopoeia, around commonly used medications were involved in such errors. Error prone medication pairs that can easily cause confusion while prescribing, dispensing and administration/consumption were sorted out. Also real life experiences of medication errors and near misses due to error prone drug pairs were collected from the doctors and the dispensers. It is very important that we circulate the list of confusing brand names among the practicing doctors, pharmacists and also to the drug manufacturers. Preventing confusion between already marketed products typically involves collecting voluntary reports of names involved in confusion errors, posting warnings and alerts both electronically and in areas where drugs are used. The fear of malpractice lawsuits and public embarrassment has made the physicians and nurses reluctant to report medication errors. It is more important to create the open environment that encourages the reporting of errors than to develop less meaningful comparative error rates. One possible approach to improving medical error reporting systems. This type of system should also enable internal tracking, trending and comparative analyses. We need to have such system in India.
Containers are in intimate contact with the product. No container presently available is totally non reactive, particularly with aqueous solutions . Both the chemical and physical characteristics are given primary consideration in the selection of a protective container . Glass containers traditionally have been used for sterile products , many of which are closed with rubber stoppers. Interest in plastic containers for parenterals is increasing and such containers are being used for commercial ophthalmic preparations and IV solutions.
The main idea is the incompatibilities that accrue between the IV drug with drug, solution, container and IV set .
Simple study of incompatibilities of drug admixtures in Iraq , that accrue heavily in pharmacy and hospitals, it incorrect because the compliance of patient not a reason for admixture and we didn't found any study on this admixtures that confirm it safety. At last it very important to avoid it because the great risk .
Patient control epidural analgesia Al Razi hospital KuwaitFarah Jafri
This is the Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia protocol at Al Razi Hospital. This presentation was done before initiating the PCEA as a pain control modality in the hospital.
DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY PHARMACOLOGY LAB MANUAL.pdfSumit Tiwari
DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY PHARMACOLOGY LAB MANUAL.pdf
Introduction to experimental pharmacology and pharmacy. Sources of drugs
2. Study of action of drugs on the rabbit's eye
3. Study of effect of drugs on ciliary movement of frog's oesophagus
4. Study of effect of drugs on frog's rectus muscle preparation
5. Effect of cardiac stimulants and depressants on perfused frog's heart
6. Effect of drugs on dog's blood pressure and respiration - computer assisted learning (CAL)
method
7. Evaluation of analgesics by chemical method
8. Effect of saline purgative on frog intestine and the use of Oral Rehydration Solution.
9. Preparation of solution for test dose of penicillin
10. Study of action of antidepressants on mice
11. Study of anorectic and locomotor activity of amphetamin and fenfluramine.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
14. Insulin Given with a Lo-Dose Insulin Syringe (cont’d) Lo-Dose 5 15 25 35 45 0.5 mL 10 20 30 40 50 units
15.
16. Mixed Insulin Administration Physicians sometimes prescribe two types of insulin to be administered at the same time. The two types of insulin are drawn into the same syringe to reduce the number of times that the patient needs to be injected. The air that is injected into each vial should be equal to the amount of insulin that will be withdrawn. Do NOT touch the insulin solution with the tip of the needle when injecting air into the vials. When drawing insulin from the regular insulin bottle, use the same syringe that was used for injecting air into the vials. Always draw up clear insulin (Regular) before any other insulin
17.
18.
19. Mixed Insulin Administration (cont’d) Insulin 20 40 60 80 100 units 10 30 50 70 90 Regular Lente 46 units 20 units
Editor's Notes
What is a unit? A unit is the amount of a drug needed to produce a particular result. Penicillin is an antibiotic that is used to reduce the number of bacteria in the body. Heparin is an anticoagulant that is used to inhibit the clotting of blood. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that is used to lower the blood glucose level.
How is penicillin administered? Penicillin can be administered either orally or parenterally. What sort of syringes should be used to administer penicillin parenterally? Only syringes marked in milliliters can be used to administer penicillin parenterally. Even if the physician’s order or drug label lists the penicillin dosage in units, do NOT use syringes marked in units. Syringes marked in units should be used only for administering insulin.
Nurses should observe patients dosed with heparin for signs of hemorrhaging. What sort of syringes should be used to administer heparin parenterally? Only syringes marked in milliliters can be used to administer heparin parenterally. Even if the physician’s order or drug label lists the heparin dosage in units, do NOT use syringes marked in units. Syringes marked in units should be used only for administering insulin.
Nurses should be able to recognize the symptoms of both insulin shock and a diabetic coma so that immediate treatment can be initiated to stabilize the patient. What is the definition of U-100 insulin? U-100 insulin is 100 units of insulin dissolved in 1 mL of liquid. U-100 insulin is a universal standard preparation that all people requiring insulin can use.
What are some common sterile diluents? Common sterile diluents include water, normal saline solution, and 5% dextrose solution.
What should you do if no directions are available with the medication? Consult the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR), hospital drug formulary, pharmacology text, or hospital pharmacy.
Will the total reconstitution amount always be equal to the amount of diluent added? No, it will not. Sometimes the total reconstituted amount can be greater than the amount of diluent added.
Is it necessary to write the drug strength or concentration after reconstitution on the drug label if it is already written on the multidose vial? No, it is not. However, if the drug strength already appears on the label, then the strength should be circled on the drug label after reconstitution.
How many milliliters of penicillin V will be administered? the total reconstitution amount always be equal to the amount of diluent added? No, it will not. Sometimes the total reconstituted amount can be greater than the amount of diluent added.
How many milliliters of heparin will be administered? 6500 units : 1 mL :: 8000 units : x mL 6500 x = 8000 x = 8000 ÷ 6500 x = 1.23 mL The nurse will administer 1.23 mL.
Draw a vertical line through the syringe to indicate the correct dosage. In this case, the dose is 36 units of U-100 insulin. Therefore, find the 30-units mark on the units scale of the Lo-Dose syringe. Counting the number of marks between the 30-unit mark and the 40-unit mark, it can be seen that each of the shorter marks indicates 1 unit. Therefore, the line should be drawn six shorter marks to the right (closer to the plunger) of the 30-units mark.
What is the other scale marked on the Lo-Dose syringe? The other scale marked on the Lo-Dose syringe is the scale measured in milliliters. Which numbers are associated with the other scale? All of the numbers are associated with both scales in this example because 50 units equal 0.5 mL. This means that 1 unit is equal to 0.01 mL, so the numbers all represent hundredths of milliliters and represent single units.
Physicians sometimes prescribe two types of insulin to be administered at the same time. The two types of insulin are drawn into the same syringe to reduce the number of times that the patient needs to be injected. The air that is injected into each vial should be equal to the amount of insulin that will be withdrawn. Do NOT touch the insulin solution with the tip of the needle when injecting air into the vials. When drawing insulin from the regular insulin bottle, use the same syringe that was used for injecting air into the vials.
When the desired amount of insulin has been withdrawn from the regular insulin bottle, remove the syringe before checking it for any air bubbles. The same syringe should be used throughout this process. Therefore, the same syringe that was used to draw up the regular insulin also should be used to draw up the cloudy insulin. Some hospitals require nurses to have another nurse check the insulin before injecting patients.
The regular insulin should be drawn up first. The dose of regular insulin requested is 20 units. This amount is indicated in blue on the syringe shown. The Lente insulin should be drawn up second. The dose of Lente insulin requested is 46 units. This amount is indicated in yellow on the syringe shown. Therefore the total volume of insulin to be administered should be 66 units.
Note that the regular insulin is closer to the plunger because it was drawn up into the syringe first. Also, note that on this syringe the shorter marks indicate 2 units of insulin rather than 1 unit of insulin.