This document provides an overview of dental radiography and x-ray physics. It defines key terms like atomic structure, ionization, and electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are produced when electrons collide with a tungsten target in the dental x-ray tube. The tubehead contains the x-ray tube, filters, and collimator to shape the beam. X-rays can interact with matter through absorption, Compton scattering, or coherent scattering. The document also outlines the parts of the x-ray machine and how alternating current is converted to produce x-rays when the exposure button is engaged.