3. Molecular Structure of Water Water's unique molecular structure and hydrogen bonds enable all 3 phases to exist in earth's atmosphere. Sublimation & deposition describe the non-incremental changes between solid and vapor phases. water molecule ice

4. Energy associated with phase change Sublimation Deposition

6. Sublimation – evaporate ice directly to water vapor Take one gram of ice at zero degrees centigrade Energy required to change the phase of one gram of ice to vapor: Add 80 calories to melt the ice Add 100 calories to raise the temperature to 100 degrees C Add 540 calories to evaporate the liquid Total Energy ADDED for sublimation of 1 gram of ice: 80 + 100 + 540 = 720 calories

7. Deposition – convert vapor directly to ice Take one gram of water vapor at 100 degrees Centigrade Release 540 calories to condense Release 100 calories to cool temperature of liquid to o C Release 80 calories to freeze water Total energy RELEASED for deposition of 1 gram of ice 540 + 100 + 80 = 720 calories

11. e S vs T schematic Saturation vapor pressure depends upon temperature

15. Which environment has higher water vapor content?

17. Humidity reflects water temps The cold water temperatures typically found off the west coast of continents are a result of oceanic upwelling which ocean currents typically cause in these locations

22. The Seasons

36. Wind belts of the world Figure 6-10

37. Characteristics of wind belts and boundaries Polar high pressure Polar easterlies Polar front Prevailing westerlies Horse latitudes Trade winds Doldrums Wind belt or boundary name High press. boundary Polar (90 º) Cool easterly winds 60-90 º Low press. boundary 60 º Mid-latitude winds 30-60 º High press. boundary 30 º Persistent easterlies 5-30 º Low press. boundary Equatorial (0-5 º) Characteristic Region/Latitude

39. Air masses that affect U.S. weather

44. Climate regions of the ocean

46. The heating of Earth’s atmosphere

47. Anthropogenic gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect 8% CFC-12 4% CFC-11 8% Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) 5% Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 15% Methane (CH 4 ) 60% Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Relative contribution Greenhouse Gas

51. Atmospheric Circulation 1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating and cooling

52. Atmospheric Circulation 1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating and cooling

53. Asymmetric Earth 1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating and cooling

54. Asymmetric Earth 1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating and cooling

55. Atmospheric Circulation 1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating and cooling

56. Zonal and Meridional Flow 1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating and cooling

57. Semi-Permanent Features, January 1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating and cooling

58. Semi-Permanent Features, July 1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating and cooling

59. Rotation Effects 2. Air motions are affected by the Coriolis Effect and “centrifugal” force

62. The Coriolis Effect 2. Air motions are affected by the Coriolis Effect and “centrifugal” force

63. The Coriolis Effect 2. Air motions are affected by the Coriolis Effect and “centrifugal” force

64. The Coriolis Effect 2. Air motions are affected by the Coriolis Effect and “centrifugal” force

66. High Pressure Systems 3. High and Low Pressure Systems

68. Low Pressure Systems 3. High and Low Pressure Systems

69. Why Counterclockwise? 3. High and Low Pressure Systems

72. Geostrophic Flow

73. Geostrophic Flow

74. Geostrophic Flow 4. Air flows parallel to pressure contours (Geostrophic winds)

75. 1905 Weather Map of US

76. First U.S. Weather Map With Fronts

77. Fronts and Low Pressure Systems 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

78. Fronts 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

79. Warm Fronts 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

81. Cold Fronts 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

83. Old Low Pressure Systems 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

84. Occluded Fronts 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

86. Weather Prediction 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

87. Weather Prediction 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

88. Weather Prediction 5. Air masses meet along sharp boundaries or fronts

89. Chaos x

100. Equilibrium Vapor Pressure & Temperature

104. Fog Formation by Cooling Air

106. Clouds due to Lifting

108. Clouds due to Terrain

109. Orographic Lifting: California

110. Mixing Warm & Cold Air Masses

114. The Earth’s Hydrologic Cycle