This document discusses analog and digital data and signals. It defines analog data as continuous and taking on continuous values, while digital data is discrete and takes on discrete values. Signals can also be analog or digital. Periodic signals that repeat over time can be decomposed into simpler sine waves using Fourier analysis. This represents the signal in the frequency domain. Nonperiodic signals have a continuous range of frequencies. The bandwidth of a signal is the range between its highest and lowest frequencies. Examples are given of various signal types and their Fourier representations.
Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) provide a first line of defense against data corruption in many networks. Unfortunately, many commonly used CRC polynomials provide significantly less error detection capability than they might. An exhaustive exploration reveals that most previously published CRC polynomials are either inferior to alternatives or are only good choices for particular message lengths.
Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) provide a first line of defense against data corruption in many networks. Unfortunately, many commonly used CRC polynomials provide significantly less error detection capability than they might. An exhaustive exploration reveals that most previously published CRC polynomials are either inferior to alternatives or are only good choices for particular message lengths.
These slides cover a topic on Virtual circuit & message switching in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
The attached narrated power point presentation will attempt to mention the benefits offered by WDM as well as the performance parameters associated with WDM. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. It covers Channel Capacity It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling TechniquesBiplap Bhattarai
Digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses.
Each pulse is a signal element.
Binary data are transmitted by encoding the bit stream into signal elements.
In the simplest case, one bit is represented by one signal element.
- E.g., 1 is represented by a lower voltage level, and 0 is represented by a higher voltage level
CMU Portugal inRes Initiative Presentation April 2014CMUPortugal_
inRes, short for “in Residence,” is a very early stage acceleration program for entrepreneurial teams working in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), in Portugal, offered by the Carnegie Mellon Portugal Program.
The program is targeted to entrepreneurial teams that:
want to start a company and commercialize a technology;
have proven technical feasibility of their product or service;
have had enough initial interaction with their target markets and industries, to have minimally consistent product or service and business concepts;
and are not yet established companies regularly selling their products or services.
The Carnegie Mellon Portugal Program, funded by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), is responsible for the coordination of inRes, in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Pittsburgh Regional Alliance (PRA), and UTEN Portugal.
These slides cover a topic on Virtual circuit & message switching in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
The attached narrated power point presentation will attempt to mention the benefits offered by WDM as well as the performance parameters associated with WDM. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. It covers Channel Capacity It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling TechniquesBiplap Bhattarai
Digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses.
Each pulse is a signal element.
Binary data are transmitted by encoding the bit stream into signal elements.
In the simplest case, one bit is represented by one signal element.
- E.g., 1 is represented by a lower voltage level, and 0 is represented by a higher voltage level
CMU Portugal inRes Initiative Presentation April 2014CMUPortugal_
inRes, short for “in Residence,” is a very early stage acceleration program for entrepreneurial teams working in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), in Portugal, offered by the Carnegie Mellon Portugal Program.
The program is targeted to entrepreneurial teams that:
want to start a company and commercialize a technology;
have proven technical feasibility of their product or service;
have had enough initial interaction with their target markets and industries, to have minimally consistent product or service and business concepts;
and are not yet established companies regularly selling their products or services.
The Carnegie Mellon Portugal Program, funded by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), is responsible for the coordination of inRes, in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Pittsburgh Regional Alliance (PRA), and UTEN Portugal.
In this hour-long webcast we explored best practices that contribute to creating a foodservice environment that’s responsive to allergens and helps meet consumers evolving dietary needs without compromising on quality or service. Members of the foodservice community came with their questions and our panelists did their best to provide practical answers based on their years of experience.
How can analysts better communicate their findings to the business? Blue Hill dives into the journey of data storytelling. In this presentation we examine what it takes to turn someone from merely a businesses analyst into an 'Analytics Hero’.
Resultados estudio colaboracion empresa cultura. Opiniones de empresas líderes, y gestores culturales. Como construir proyectos estratégicos que generen valor para la empresa, el proyecto teatral, y la sociedad en su conjunto
Explicación de la responsabilidad penal de las empresas a partir del nuevo código penal, y las ventajas que ofrece la implantación del Programa de Prevención de Delitos, PPD
Redshift, from Amazon Web Services, offers a compelling value proposition for organizations that need scalable data warehouses. The per terabyte cost of storage is 10% the market rate, but the real upside of Redshift has nothing to do with its price.
El foco de las grandes empresas de consumo ha pasado de el pulla al push, de la publicidad al punto de venta. Las herramientas de research tiene que adaptarse a esta tendencia y contribuir a optimizar la inversión en Punto de Venta, especialmente en las promociones
KAREN MCCLINTOCK designs are inspired by fashion, nature and photographs; a diverse range of images from landscapes and architecture to city scenes and fairy tales that give each piece a story to tell. Working primarily with sterling silver, semi-precious stones, Swarovski and Preciosa crystals, pearls and vintage coins, Karen creates jewellery of exceptional beauty, charm and sophistication; modern with a timeless appeal.
Karen McClintock is available at Milli Ltd.
http://milli.ca/
“I test each piece and all of the collection is hand-crafted for durability and functionality.“
Analyst David Houlihan on why investing in the front end of compliance is the most effective way to see a positive ROI from your governance, risk, and compliance policies.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
3. 3.3
3-1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL3-1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Data can beData can be analoganalog oror digitaldigital. The term. The term analog dataanalog data refersrefers
to information that is continuous;to information that is continuous; digital datadigital data refers torefers to
information that has discrete states. Analog data take oninformation that has discrete states. Analog data take on
continuous values. Digital data take on discrete values.continuous values. Digital data take on discrete values.
Analog and Digital Data
Analog and Digital Signals
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
4. 3.4
Analog and Digital Data
Data can be analog or digital.
Analog data are continuous and take
continuous values.
Digital data have discrete states and take
discrete values.
5. 3.5
Analog and Digital Signals
• Signals can be analog or digital.
• Analog signals can have an infinite number
of values in a range.
• Digital signals can have only a limited
number of values.
7. 3.7
3-2 PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS3-2 PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS
In data communications, we commonly use periodic
analog signals and nonperiodic digital signals.
Periodic analog signals can be classified asPeriodic analog signals can be classified as simplesimple oror
compositecomposite. A simple periodic analog signal, a. A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wavesine wave,,
cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A compositecannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite
periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sineperiodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.waves.
Sine Wave
Wavelength
Time and Frequency Domain
Composite Signals
Bandwidth
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
13. 3.13
The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz.
The period of this sine wave can be determined as
follows:
Example 3.1
14. 3.14
The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in
kilohertz?
Example 3.2
Solution
First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we
calculate the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10−3
kHz).
15. 3.15
Frequency
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect
to time.
• Change in a short span of time means high
frequency.
• Change over a long span of
time means low frequency.
16. 3.16
If a signal does not change at all, its
frequency is zero.
If a signal changes instantaneously, its
frequency is infinite.
Note
18. 3.18
Figure 3.5 Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases
19. 3.19
A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0.
What is its phase in degrees and radians?
Example 3.3
Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6
cycle is
22. 3.22
A complete sine wave in the time
domain can be represented by one
single spike in the frequency domain.
Note
23. 3.23
The frequency domain is more compact and
useful when we are dealing with more than one
sine wave. For example, Figure 3.8 shows three
sine waves, each with different amplitude and
frequency. All can be represented by three
spikes in the frequency domain.
Example 3.7
25. 3.25
Signals and Communication
A single-frequency sine wave is not
useful in data communications
We need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine
waves.
According to Fourier analysis, any
composite signal is a combination of
simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.
26. 3.26
Composite Signals and
Periodicity
If the composite signal is periodic, the
decomposition gives a series of signals
with discrete frequencies.
If the composite signal is nonperiodic, the
decomposition gives a combination of
sine waves with continuous frequencies.
27. 3.27
Figure 3.9 shows a periodic composite signal with
frequency f. This type of signal is not typical of those
found in data communications. We can consider it to be
three alarm systems, each with a different frequency.
The analysis of this signal can give us a good
understanding of how to decompose signals.
Example 3.4
30. 3.30
Figure 3.11 shows a nonperiodic composite signal. It
can be the signal created by a microphone or a telephone
set when a word or two is pronounced. In this case, the
composite signal cannot be periodic, because that
implies that we are repeating the same word or words
with exactly the same tone.
Example 3.5
32. 3.32
Bandwidth and Signal
Frequency
The bandwidth of a composite signal is
the difference between the highest and
the lowest frequencies contained in that
signal.
34. 3.34
If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves
with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what
is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all
components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency,
and B the bandwidth. Then
Example 3.6
The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz (see Figure 3.13).
36. 3.36
A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest
frequency is 60 Hz. What is the lowest frequency? Draw
the spectrum if the signal contains all frequencies of the
same amplitude.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency,
and B the bandwidth. Then
Example 3.7
The spectrum contains all integer frequencies. We show
this by a series of spikes (see Figure 3.14).
38. 3.38
A nonperiodic composite signal has a bandwidth of 200
kHz, with a middle frequency of 140 kHz and peak
amplitude of 20 V. The two extreme frequencies have an
amplitude of 0. Draw the frequency domain of the
signal.
Solution
The lowest frequency must be at 40 kHz and the highest
at 240 kHz. Figure 3.15 shows the frequency domain
and the bandwidth.
Example 3.8
40. 3.40
An example of a nonperiodic composite signal is the
signal propagated by an AM radio station. In the United
States, each AM radio station is assigned a 10-kHz
bandwidth. The total bandwidth dedicated to AM radio
ranges from 530 to 1700 kHz. We will show the rationale
behind this 10-kHz bandwidth in Chapter 5.
Example 3.9
41. 3.41
Another example of a nonperiodic composite signal is
the signal propagated by an FM radio station. In the
United States, each FM radio station is assigned a 200-
kHz bandwidth. The total bandwidth dedicated to FM
radio ranges from 88 to 108 MHz. We will show the
rationale behind this 200-kHz bandwidth in Chapter 5.
Example 3.10
42. 3.42
Another example of a nonperiodic composite signal is
the signal received by an old-fashioned analog black-
and-white TV. A TV screen is made up of pixels. If we
assume a resolution of 525 × 700, we have 367,500
pixels per screen. If we scan the screen 30 times per
second, this is 367,500 × 30 = 11,025,000 pixels per
second. The worst-case scenario is alternating black and
white pixels. We can send 2 pixels per cycle. Therefore,
we need 11,025,000 / 2 = 5,512,500 cycles per second, or
Hz. The bandwidth needed is 5.5125 MHz.
Example 3.11
43. 3.43
Fourier analysis is a tool that changes a
time domain signal to a frequency
domain signal and vice versa.
Note
Fourier Analysis
44. 3.44
Fourier Series
Every composite periodic signal can be
represented with a series of sine and cosine
functions.
The functions are integral harmonics of the
fundamental frequency “f” of the composite
signal.
Using the series we can decompose any
periodic signal into its harmonics.
51. 3.51
Time limited and Band limited
Signals
A time limited signal is a signal for which
the amplitude s(t) = 0 for t > T1 and t < T2
A band limited signal is a signal for which
the amplitude S(f) = 0 for f > F1 and f < F2