Here are the key points about the geography of Australia and New Zealand:
- Australia is the world's sixth largest country by total area. It is located between the Indian and South Pacific oceans.
- The eastern half of Australia consists of the Great Dividing Range, which runs north to south and contains the country's highest mountains. West of the range are vast plains.
- New Zealand consists of two main islands - the North Island and the South Island - as well as many smaller islands. It has mountainous terrain and over 30,000 km of coastline.
- Major cities in Australia include Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. Major cities in New Zealand include Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch.
The English Revolution began when King Charles I came to power and tried to assert absolute rule over Parliament, leading to conflict. This erupted into the English Civil War between 1642-1649, with Parliament's Puritan supporters defeating the Royalists. Charles I was executed and England became a republic led by Oliver Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored but with new limits on the King's power established through laws like the Petition of Right and Habeas Corpus. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 further weakened royal power in favor of Parliament.
The document summarizes the key events that led to the American Revolution from 1763 to 1774. It provides background on colonial unrest growing due to new taxes from the British Parliament and King George III's proclamations restricting colonists. This tension escalated through acts like the Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Boston Massacre, and Intolerable Acts. By 1774, the First Continental Congress convened and war appeared inevitable after the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
Found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmrkash.com%2Factivities%2Freconstruction.ppt&ei=lennUtiyAvDKsQTxw4DoBw&usg=AFQjCNHtTnziU5H-r6FUHLjQxTcEKCo4Tw&bvm=bv.60157871,d.cWc
The French Revolution occurred from 1789 to 1799 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system. It established France as a republic and introduced principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. The revolution was caused by famine, rising debt, taxation, and failure of reforms under the monarchy. It involved the storming of the Bastille fortress in Paris, the establishment of a National Assembly, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The revolution eventually spiraled into the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre, with thousands executed by guillotine before his own fall from power. Napoleon later took control of France and established himself as emperor.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world. It transformed economies and societies as new inventions like the steam engine powered factories and mass production. This led people to migrate from rural areas to cities to find work in the new factories. While overall living standards increased, industrialization initially resulted in difficult working conditions like long hours, child labor, and unsafe environments. Over time, reforms improved conditions through laws and the rise of labor unions.
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris by revolutionaries. French society was highly unequal, with the majority of the population (the third estate) facing heavy taxation while the nobility and clergy were largely exempt. This, combined with Enlightenment ideas of equality and natural rights, led to growing unrest among commoners and the middle class. The Revolution abolished the monarchy and feudal system of France, establishing a constitutional monarchy then a republic, with the execution of King Louis XVI. A period of violence known as the Reign of Terror followed, led by Robespierre, before a Directory government was established under Napoleon Bonaparte.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: FRANCE REVOLUTION MODULE. THE INSTABILITY OF FRENCH GOV...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: FRANCE REVOLUTION MODULE. THE INSTABILITY OF FRENCH GOVERNMENT 1791-1799. Contains: revolutionary wars, new ruling bodies, Girondins and Jacobins, the reign of terror, the fall of Robespierre, the directory.
The American Revolution began as tensions grew between the 13 British colonies in North America and the colonial government representing the British crown from 1754 to 1783. Key events exacerbating tensions included the Proclamation of 1763, which angered colonists by restricting settlement west of the Appalachians, and subsequent taxation acts including the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, which the colonists opposed under the principle of "no taxation without representation." Armed conflict began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776, formally establishing the United States. The Revolutionary War ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783, recognizing American independence.
The English Revolution began when King Charles I came to power and tried to assert absolute rule over Parliament, leading to conflict. This erupted into the English Civil War between 1642-1649, with Parliament's Puritan supporters defeating the Royalists. Charles I was executed and England became a republic led by Oliver Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored but with new limits on the King's power established through laws like the Petition of Right and Habeas Corpus. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 further weakened royal power in favor of Parliament.
The document summarizes the key events that led to the American Revolution from 1763 to 1774. It provides background on colonial unrest growing due to new taxes from the British Parliament and King George III's proclamations restricting colonists. This tension escalated through acts like the Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Boston Massacre, and Intolerable Acts. By 1774, the First Continental Congress convened and war appeared inevitable after the Battles of Lexington and Concord.
Found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmrkash.com%2Factivities%2Freconstruction.ppt&ei=lennUtiyAvDKsQTxw4DoBw&usg=AFQjCNHtTnziU5H-r6FUHLjQxTcEKCo4Tw&bvm=bv.60157871,d.cWc
The French Revolution occurred from 1789 to 1799 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system. It established France as a republic and introduced principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. The revolution was caused by famine, rising debt, taxation, and failure of reforms under the monarchy. It involved the storming of the Bastille fortress in Paris, the establishment of a National Assembly, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The revolution eventually spiraled into the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre, with thousands executed by guillotine before his own fall from power. Napoleon later took control of France and established himself as emperor.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world. It transformed economies and societies as new inventions like the steam engine powered factories and mass production. This led people to migrate from rural areas to cities to find work in the new factories. While overall living standards increased, industrialization initially resulted in difficult working conditions like long hours, child labor, and unsafe environments. Over time, reforms improved conditions through laws and the rise of labor unions.
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris by revolutionaries. French society was highly unequal, with the majority of the population (the third estate) facing heavy taxation while the nobility and clergy were largely exempt. This, combined with Enlightenment ideas of equality and natural rights, led to growing unrest among commoners and the middle class. The Revolution abolished the monarchy and feudal system of France, establishing a constitutional monarchy then a republic, with the execution of King Louis XVI. A period of violence known as the Reign of Terror followed, led by Robespierre, before a Directory government was established under Napoleon Bonaparte.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: FRANCE REVOLUTION MODULE. THE INSTABILITY OF FRENCH GOV...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: FRANCE REVOLUTION MODULE. THE INSTABILITY OF FRENCH GOVERNMENT 1791-1799. Contains: revolutionary wars, new ruling bodies, Girondins and Jacobins, the reign of terror, the fall of Robespierre, the directory.
The American Revolution began as tensions grew between the 13 British colonies in North America and the colonial government representing the British crown from 1754 to 1783. Key events exacerbating tensions included the Proclamation of 1763, which angered colonists by restricting settlement west of the Appalachians, and subsequent taxation acts including the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, which the colonists opposed under the principle of "no taxation without representation." Armed conflict began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776, formally establishing the United States. The Revolutionary War ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783, recognizing American independence.
The three sentence summary is:
The document discusses the American and French Revolutions in the late 18th century as examples of bourgeois revolutions. It explains some of the key causes and events of these revolutions, including growing discontent with monarchical rule and demands for more political rights and representation that led to independence in America and the establishment of republics in the aftermath of the overthrow of the French monarchy. The revolutions had important political, economic, and social consequences across Europe.
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers and explorers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish control following Columbus' discovery. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico with just 500 men, defeating them at their capital Tenochtitlan after a smallpox epidemic weakened them. Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the vast Inca Empire in Peru, capturing its emperor Atahualpa and looting its gold before destroying the empire. Both conquests had immense impacts, destroying native civilizations and establishing Spanish rule.
The document summarizes the history of ownership and acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by various nations including Native Americans, French, British, Spanish, and Americans. It describes how France gained control of the territory in 1682 but lost it to Spain in 1763. In 1800, Spain secretly transferred the territory back to France under Napoleon, alarming Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson sent diplomats to purchase New Orleans but Napoleon unexpectedly offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. In 1803, the United States completed the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size and opening vast new lands for settlement and exploration like the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
1) Many Enlightenment philosophers believed that enlightened monarchs could best reform society from above, as they distrusted allowing changes from the masses.
2) Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia promoted aspects of the Enlightenment like education and legal reform while maintaining absolute rule.
3) Monarchs like Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II of Austria introduced limited reforms to reduce the power of the nobility and church, but faced opposition that prevented lasting changes.
This covers all of how America got into World War One through how we helped end the war in Europe. It also at the end discusses the treaty of Versailles.
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to political and economic grievances with the monarchy. The Third Estate, which made up 97% of the population but had no political power, demanded equal representation. When King Louis XVI refused, the Bastille prison was stormed on July 14th, 1789, marking the start of the Revolution. The National Assembly abolished the special privileges of the nobility and clergy and created a constitutional monarchy, declaring equal rights and liberties for all citizens. However, foreign threats and the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette led to the Reign of Terror, with thousands executed by guillotine under Robespierre's Jacobin leadership before it ended.
The causes of the French Revolution were political, social, and economic factors as well as new ideas emerging from the Enlightenment. Politically, King Louis XVI had absolute power as monarch but was unaware of his subjects' needs. Socially, poverty increased greatly. Economically, the government faced bankruptcy and a debt crisis exacerbated by the lavish lifestyle of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. New Enlightenment ideas about liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty spread, inspired by the American Revolution.
The document provides an overview of the major events and developments of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1795, including:
- The storming of the Bastille prison and the abolition of feudalism in 1789.
- The establishment of the National Assembly and Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
- The overthrow of the monarchy and execution of Louis XVI in 1793.
- The establishment of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 led by Robespierre to consolidate the revolution amid foreign and civil wars.
- The end of the Reign of Terror in 1794 with Robespierre's execution and
The American women's suffrage movement spanned from 1848 to 1920, beginning at the Seneca Falls Convention where the Declaration of Sentiments demanded equal rights for women, including the right to vote. While the 15th Amendment granted black men the vote in 1870, it disappointed many suffragists. Divisions emerged over strategies, but the movement reunited and pursued passing a constitutional amendment. Under leaders like Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, and Carrie Chapman Catt, suffragists lobbied and protested for decades. Their efforts succeeded with Tennessee's ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, giving women nationwide the right to vote.
Catherine the Great was a long-reigning Empress of Russia known for expanding the empire through conquest and diplomacy. She came to power in 1762 following the abdication and assassination of her husband, Peter III. Though she began as a reformer, Catherine grew more conservative over time, giving nobility greater control over serfs while also establishing new schools. She governed during the Golden Age of the Russian Empire and added over 200,000 square miles of territory through victories over the Ottomans and partitioning of Poland.
The Radical Republicans took control of Reconstruction after Lincoln's assassination. They established the Freedmen's Bureau to help former slaves and passed the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. However, white supremacist groups like the KKK used violence and intimidation. Rufus Bullock became governor of Georgia but unrest continued until military rule was restored. The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction, leaving the South under Democratic control.
The document provides an overview of the growth and suppression of democracy in Europe from 1815-1914, known as the Age of Metternich. It discusses how England and France developed bases for democracy while Germany, Austria, and Russia opposed it. It then examines the growth of democracy in England through parliamentary reforms and the expansion of suffrage. France alternated between revolution and reaction, establishing the Second Republic and Second Empire under Napoleon III. Germany, Austria, and the Hapsburg Empire strongly suppressed liberal and nationalist movements. The revolutions of 1848 spread across Europe but were defeated by conservative forces seeking to maintain the old order.
The Reconstruction of the South summarizes the period after the Civil War when the United States sought to reintegrate the Confederate states and protect the rights of freed slaves. It describes the competing plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Radical Republicans to rebuild the South. Ultimately, Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the Compromise that withdrew federal troops and oversight from the South.
The Seven Years War was a global conflict between 1756 and 1763 that involved most of the great powers of the time. It began with a struggle between Prussia and Austria over the province of Silesia, leading to a diplomatic revolution where old alliances broke down and new ones formed. Britain and Prussia allied against France, Austria, Russia, and Sweden. Though Frederick the Great of Prussia initially achieved success on the continent, the tide turned against Prussia and Britain's victories in North America and India helped secure an eventual peace favorable to their interests with territorial gains.
The document provides background information on the American Revolution, including the long term and short term causes that led to the revolution. It discusses the political opposition that formed in the American colonies in response to British policies, such as "no taxation without representation." Key events of the revolution are outlined, such as the drafting of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1783. The document also analyzes the causes of Britain's failure in the war and the impact and significance of the American Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and led to enormous social and economic changes. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized textile manufacturing resulted in a population shift from rural areas to crowded, unsanitary cities. While factory owners profited, workers, including women and children, faced long hours in dangerous conditions for low pay. These changes led to new ways of thinking about class divisions and economic systems. Over time, reforms improved conditions for workers, and both capitalism and communism emerged as competing models for industrialization.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany from the rise of Prussia in the 1600s to the establishment of the North German Confederation in 1867. Key events included Prussia gaining power under Frederick the Great and seizing Silesia from Austria, conflicts with France that weakened the Holy Roman Empire, the formation of the German Confederation after Napoleon's defeat, and Bismarck engineering conflicts to exclude Austria and unite the German states under Prussian leadership, culminating in the North German Confederation. France opposed further unification under Prussia, fearing the threat to its own power.
Western nations expanded their imperial control aggressively in the late 1800s for several reasons:
1) Their economies were strengthened by the Industrial Revolution which provided resources and technology to fuel expansion.
2) They sought new markets, raw materials, and naval bases to continue economic growth.
3) Nationalism and competition with other imperial powers drove expansionism.
4) Western military technology, organized governments, and transport advantages overpowered local resistance.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Industrial Revolution that occurred in Britain between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It overviews how Britain transitioned from an agrarian economy to one powered by machinery, steam, and factories. This industrialization process had wide-ranging economic, political, and social impacts, including increased production, changes to the social class structure, and both benefits and problems for workers. The text provides details on several important innovations, such as steam engines and cotton manufacturing machines, that drove Britain's industrial transformation.
Reform gradually expanded suffrage and made the British Parliament more democratic during the 1800s. The Great Reform Act of 1832 enlarged the electorate and redistributed parliamentary seats. Further reforms in 1867, 1884-85, and 1900 granted the vote to more working-class men and farm workers. By 1918, most men and some women could vote, establishing Britain as a parliamentary democracy.
23.2 social and economic reform in britainMrAguiar
The British Parliament passed several social and economic reforms during the 1800s and early 1900s, including: (1) Repealing the Corn Laws in 1846 to make food more affordable, limiting work hours and improving conditions, and providing social welfare programs; (2) Ending the slave trade in 1807 and abolishing slavery in 1833; (3) Reforming the criminal justice system by limiting capital crimes and establishing penal colonies.
The three sentence summary is:
The document discusses the American and French Revolutions in the late 18th century as examples of bourgeois revolutions. It explains some of the key causes and events of these revolutions, including growing discontent with monarchical rule and demands for more political rights and representation that led to independence in America and the establishment of republics in the aftermath of the overthrow of the French monarchy. The revolutions had important political, economic, and social consequences across Europe.
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers and explorers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish control following Columbus' discovery. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico with just 500 men, defeating them at their capital Tenochtitlan after a smallpox epidemic weakened them. Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the vast Inca Empire in Peru, capturing its emperor Atahualpa and looting its gold before destroying the empire. Both conquests had immense impacts, destroying native civilizations and establishing Spanish rule.
The document summarizes the history of ownership and acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by various nations including Native Americans, French, British, Spanish, and Americans. It describes how France gained control of the territory in 1682 but lost it to Spain in 1763. In 1800, Spain secretly transferred the territory back to France under Napoleon, alarming Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson sent diplomats to purchase New Orleans but Napoleon unexpectedly offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. In 1803, the United States completed the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size and opening vast new lands for settlement and exploration like the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
1) Many Enlightenment philosophers believed that enlightened monarchs could best reform society from above, as they distrusted allowing changes from the masses.
2) Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia promoted aspects of the Enlightenment like education and legal reform while maintaining absolute rule.
3) Monarchs like Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II of Austria introduced limited reforms to reduce the power of the nobility and church, but faced opposition that prevented lasting changes.
This covers all of how America got into World War One through how we helped end the war in Europe. It also at the end discusses the treaty of Versailles.
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to political and economic grievances with the monarchy. The Third Estate, which made up 97% of the population but had no political power, demanded equal representation. When King Louis XVI refused, the Bastille prison was stormed on July 14th, 1789, marking the start of the Revolution. The National Assembly abolished the special privileges of the nobility and clergy and created a constitutional monarchy, declaring equal rights and liberties for all citizens. However, foreign threats and the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette led to the Reign of Terror, with thousands executed by guillotine under Robespierre's Jacobin leadership before it ended.
The causes of the French Revolution were political, social, and economic factors as well as new ideas emerging from the Enlightenment. Politically, King Louis XVI had absolute power as monarch but was unaware of his subjects' needs. Socially, poverty increased greatly. Economically, the government faced bankruptcy and a debt crisis exacerbated by the lavish lifestyle of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. New Enlightenment ideas about liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty spread, inspired by the American Revolution.
The document provides an overview of the major events and developments of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1795, including:
- The storming of the Bastille prison and the abolition of feudalism in 1789.
- The establishment of the National Assembly and Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
- The overthrow of the monarchy and execution of Louis XVI in 1793.
- The establishment of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 led by Robespierre to consolidate the revolution amid foreign and civil wars.
- The end of the Reign of Terror in 1794 with Robespierre's execution and
The American women's suffrage movement spanned from 1848 to 1920, beginning at the Seneca Falls Convention where the Declaration of Sentiments demanded equal rights for women, including the right to vote. While the 15th Amendment granted black men the vote in 1870, it disappointed many suffragists. Divisions emerged over strategies, but the movement reunited and pursued passing a constitutional amendment. Under leaders like Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, and Carrie Chapman Catt, suffragists lobbied and protested for decades. Their efforts succeeded with Tennessee's ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, giving women nationwide the right to vote.
Catherine the Great was a long-reigning Empress of Russia known for expanding the empire through conquest and diplomacy. She came to power in 1762 following the abdication and assassination of her husband, Peter III. Though she began as a reformer, Catherine grew more conservative over time, giving nobility greater control over serfs while also establishing new schools. She governed during the Golden Age of the Russian Empire and added over 200,000 square miles of territory through victories over the Ottomans and partitioning of Poland.
The Radical Republicans took control of Reconstruction after Lincoln's assassination. They established the Freedmen's Bureau to help former slaves and passed the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. However, white supremacist groups like the KKK used violence and intimidation. Rufus Bullock became governor of Georgia but unrest continued until military rule was restored. The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction, leaving the South under Democratic control.
The document provides an overview of the growth and suppression of democracy in Europe from 1815-1914, known as the Age of Metternich. It discusses how England and France developed bases for democracy while Germany, Austria, and Russia opposed it. It then examines the growth of democracy in England through parliamentary reforms and the expansion of suffrage. France alternated between revolution and reaction, establishing the Second Republic and Second Empire under Napoleon III. Germany, Austria, and the Hapsburg Empire strongly suppressed liberal and nationalist movements. The revolutions of 1848 spread across Europe but were defeated by conservative forces seeking to maintain the old order.
The Reconstruction of the South summarizes the period after the Civil War when the United States sought to reintegrate the Confederate states and protect the rights of freed slaves. It describes the competing plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Radical Republicans to rebuild the South. Ultimately, Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the Compromise that withdrew federal troops and oversight from the South.
The Seven Years War was a global conflict between 1756 and 1763 that involved most of the great powers of the time. It began with a struggle between Prussia and Austria over the province of Silesia, leading to a diplomatic revolution where old alliances broke down and new ones formed. Britain and Prussia allied against France, Austria, Russia, and Sweden. Though Frederick the Great of Prussia initially achieved success on the continent, the tide turned against Prussia and Britain's victories in North America and India helped secure an eventual peace favorable to their interests with territorial gains.
The document provides background information on the American Revolution, including the long term and short term causes that led to the revolution. It discusses the political opposition that formed in the American colonies in response to British policies, such as "no taxation without representation." Key events of the revolution are outlined, such as the drafting of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1783. The document also analyzes the causes of Britain's failure in the war and the impact and significance of the American Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and led to enormous social and economic changes. New technologies like the steam engine and mechanized textile manufacturing resulted in a population shift from rural areas to crowded, unsanitary cities. While factory owners profited, workers, including women and children, faced long hours in dangerous conditions for low pay. These changes led to new ways of thinking about class divisions and economic systems. Over time, reforms improved conditions for workers, and both capitalism and communism emerged as competing models for industrialization.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany from the rise of Prussia in the 1600s to the establishment of the North German Confederation in 1867. Key events included Prussia gaining power under Frederick the Great and seizing Silesia from Austria, conflicts with France that weakened the Holy Roman Empire, the formation of the German Confederation after Napoleon's defeat, and Bismarck engineering conflicts to exclude Austria and unite the German states under Prussian leadership, culminating in the North German Confederation. France opposed further unification under Prussia, fearing the threat to its own power.
Western nations expanded their imperial control aggressively in the late 1800s for several reasons:
1) Their economies were strengthened by the Industrial Revolution which provided resources and technology to fuel expansion.
2) They sought new markets, raw materials, and naval bases to continue economic growth.
3) Nationalism and competition with other imperial powers drove expansionism.
4) Western military technology, organized governments, and transport advantages overpowered local resistance.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Industrial Revolution that occurred in Britain between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It overviews how Britain transitioned from an agrarian economy to one powered by machinery, steam, and factories. This industrialization process had wide-ranging economic, political, and social impacts, including increased production, changes to the social class structure, and both benefits and problems for workers. The text provides details on several important innovations, such as steam engines and cotton manufacturing machines, that drove Britain's industrial transformation.
Reform gradually expanded suffrage and made the British Parliament more democratic during the 1800s. The Great Reform Act of 1832 enlarged the electorate and redistributed parliamentary seats. Further reforms in 1867, 1884-85, and 1900 granted the vote to more working-class men and farm workers. By 1918, most men and some women could vote, establishing Britain as a parliamentary democracy.
23.2 social and economic reform in britainMrAguiar
The British Parliament passed several social and economic reforms during the 1800s and early 1900s, including: (1) Repealing the Corn Laws in 1846 to make food more affordable, limiting work hours and improving conditions, and providing social welfare programs; (2) Ending the slave trade in 1807 and abolishing slavery in 1833; (3) Reforming the criminal justice system by limiting capital crimes and establishing penal colonies.
The old British electoral system was unfair, with only 400,000 of a population of 16 million able to vote in 1832. Rotten boroughs allowed landowners to choose MPs despite few or no residents. The Great Reform Act of 1832 expanded suffrage to more wealthy men and abolished rotten boroughs. However, the Chartist movement demanded further reforms, including universal male suffrage. Full male suffrage was achieved in 1884, while women obtained suffrage in the early 20th century due to activists like Emmeline Pankhurst.
The Victorian Age was defined by Queen Victoria's 64-year reign from 1837 to 1901. While she exercised little political power, Victoria embodied virtues like duty, thrift, and morality that set the tone. Under her reign, Britain's middle and working classes grew in confidence as the British Empire expanded greatly. Key political developments included the evolution of the party system and the gradual extension of voting rights to more classes of men and eventually women.
English literature historian students.pptxssuser07e306
The Victorian Era in England lasted from 1837 to 1901 during the reign of Queen Victoria. It was a period of immense social, economic, and political change in England as it industrialized and built a vast global empire. The era can be divided into three phases: early (1832-1848) was a time of hardship and reform; middle (1848-1870) was a time of peak wealth and optimism as England industrialized; late (1870-1901) saw the solidification of the British Empire but also the emergence of new economic and political threats as other nations industrialized and the labor movement grew stronger.
This document summarizes British social reforms in the early 19th century that improved conditions for workers. It discusses the growth of unions and friendly societies to pursue workers' rights. It describes key reforms like the Factory Acts that regulated child labor and working hours. It also discusses the Tolpuddle Martyrs, whose harsh sentencing for forming a friendly society outraged workers and led to reforms protecting unions. Finally, it examines the establishment of poorhouses that replaced parish relief for able-bodied workers.
An introduction to british society september intake 2013fatima d
The document provides an overview of British society and politics, beginning with a summary of the current coalition government led by Prime Minister David Cameron. It then discusses the structure of the United Kingdom and its constituent countries. The summary traces some of the key developments in British political history from the Magna Carta to the present day, including the growth of parliamentary democracy, expansion of voting rights, and devolution. It also outlines the main political parties and branches of government.
Between 1850 and 1928, Britain became more democratic through a series of parliamentary reforms:
1. The 1867 Reform Act extended the vote to more working-class men in cities, though Britain was still far from democratic.
2. Subsequent acts in the late 1800s further expanded suffrage and established measures like the secret ballot.
3. Reform was driven by industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of the middle class, which increased demands for political representation.
4. Fears that restricted suffrage could radicalize the working classes and lead to revolution also contributed to reform.
This document discusses the history of women's rights from the early 20th century through the late 20th century. It describes how, in the early 1900s, women in many parts of the world had very limited roles and rights. They had little access to education, employment, property rights, or suffrage. Starting around the 1920s, industrialization created more jobs for women. The women's suffrage movement gained successes in the UK, US, and other Western nations through the 1920s. World War I further opened opportunities as women took over men's civilian jobs. Advances in contraception in the 1960s increased women's control over their reproductive rights. However, equality was still lacking, and struggles continued into the late 20
Poverty highlighted - Reasons for the introduction of the Liberal Reformscolek2014
The document summarizes the key factors that led British society to take a more active, government-led approach to addressing poverty in the early 20th century. These included influential social surveys that revealed the widespread scale of poverty; concerns over national efficiency following poor British performance in the Boer War, which was blamed partly on poverty; the rise of political advocacy for social welfare policies through the new Labour Party; the emergence of "New Liberal" ideology supporting state intervention; and the example set by Germany's progressive social legislation. Together these factors increased pressure on the government to intervene beyond relying solely on voluntary charity.
The Industrial Revolution transformed the economy as people stopped making goods at home and worked in factories powered by new technologies like the steam engine. This led to rapid industrialization and factories producing goods faster and cheaper using assembly lines. New transportation networks like canals, railroads, and the transcontinental railroad facilitated the movement of raw materials, factory goods, and people. Mass immigration provided the workforce while new inventions electrified factories and illuminated cities, fueling further industrial and economic growth.
Politics in Victorian England saw the rise of the Conservative and Liberal parties to replace the Tories and Whigs. William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli served multiple terms as Prime Minister, expanding voting rights and introducing social reforms. The biggest political issue was Ireland and Home Rule. Women activists campaigned for women's suffrage. By the early 20th century, the Labour Party emerged as a third major party. French politics after 1871 established the Third Republic, but it faced frequent instability. The Dreyfus Affair divided France over anti-Semitism and the military. During the Belle Epoque, Paris hosted the 1889 World's Fair and became known for its bohemian culture and nightlife attractions like the
This document provides an overview of the origins of American government from English political influences to the establishment of self-government in the colonies. It discusses how the English traditions of limited government and representative democracy were brought over by early settlers. Key events that established these principles in England, like the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights, influenced the colonies. Tensions grew between Britain and its colonies over taxation and control, leading the colonies to unite and declare independence through the Continental Congresses and the Declaration of Independence.
Industrialization began in Great Britain due to factors like the agricultural revolution, enclosure acts, and entrepreneurship being less regulated. Key inventions like the steam engine and processes like puddling steel drove industrialization. Rapid urbanization led to poor living conditions for many workers. Early socialists envisioned more equitable societies in response to these changes from industrialization and the new social classes that emerged.
The Glorious Revolution occurred in 1688-1689 in England, Wales and Scotland in response to King James II's Catholicism in a predominantly Protestant country. A group of Protestant nobles invited the Protestant Prince William of Orange to invade England with an army. William and his wife Mary were then crowned as joint monarchs. The revolution established Parliament's power over taxation and royal appointments, limiting the monarch's authority. However, its consequences were also negative, deepening political and religious divisions in Ireland and Scotland and fostering the growth of slavery.
Lecture november 20 politics of the 19th centuryElhem Chniti
This is the lecture of November 20th on the beginnings of political reforms in Britain. The lecture is part of the program of 2nd year English Students at ISLN.
The Victorian Age lasted from 1832 to 1900. It was a time of immense social, political, and economic change in Britain led by advances in science, technology, and industry. Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901 and oversaw the expansion of the British Empire. The growth of factories and industry transformed Britain into the world's foremost industrial and imperial power. Victorian literature flourished with works across genres like realism, naturalism, novels, and poetry by famous authors such as the Brontës, Dickens, Tennyson, and Browning.
The Growth of Democracy- World History 2Arci Muñoz
The Growth of Democracy
-Reforms in Great Britain
-Moving Away From British Rule
-From Empire to Republic in France
-Expansion of the United States
-Reform in the United States
This document summarizes key social, political, and economic reforms and developments that occurred in Britain during the 19th century, including:
- Workers united to put forward the People's Charter in 1838 demanding voting rights for all adults.
- The railway system expanded to transport passengers, not just goods.
- The middle class grew significantly in size and diversity of occupations.
- Social and political reforms transformed Britain over the century, changing it almost beyond recognition.
The document discusses the influences on the framers of the US Constitution and their differing reactions to the completed document. It states that the framers were influenced by political writings of the time and by their experiences in the Second Continental Congress and state governments. It also notes that when completed, opinions of the document varied, with some like George Mason disappointed and others like Benjamin Franklin surprised by how close it came to perfection given it was drafted by fallible men.
This document provides information on different levels of government in Pennsylvania, including local government structures. It discusses the five types of local governments - county, township, borough, city, and school district. It also describes the classifications and governance structures of counties, cities, and school districts in the state. Finally, it provides some examples of mayors and forms of government for third class cities in Pennsylvania.
A map shows unusual laws across the US, including one requiring cats in one state to wear bells to warn birds, and another making it illegal for bars to sell beer without also brewing soup. The document also notes it is illegal to whale fish in Nebraska despite there being no whales in the state.
This document discusses the history of discrimination and civil rights struggles in the United States. It describes how various minority groups, including African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and women, have faced discrimination through policies like segregation, Jim Crow laws, and unequal treatment. It explains how the Supreme Court has interpreted the Equal Protection Clause over time, initially allowing racial segregation but later ruling it unconstitutional in cases like Brown v. Board of Education. Desegregation of public schools proceeded slowly, and de facto segregation remains an issue today. The document also outlines how the interpretation of gender-based discrimination has evolved.
The document discusses civil liberties and protections guaranteed by the US Constitution. It covers several topics:
1) The Bill of Rights and later amendments protect civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and due process of law.
2) The Constitution limits government authority and protects individual rights, though some rights can conflict and are not guaranteed to non-citizens.
3) Constitutional protections include privacy rights, freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, and bans on slavery. However, national security laws have expanded government surveillance powers.
4) The rights of the accused, like due process, habeas corpus, and bans on self-incrimination and double jeopardy, are outlined. Limits on bail
This document discusses sentencing in the criminal justice system. It covers traditional sentencing options like imprisonment, fines, probation and death. It also discusses the goals of sentencing which include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation and restoration. The two main models of sentencing discussed are the indeterminate model and the determinate (fixed) model. It also covers topics like sentencing guidelines, truth in sentencing, and landmark Supreme Court cases that have impacted sentencing practices.
The document describes the US court system, including both federal and state levels. It notes that most criminal cases originate in state courts. It then provides details on the structure and jurisdiction of state trial courts, appellate courts, and supreme courts. It also outlines the three-tiered federal court system consisting of district courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court. It provides information on judges, jurisdiction, and appeals processes at both the state and federal levels.
This document discusses the key participants in a criminal courtroom trial. It describes the roles of the judge, prosecuting attorney, defense attorney, bailiff, and court reporter. The judge oversees the trial and makes legal rulings, while the prosecuting attorney argues the state's case against the defendant and the defense attorney argues on behalf of the defendant. The bailiff maintains order in the courtroom and oversees the jury.
The document summarizes the jurisdictions of several special federal courts:
1) The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces and Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims hear appeals related to the military and veterans benefits.
2) The Court of Federal Claims allows citizens to sue the U.S. government for damages for legal claims against the federal government.
3) Territorial courts act as local courts for U.S. territories, while the District of Columbia courts serve as both federal and local courts for Washington D.C.
4) The U.S. Tax Court hears civil cases involving U.S. tax laws.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides an overview of American foreign policy and national defense based on a textbook chapter. It discusses the country's shift from isolationism to internationalism following World War II. It also describes the key government agencies involved in foreign affairs and national security, such as the State Department, Defense Department, CIA, and INS. The chapter outlines America's foreign policy approaches throughout history, including containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War. Major events that shaped policy are reviewed, like the Truman Doctrine and Cuban Missile Crisis. The roles of diplomacy, intelligence, immigration, and military in pursuing American interests abroad are summarized.
This document provides an overview of financing government in the United States. It discusses several key topics:
1) Taxes are the largest source of federal revenue and include individual income tax, corporate income tax, and social insurance taxes like Social Security and Medicare. Congress has the power to tax according to the Constitution.
2) Nontax revenues and borrowing also contribute to financing government. Nontax revenues include fees and interest, while borrowing occurs through deficit spending and adding to the public debt.
3) The federal budget is created through a process involving the President, Congress, and the Office of Management and Budget. Spending priorities in the budget include entitlement programs, interest on the debt, and defense spending.
The document discusses the presidential nomination process in the United States. It explains that political parties hold national conventions where delegates vote to select the party's candidates for president and vice president. Primaries and caucuses are used to select these delegates, with more than half of states holding preference primaries where voters express a preference for a candidate. The national conventions also adopt the party's platform and bring factions of the party together. Experience as a governor or senator helps in the nomination process, as does being from a larger state. An incumbent president seeking re-election is almost guaranteed the nomination.
This document summarizes Chapter 10 of Magruder's American Government, which discusses Congress. It is divided into 4 sections. Section 1 describes the two houses of Congress and their terms and sessions. Section 2 covers the size, terms, reapportionment, elections, and qualifications of the House of Representatives. Section 3 discusses the size, election process, terms, and qualifications of the Senate. Section 4 provides background on current members of Congress and their duties, compensation, and privileges.
This document covers chapters 8 and 9 from the textbook "Government By the People" which discuss political behavior topics including media, public opinion, and interest groups. It focuses on how these entities influence politics and policymaking in the United States.
This document provides an outline and overview of topics related to elections, voting, and voter behavior in the United States. It discusses how candidates are nominated, the primary election process, general elections and campaigns, laws around voting rights, and factors that influence voter behavior. Key points covered include the caucus and convention system, different types of primary elections, campaign financing from various public and private sources, and laws regulating elections and campaign finance.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 from the textbook "Magruder's American Government" which discusses the electoral process. Section 1 covers the nominating process, explaining that candidates are typically nominated through direct primaries, caucuses, conventions, or petitions. Section 2 discusses elections, including how they are administered, the role of precincts and polling places, and methods of casting ballots. Section 3 examines the role of money in elections, outlining sources of campaign funding and regulations, as well as existing loopholes in campaign finance laws.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe, covering its origins in Italy, key figures and developments, and its spread across the continent. It discusses how the Renaissance began in Italy due to favorable conditions in the city-states and a focus on classical culture. Influential artists of the time like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael explored new techniques and themes. The ideas of the Renaissance then spread north to areas like the Low Countries and England through artists such as Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer, and writers including Shakespeare. The Protestant Reformation and related religious upheaval of the 1500s is also summarized.
Political parties in the United States are decentralized organizations that operate at the local, state, and national levels. They nominate candidates and attempt to influence policymaking. While the two major parties, Democrats and Republicans, dominate national politics, minor parties can still impact policy debates. However, several features of the U.S. electoral system tend to reinforce the two-party system over time.
Chapters 3 & 4 Constitution and Federalismgrieffel
The document discusses the key principles of the US Constitution including popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, and judicial review. It also covers federalism and the division of powers between the national and state governments. The Constitution has 7 articles that establish the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and set forth their powers and responsibilities. There are also 27 amendments, with the first 10 known as the Bill of Rights guaranteeing basic freedoms. The Constitution can be formally amended through two methods of proposal and two methods of ratification. It can also be informally amended over time through legislation, executive actions, Supreme Court decisions, political parties, and customs.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Ch14 Democracy & Reform
1.
2. Introduction
The British government moved
toward greater democracy through
evolution rather than revolution.
•In the 1800s, Britain had a limited
constitutional monarchy
•The Cabinet led by the Prime Minister held
most of the executive power
•Parliament held legislative power
•The House of Commons represented the
people, but middle and working class
citizens had no voting rights until the 1800s House of Commons
3. Electoral Reforms
• Factory workers, farm laborers, and the
middle class began to demand that they
receive a greater political voice in the
early 1800s.
• Whigs- liberal minority party that
supported voting rights for more people
and fair apportion (divide and share) of
electoral districts
• Tories- conservative party that opposed
the ideas of the Whigs
• -1832- Whigs forced the king to announce
that he would create as many new lords as
necessary to give the reform bill a
majority in the House of Lords, but the
lords gave in and passed the bill “Whig and Tory” by Walter
Dendy Sadler
4. Reform Movements
• The Reform Act of 1832 lowered the property qualifications
for voting, and gave more middle-class males the right to
vote, but took representation rights away from areas that
had declined in population
• Industrial and farm workers remained disenfranchised
(deprived of the right to vote)
• the Chartists (reform group of the working class) wrote A
People’s Charter, which demanded voting rights for all
adult men, a secret ballot, salaries for members of
Parliament, and equal electoral districts
• Anti-Corn Law League eventually had Parliament repeal the
Corn Law, which had forced the middle class to pay higher
wages to workers
• After 1832 the Tory and Whig parties began to change into
the modern Conservative and Liberal parties
• Aristocracy supported the Conservative party
• Industrial and commercial classes supported the Liberal
party
5. 1
Reforming Parliament
In 1815, Britain was a constitutional monarchy. Yet, it was far from democratic:
• Less than five percent of the people had the right to vote.
• Wealthy nobles and squires dominated politics.
• The House of Lords could veto any bill passed by the House of Commons.
• Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants could not vote or serve in Parliament.
• Populous new cities had no seats in Parliament, while rural towns with few or
no voters still sent members to Parliament.
• In 1832, Parliament finally passed the Great Reform Act.
• It redistributed seats in the House of Commons.
• It enlarged the electorate by granting suffrage to more men.
6. Political Leadership
• Prime Ministers William Gladstone and
Benjamin Disraeli served under Queen
Victoria.
“An 1867 political cartoon depicts Disraeli as
Abanazer from the pantomime version of
Aladdin offering Queen Victoria an imperial
crown in exchange for a royal one.
Disraeli cultivated a public image of himself as
an Imperialist with grand gestures such as
conferring on Queen Victoria the title ‘Empress
of India’. “
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli#Imperialism
7. Queen Victoria
• Came to the throne in 1837 at
the age of 18
• Reigned for 64 years, the
longest monarchy in British
history
• First Empress of India at the
British Raj, or period of British
colonial rule in India
• Granddaughter of George III of
the Hanoverian Dynasty
• Preceded by William IV, and
succeeded by Edward VII
8. 1
The Victorian Age
From 1837 to 1901, the greatest symbol in British life was Queen
Victoria. Although she exercised little real political power, she set
the tone for what is now called the Victorian age.
• Victoria embodied the values of
duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability.
She embraced a strict code of morals and manners.
• Under Victoria, the British middle class — and
growing numbers of the working class — felt great
confidence in the future. That confidence grew as
Britain expanded its already huge empire.
9. 1
A New Era in British Politics
In the 1860s, the old political parties regrouped under
new leadership:
• The Tories became the Conservative
party, led by Benjamin Disraeli.
• The Whigs evolved into the Liberal
party, led by William Gladstone.
In the late 1800s, these two parties pushed little by
little for suffrage to be extended. By century’s
end, almost-universal male suffrage had been achieved.
In 1911, a Liberal government passed measures to limit
the power of the House of Lords. In time, the House of
Lords would become a largely ceremonial body, while
the elected House of Commons would reign supreme.
10. William Gladstone
“The Great Ministry”
• Liberal, created a civil
service based on
examinations, Education
Act of 1870 divided
country into local districts
• Created a secret
ballot, Redistribution Act
of 1885 divided Britain
into equal electoral
districts
11. Benjamin Disraeli
• Conservative, believed in
preserving aristocratic
traditions while adopting
democratic reforms
• Reform Bill of 1867
extended the vote to all
male homeowners and
most men who rented
property (including many
working-class)
12. Growth of Democracy
Rise of Labor
• In the late 1800s labor unions
grew stronger and socialism
gained followers
• The Fabians promoted social
justice and wanted to peacefully
create a Socialist government The Fabian Crest
• The Labour Party represented
the working class and promoted
old-age pensions, minimum
wage, unemployment
assistance, and health and
unemployment insurance
A 1940s Labour Party poster
13. A Constitutional Crisis
• The conservative House of Lords lost power
with the 1911 Parliament Act that passed the
House of Commons’ call for higher taxes
Women Demand Greater
Rights
• 1850s- women’s rights activists fought to win
property rights for married women, which led
to the passage of the Married Women’s
Property Acts of 1870 and 1882
• 1903- Emmeline Pankhurst founded the
Women’s Social and Political Union
(WSPU), which led suffragettes in voting rights
campaigns and succeed in winning voting
rights for women over 21
Emmeline Pankhurst
being arrested
14. 2
Social and Economic Reforms
During the early and mid-1800s, Parliament passed a wide variety of important new
laws.
• In 1807, Britain became the first leading European
power to outlaw the slave trade. In 1833, Parliament
passed a law banning slavery in all British colonies.
• Laws were passed to reduce the number of capital
offenses and end public hanging. Additional reforms
improved prison conditions and outlawed
imprisonment for debt.
• Some British tariffs were repealed in the 1820s.
• In 1846, Parliament finally agreed to repeal the
Corn Laws, which imposed high tariffs on imported
grain.
15. 2
Reforms for the Working Class
By the early 1900s, Parliament gradually passed a series of reforms designed to
help the workers whose labor supported the new industrial society.
• Parliament passed laws to regulate the conditions in factories and mines.
• Government and business leaders slowly accepted worker organizations.
Workers won higher wages and shorter hours.
• Social reforms were enacted to benefit the working class. These
included improved public health and housing for workers, free
elementary education for all children, and protection for the poor and
disadvantaged.
16. 2
Votes for Women
In Britain, as elsewhere, women struggled for the right to vote against strong
opposition.
• Suffragists led by Emmeline Pankhurst used
aggressive tactics and sometimes resorted
to violent protest.
• Many middle-class women disapproved of
such radical actions. Yet they, too, spoke
up in increasing numbers.
• Some women, including Queen
Victoria, opposed suffrage altogether.
• Despite these protests, Parliament refused
to grant women’s suffrage. Not until 1918
did Parliament finally grant suffrage to
women over age 30. Younger women did
not win the right to vote for another
decade.
17.
18. 2
The Irish Question
The Irish never accepted English rule:
• They resented English settlers, especially
absentee landlords.
• Many Irish peasants lived in poverty while
paying high rents to landlords living in England.
• The Irish, most of whom were Catholic, were
forced to pay tithes to the Church of England.
Irish nationalists campaigned for freedom and justice.
In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop, causing a
terrible famine called the “Great Hunger.” At least one
million Irish died while the British continued to ship healthy
crops outside Ireland. The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish
bitterness that still exists today.
The Irish struggled for years to achieve home rule, or
local self-government. However, Parliament did not
pass a home rule bill until 1914. It then delayed
putting the new law into effect until after World War I.
19. Potato Famine in Ireland
• 1840s- “Great Hunger” potato
famine struck Ireland, but Britain
sent inadequate aid to the
Irish, and many emigrated to the
US, Canada, and Australia
• Charles Stewart Parnell (Irish-born
to a Protestant family) led
nationalists in hope of home rule
(self-government)
• Gladstone tried to pass legislation
for Irish home rule, but it split the
Liberal party and was defeated
• 1914- Parliament passed home
rule bill, but it never went into
effect
22. Review
1. Group that promoted social justice and wanted to peacefully create a
Socialist government
a) Tories
b) Fabians
c) Whigs
d) Labour Party
2. British Prime Minister William Gladstone
a) was a liberal who created a civil service system based on examinations
b) was a conservative who believed in preserving the traditions of the
aristocracy
c) was a Fabian who wanted to create a Socialist government
d) was a fervent supporter of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
3. Which of the following was NOT a problem concerning the Irish?
a) A potato famine caused starvation
b) English and Scottish Protestants rented the land at high prices
c) They were engaged in a violent civil war
d) They wanted to rule the country independently from Great Britain
23. Review
1. Group that promoted social justice and wanted to peacefully create a
Socialist government
a) Tories
b) Fabians
c) Whigs
d) Labour Party
2. British Prime Minister William Gladstone
a) was a liberal who created a civil service system based on examinations
b) was a conservative who believed in preserving the traditions of the
aristocracy
c) was a Fabian who wanted to create a Socialist government
d) was a fervent supporter of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
3. Which of the following was NOT a problem concerning the Irish?
a) A potato famine caused starvation
b) English and Scottish Protestants rented the land at high prices
c) They were engaged in a violent civil war
d) They wanted to rule the country independently from Great Britain
24. Bibliography
• Farah, Mounir A., and Andrea Berens Karls. World
History: The Human Experience The Modern Era. New
York: Glencoe/Mcgraw-Hill, 1999. Print.
• Wikipedia. Web. 12 Dec. 2009.
<http://www.wikipedia.com>.
• "Images." Google. Web. 12 Dec. 2009.
<http://www.google.com/images>.
26. 1852- New
1760- influx of 1770- First 1838- Lord Zealand 1870-
British Europeans Durham becomes a 1867- North Province of
immigrants to settle New investigates self-governing American Act Manitoba is
Canada Zealand Canada colony passed. formed
1763- British 1791- British Mid-1800s- 1860- A gold 1869- Canada 1871- British
gained passed the Canada is rush brought added the Columbia
control of Constitutional British immigrants to Northwest becomes a
Quebec Act of 1791 colonies and Territory province
Australia
government.
27. 1873- Prince 1890s- New
Edward Island Zealand carries out 1905- Saskatchewan and
joins Canada social reforms Alberta join Canada
Late 1800s- Australia 1901- Parliament 1907- New Zealand becomes
is made up of 6 makes Australia a a dominion with the British
provinces dominion Empire
28. • Mid 1800’s Canada was
• In 1867 the British Parliament passed
one part the British North American Act and
French, another established Canada as a dominion. The
immigrant British and a voters elected their first parliament and
third part descendants prime minister, John A. Macdonald.
of the Loyalists. • At first the Dominion of Canada
consisted of four provinces in the
southeast, extending from the Great
Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, in
1869 the dominion acquired the
Northwest Territory.
• Most of the Northwest Territory was
populated by Native Americans and
European and American fur traders.
29. • Divided Quebec into two colonies: Lower Canada
and Upper Canada.
• Lower Canada
– French speaking
• Upper Canada
– English speaking
• Each colony had an assembly whose laws were
subject to veto by the British government.
• By the late 1830’s, the French began to feel
threatened by the English-speaking people.
30. Lord Durham was sent
to Canada in 1838 to
investigate the uprisings
between upper and
lower Canada. He wrote
the “Report on Affairs
of British North
America” in 1839 in
which he recommended
a self-government and
legislative union in
Canada.
Lord Durham was married
twice, first to Lady Harriet in
1812 and second, to Lady Grey
in 1816.
Durham died in 1840 at
the age of 48 and was
succeeded by his son
George.
31. The First Prime
Minister and second
longest serving of
Canada.
John was born in
Glasgow, Scotland and his
family emigrated to Canada
in 1820. He became a
lawyer in Kingston, Ontario
in 1836.
Macdonald died
June 6, 1891.
33. 3
How Did Canada Achieve Self-Rule?
Canada’s first European rulers were French.
When France lost Canada to Britain in 1763, thousands of French-speaking
settlers remained.
In 1791 Britain passed the Canada Act, which created two provinces: English-
speaking Upper Canada and French-speaking Lower Canada.
During the 1800s, unrest grew in both colonies.
In 1839, the Durham Report called for the two Canadas to be reunited and given
control over their own affairs.
In 1840, Parliament passed the Act of Union, a major step toward self-
government.
As Canada expanded westward, John Macdonald and George Étienne Cartier
urged confederation, or unification, of all Canada’s provinces.
Britain passed the British North America Act of 1867, creating the Dominion of
Canada. It united four provinces into a dominion, or self-governing nation. Six
additional provinces later joined the union.
35. • Australia was initially established as a
prisoner’s colony, but after a gold rush
increased the population, transporting
prisoners there was stopped.
• Many Europeans treated the Aborigines
badly and killed many of them.
• By the late 1800’s Australia was made up of six British colonies.
» New South Wales
» Victoria
» Queensland
» Tasmania
» Western Australia
» South Australia
• By 1901, Parliament made Australia a dominion that included the
colonies and a region known as the Northern Territory.
36. 3
Europeans in Australia
• In 1770, Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain. At that time, it was
too distant to attract European settlers.
• Australia had long been inhabited by indigenous people, later called
Aborigines. When white settlers arrived, the Aborigines suffered disastrously.
• In 1788, Britain made Australia into a penal colony.
• In the early 1800s, Britain encouraged free citizens to emigrate to Australia.
As the newcomers took over more and more land, they thrust aside or killed
the Aborigines.
• In 1851, a gold rush in eastern Australia brought a population boom.
• By the late 1800s, Australia had won a place in a growing world economy.
37. New
Zealand
The first Europeans to
settle in the New
Zealand were from
James Cook’s
expedition in 1770.
Firearms brought to
New Zealand by
foreigners brought
many problems to the
Maori.
38. 3
New In 1769, Captain Cook claimed New Zealand for
Britain.
Zealand
Missionaries arrived to convert the local people, the
Maoris, to Christianity.
New Zealand
pioneered in several
areas of democratic In 1840, Britain annexed New Zealand.
reform.
In 1893, it became
the first nation to give White New Zealanders won independence.
suffrage to women.
Later, it was in the
forefront of other By the 1870s, Maori resistance crumbled. Many Maoris died in
social reforms. the struggle.
Colonists took over Maori land and engaged in fierce wars with
the Maoris.
39. Treaty of Waitangi in 1840
• Concluded by the
British Naval
officers and Maori
Chiefs
• Protected the
Maori
rights, including
property rights and
gave the British
sovereignty over
New Zealand
40. • Americans loyal to Great Britain during
Loyalists the American Revolution
• Self-governing territory owing allegiance
dominion to the British king or queen
• First Canadian prime minister
John A.
Macdonald
• A Scottish-born lawyer
41. • The original people of Australia
Aborigines
• The original inhabitants of New
Maori Zealand
• Ordered by British Parliament to
Lord Durham investigate Canada after the uprisings
42. • In 1867 the British Parliament
passed the British North American
Act and established Canada as a
Mid 1800’s Canada was
one part French, another
dominion. The voters elected their
immigrant British and a first parliament and prime
third part descendants of minister, John A. Macdonald.
the Loyalists. • At first the Dominion of Canada
consisted of four provinces in the
southeast, extending from the Great
Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, in
1869 the dominion acquired the
Northwest Territory.
• Most of the Northwest Territory was
populated by Native Americans and
European and American fur traders.
43. 1
Opposing
Ideologies
At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to turn the clock
back to the way things had been before 1789.
Other voices, however, kept challenging the order imposed by the
Congress of Vienna.
The clash of people with opposing ideologies, or systems of thought
and belief, plunged Europe into more than
30 years of turmoil.
44. 1
What Were the Goals of Conservatives?
Conservatives pursued the following goals:
• Restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when Napoleon swept
across Europe.
• Maintain a social hierarchy in which lower classes respected and obeyed
their social superiors.
• Maintain an established church.
• Suppress revolutionary ideas.
45. 1
The Liberal and Nationalist Challenge
Challenging the conservatives at every turn were liberals and nationalists who
were inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
LIBERALISM NATIONALISM
Liberals wanted:
• National groups who
• Governments based on
shared a common heritage
written constitutions and
set out to win their own
separation of powers.
states.
• Natural rights of
• Nationalism gave people
liberty, equality, and
with a common heritage a
prosperity.
sense of identity.
• Rulers elected by the
• Nationalism often bred
people and responsible
intolerance and led to
to them.
persecution of other
• A republican form of ethnic or national groups.
government.
• Laissez-faire economics.
46. 1
Revolts Against the Old Order
Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and
nationalism, revolutionaries fought against the old order.
• In the Balkans, first Serbia, and later Greece
fought for and won independence from their
Ottoman rulers.
• In Spain, Portugal, and various states in the Italian peninsula, rebels struggled to
gain constitutional governments. In response, a French army marched over the
Pyrenees to suppress the revolts in Spain. Austrian forces crossed the Alps to
smash rebellious outbreaks in Italy.
47. 2
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
• Why did revolutions occur in France in 1830
and 1848?
• How did revolution spread in 1830?
• What were the results of the 1848 revolutions?
48. 2
Why Did Revolutions Occur in France in 1830 and 1848?
1830 1848
Charles X, a strong believer in When the government tried
absolutism, suspended the to silence critics and
legislature, limited the right to prevent public
vote, and restricted the press. meetings, angry crowds
took to the streets.
Liberals and radicals rebelled
and took control of Paris.
Louis Philippe abdicated.
Moderate liberals put in
place a constitutional Revolutionary leaders
monarchy, and chose Louis proclaimed a Second
Philippe as king. Republic.
49. Revolt in France
• Charles X
• Wanted to restore absolute monarchs
• Had support of ultraroyalists- nobles favoring a return to the
old order
• Dissolved the Assembly and held new elections
• Issued the July Ordinances
– Measures that showed the dissolved assembly, ended
press freedom, and restricted voting rights
• Les Trois Glorieuses
– Three glorious days
– Parisian workers and students forced Charles to give up the
throne and flee to Great Britain
50. The “Citizen King”
• Louis Philippe accepted the throne
– Dressed and behaved like a middle class citizen
– Favored wealthy and ignored middle class
demands
• Francois Guizot
– Prime minister of France
– Also refused middle class demands
51. 2
The revolts in Paris inspired uprisings How Did Revolution
elsewhere in Europe. Most were Spread in 1830?
suppressed by military force. But here
and there, rebels did win changes from
conservative governments. Even when
they failed, revolutionaries frightened
rulers badly enough to encourage Poland Nationalists
reform later in the century. in Poland staged an
Belgium The one notable success for uprising in 1830.
However, the rebels failed
Europe’s revolutionaries in 1830 took to gain widespread
place in Belgium. The Congress of support, and were
Vienna had united Belgium and Holland brutally crushed by
under the Dutch king. The Belgians Russian forces.
resented this arrangement and pushed
for independence. In 1831, Belgium
became an independent state with a
liberal constitution.
53. The Revolution of 1848
• Guizot feared a demonstration and cancelled a
banquet
• February 22
– Crowds flooded the streets singing “The Marseillaise”
and shouted protests to Guizot
– Troops called to calm it sided with the rebels and
joined the parade
– 52 civilians were killed or wounded
– Louis Philippe fled to Great Britain
– Rebels declared France a republic
54. 2
Revolutions of 1848
In 1848, revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across
Europe.
• In Austria, revolts caused Metternich to resign. The
Austrian government agreed to reforms, but these gains
were temporary. With Russian help, Austrian forces
defeated the rebels. Many were imprisoned, executed, or
exiled.
• Nationalists in Italy rebelled against Austrian Hapsburg
rulers. They expelled the pope and installed a nationalist
government. Before long, Austrian troops ousted the new
government and the French army restored the pope to
power.
• In Prussia, liberals forced King Frederick William IV to
agree to a constitution written by an elected assembly.
• Within a year, Frederick dissolved the assembly and issued
his own constitution keeping power in his own hands.
55. 2
Why Did the Uprisings Fail?
By 1850 the rebellions had faded, ending the age of
liberal revolution that had begun in 1789.
• Rulers used military force to suppress the uprisings.
• Revolutionaries did not have mass support.
• A growing gulf divided workers seeking radical
economic change and liberals pursuing moderate
political reforms.
56. 3
Division and Democracy in France
• What domestic and foreign policies did
Napoleon III pursue?
• What impact did the Dreyfus affair and other
challenges have on the Third Republic?
• How did the French government take steps
toward reform in the early 1900s?
57. • Written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
– Allons, enfants de Patrie, http://www.nationalanthems.info/fr.htm
Le jour de gloire est arrive;
Contrenous de la tyranne,
L'etendard sanglant est leve,
L'etendard sanglant est leve,
Entendezvous, dans les campagnes, « The Marseillaise »
Mugir ces feroces soldats?
Ils viennent jusque dans nos bras,
Egorger nos fils, nos compagnes. Arise children of the fatherland
Aux armes, citoyens! The day of glory has arrived
Formez vos bataillons! Against us tyranny's
Marchons, marchons! Bloody standard is raised
Qu'un sang impur abreuve nos sillons! Listen to the sound in the fields
The howling of these fearsome soldiers
They are coming into our midst
To cut the throats of your sons and consorts
To arms citizens Form your battalions
March, march
Let impure blood
Water our furrows
58. The Second Empire
• New Constitution
–Legislative branch called the National
Assembly
–Election of a President
–Extension of voting rights to all adult
men
59. The Rise of Louis Napoleon
Louis- Napoleon Bonaparte
– Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
– Popularity came from his name rather than political skills
– Wanted to win support of the army, the Church, and the
middle class and the peasants
• Supported Catholics by helping the Pope and giving the Church
more authority on French education
• Support angered Parisians, started a demonstration in the streets
• National Assembly revoked voting rights
– Convinced citizens the republic was a failure
– Directed a coup d'état
• Dissolved the National Assembly and arrested opponents
• Reinstated voting rights and earned popularity
– Made France a hereditary empire and named himself
emperor, Napoleon III
• Restricted the press and limited civil liberties
• Industrial growth doubled foreign trade tripled
• Built new railroads and made the boulevards
60. 3
Napoleon III
DOMESTIC POLICIES FOREIGN POLICIES
Issued a new constitution
that extended democratic Unsuccessfully tried to
rights. turn Mexico into a French
Promoted investment in satellite.
industry and large-scale Helped Italian nationalists
ventures. defeat Austria and gained
Legalized labor Nice and Savoy.
unions, extended public
education to girls, and
created a small public health
program.
61. The Crimean War
• France and Great Britain against Russia
– Immediate cause was who had the right to protect the
Christians in the empire or those visiting the Holy Land. The
Ottomans sided with France
– French and British troops invaded Crimean Peninsula
• Disease caused more deaths than war conflict
• Florence Nightingale (British nurse, 1820-1910)
Also known as: Lady with the Lamp
• improved hospital conditions
– Fall of 1855 Russia was defeated
• Treaty of Paris ended the war
• Russia returned Ottoman territory and banned warships
and forts around the Black Sea
• England’s Poet Laureate Tennyson pens “The Charge of the Light
Brigade”—depicting military bungling that costs many lives on both
sides.
62. Making Peace with Prussia
• France elected a new National Assembly
• Gave Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia
• Paid 5 billion francs, 1 billion dollars, to
Prussia
• Prussia then staged a parade through Paris
• National Assembly
– Ordered Parisians to pay the rents and debts that
were suspended during the siege
– Stopped making payments to the National Guard
63. The Commune of Paris
• Workers Socialist government
– Refused to recognize the National Assembly
– Called for the conversion of France into a
decentralized federation of independent cities
– Declared war on the propertied classes and the
Church
– Wanted to end government support of
religion, adopted a revolutionary calendar, and
introduced the 10 hour workday
• Civil War with the National Assembly
– Assembly reasserted power of Paris
– “ Bloody Week” Assembly arrested over 40,000
people and killed more than 20,000
– Ended the commune but caused distrust within
France
64. Florence Nightingale
• Founder of the modern nursing profession
• Head British nurse in the Crimean War
• Also known as The Lady with the Lamp
• Improved sanitary conditions and ordered supplies
• 1907 the King awarded her the Order of Merit, the first
woman recipient
• Declined a burial and national funeral at Westminster
Abbey because she wanted a simple grave
65. France:
The Third Republic
• New Constitution
– Two house legislature
– President served four years and had little real
power
– Every official act needed full support of both
houses
– Cabinet of ministers was for government policy
– Post of premier was for all executive business
66. 3
Challenges of the Third Republic
• In 1871, an uprising broke out, as rebels set up the
Paris Commune. The government violently suppressed
the Paris Commune, leaving bitter memories that
deepened social divisions within France.
• In the first ten years of the Third Republic, 50 different
coalition governments were formed and fell.
• A series of political scandals shook public trust in the
government.
67. Threats to the Republic
• General Georges Boulanger
– Popular French war hero
– Urged people to seek
revenge against Prussia
– Won great support from
royalists
– Government ordered for his
arrest and he fled to
Belgium
68. The Dreyfus Affair
• Alfred Dreyfus
– Jewish French army officer
– Convicted of selling military secrets to Germany
– Sentenced to life on Devil's Island (Île du Diable), the smallest and
northernmost island of the three Îles du Salut, located about
6 nautical miles off the coast of French Guiana. It was a small part of
the notorious French penal colony in French Guiana until 1952.
– Anti- Semites believed conviction
– Official evidence proved his innocence
– Received Presidential pardon
– Divided France
• Republicans, Socialists, and anti-Catholics against
Royalists, Nationalists, Catholics, and Anti- Semites
• Republican Government could survive disruption
– Brought power to radical Republicans and Socialists
Devil's Island was where the most important prisoners were held.
It was considered escape proof because of its inaccessible cliffs, the strong currents
and the sharks. It is best known for the incarceration of Alfred Dreyfus,
falsely accused of espionage for the Germans, for five years (1895-99).
69. 3
The Dreyfus Affair
In Dreyfus affair, a Jewish officer was falsely accused of treason
to cover up corruption in the military. The controversy scarred
French politics and society for decades.
• Royalists, ultranationalists, and Church officials charged
Dreyfus supporters with undermining France.
• Dreyfus supporters upheld ideals of justice and equality in
the face of massive public anger.
The Dreyfus affair reflected the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe.
It also helped to stir Theodor Herzl to call for a Jewish state.
70. The Panama Canal
• Canal would provide France with a passageway to
the Pacific Ocean
• Panama Company collapsed
– French stockholders lost all of invested money
– Charges of dishonesty and poor management erupted
– Members of both houses admitted to accepting bribes
for more funding on the project
– After this 50 socialists won seats in the national
legislature
71. 3
Reforms in France
France achieved serious reforms in the early 1900s.
• New laws were passed regulating
wages, hours, and safety conditions for
workers.
• A system of free public elementary schools was
created.
• A law was passed to separate church and state.
• The women’s rights movements made some
gains, but women were not granted suffrage
until after World War II.
72. End of the Empire
• Napoleon declared war on Prussia
– French armies were slow to mobilize
– German forces easily crossed into France
– Prussians defeated France in a little over six weeks
– Took Napoleon as prisoner
– Parisians forced the collapse of the Second Empire
– Endured a Prussian siege for four months until a
truce was signed
73. 4
Expansion of the United States
• How did the United States extend its territory?
• How did American democracy grow before and
after the Civil War?
• What impact did economic growth and social
reform have on the United States?
74. 4
U S Territorial Expansion
From the earliest years of its history, the United States followed a policy of
expansionism, or extending a nation’s boundaries.
75. 4
Expanding Democracy
BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
States slowly expanded suffrage Three amendments to the
so that by the 1830s, most Constitution banned slavery
white men had the right to throughout the country and
vote. granted political
Some Americans, called rights, including the right to
abolitionists, called for an vote, to African American men.
immediate and complete end to
slavery. Still, African Americans faced
segregation and economic
The women’s rights movement hardships.
fought for equality and the right
to vote.
77. 4
Economic Growth in the United States
By 1900, the United States was the
world’s leading industrial giant.
• Cotton mills turned out great quantities
of mass-produced goods.
• Rich coals and iron resources fed other
industries.
• A huge work force, swelled by
immigrants, labored in the mines and
factories.
• Farm output soared as settlers flooded
the fertile Midwest.
• A growing network of transportation and
communication aided economic growth.
78. 4
Social Reform
• The Industrial Revolution brought rapid
industrialization and a growing need for reform.
• In the late 1800s, farmers and city workers supported
the new Populist party. The Populists sought
reforms, such as an eight-hour workday.
• By 1900, reformers known as Progressives again
pressed for change. They sought laws to ban child
labor, limit working hours, regulate monopolies, and
grant suffrage to women.
79. 4
Political Problems
During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were plagued
by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships.
• Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as
independence barely changed the existing social and
political hierarchy.
• With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations
were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to a local area.
80. 4
The Economics of Dependence
Economic dependence occurs when less-developed
nations export raw materials and commodities to
industrial nations and import manufactured
goods, capital, and technological know-how. The
relationship is unequal because the more developed —
and wealthier nation — can control prices and terms of
trade.
Under colonial rule, mercantilist policies made Latin
America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal.
After independence, this pattern changed very little. The
region remained as economically dependent as before.
81. 4
The Influence of the United States
In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine, which
stated that the American continents were no longer open to
colonization by any European powers.
In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine. Under this policy, the United States claimed
“international police power” in the Western Hemisphere.
• In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened
militarily in Latin American nations to protect American lives
and investments.
In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians in a revolt
against Colombia in order to gain land to build the Panama Canal.
• To people in Latin America, the canal was an example of
“Yankee Imperialism.”
83. 3
Latin American Wars of Independence
• What caused discontent in Latin America?
• How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in Central America
win independence?
• How did nations of South America
win independence?
84. 3
What Caused Discontent in Latin America?
By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western
Europe had spread to Latin America. There, discontent was rooted
in the social, racial, and political system that had emerged during
300 years of Spanish rule.
• Peninsulares were those born of Spanish parents in Spain;
therefore, they had the most wealth, education, & status.
• Creoles resented their second-class status.
• Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied
the status, wealth, and power available to whites.
• Native Americans suffered economic misery under the
Spanish.
• Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed
for freedom.
85. 3
CENTRAL
HAITI MEXICO AMERICA
In 1791, Toussaint Father Miguel Hidalgo and Spanish-ruled lands
L’Ouverture led slaves in José Morales led popular declared their
revolt. revolts. independence in the
By 1798, enslaved Rebels led by Agustín de early 1820s.
Haitians had been freed. Iturbide overthrew the Local leaders set up the
In 1802, Napoleon sent Spanish viceroy, creating United Provinces of
an army to recapture an independent Mexico. Central America.
Haiti.
Napoleon’s forces Iturbide took the title of The union soon
agreed to a truce, or emperor, but was quickly fragmented into
temporary peace. overthrown. separate republics of
Liberal Mexicans set up Guatemala, Nicaragua,
In 1804, Haitian leaders Honduras, El
the Republic of Mexico.
declared independence. Salvador, and Costa
Rica.
Struggles for Independence
86. Independence in
3
South America
In South America, Native Americans had
rebelled against Spanish rule as early as
the 1700s, with limited results. It was not
until the 1800s that discontent sparked a
widespread drive for independence.
Simon Bolívar, called “The Liberator,” led an
uprising that established a republic in
Venezuela. He then captured
Bogotá, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
• In 1816, José de San Martín helped
Argentina win freedom from Spain. He then
joined forces with Bolívar.
• Bolívar tried to unite the liberated
lands into a single nation called Gran
Columbia. However, bitter rivalries made
that dream impossible. Before long, Gran
Columbia split into three independent
countries: Venezuela, Columbia, and
Ecuador.
88. 3
Independence Movements in Latin America
Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes
European domination of Latin America People of Latin America resent colonial rule
and social injustices
Spread of Enlightenment ideas
Revolutionary leaders emerge
American and French revolutions
Napoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish
Growth of nationalism in Latin America king
Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects
Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt Attempts made to rebuild economies
in Haiti
18 separate republics set up
Bolívar, San Martín, and others lead
successful revolts in Latin America Continuing efforts to achieve stable
democratic governments and to gain
Colonial rule ends in much of Latin economic independence
America