Politics in Victorian England saw the rise of the Conservative and Liberal parties to replace the Tories and Whigs. William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli served multiple terms as Prime Minister, expanding voting rights and introducing social reforms. The biggest political issue was Ireland and Home Rule. Women activists campaigned for women's suffrage. By the early 20th century, the Labour Party emerged as a third major party. French politics after 1871 established the Third Republic, but it faced frequent instability. The Dreyfus Affair divided France over anti-Semitism and the military. During the Belle Epoque, Paris hosted the 1889 World's Fair and became known for its bohemian culture and nightlife attractions like the