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Politics inVictorian England
Britain Constitutional Monarchy House of Windsor Queen Victoria (1837-1901) Era of material progress, literary growth, and political stability
British Parliament ,[object Object]
1832 Reform Bill - two political parties seemed indistinguishable
But, by the 1860s, the middle class and working class had grown  they wanted the franchise expanded!,[object Object]
William GladstonePrime Minister 4 times between 1868-1894 -Education Act of 1870 – state-supported public education -Introduced secret ballot (Ballot Act of 1872) -Legalized labor unions -Promoted civil service exam -Eliminated sale of commissions in the army -Worker’s compensation
The Irish Question Biggest problem = Ireland Irish nationalists sought Home Rule (not granted until 1912) Home Rule = control of local gov’t
Irish Potato Famine British & Irish tensions Video Clip: Moments in Time: Famine to Freedom: The Great Irish Journey
Gladstone & The Irish Question Two major legislative pieces: 1869 – Disestablishment Act: Irish Catholics did not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican church in Ireland 1870 – Irish Land Act: curtailed absentee Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish Catholic tenants without compensation Supported Home Rule for Ireland
Benjamin DisraeliPrime Minister 1874-1880 -Expanded electorate  big step toward democracy -Extended laws regulating public sanitation (Public Health Act of 1875) -Safety laws for mines and factories -Regulated housing conditions for poor (Artisans Dwelling Act of 1875)
Labour Party At turn of century, 3rd party established: Labour Party Caused Liberals to worry (losing their base to Labour Party) Result:  Liberals in power from 1906-1916 Set up massive social welfare programs Sickness, accident, old-age, and unemployment insurances were all adopted Progressive tax established (wealthy pay a higher % rate of tax Conservatives pushed for more laissez-faire gov’t
Life in Victorian England Victorian Buzzwords ,[object Object]
Virtuous
Modesty
Morality
Rationality
Etiquette,[object Object]
Role Model Queen Victoria was seen as, “the very model of marital stability and domestic virtue…” She represented “a kind of femininity which was centered on the family, motherhood, and respectability.” Quotes from BBC Victorian Britain
How to Be a Gent for Dummies Books on how to be a proper British citizen abounded to assist the middle class on the road to morality The book, Happy Homes and the Hearts that Make Them (1882) suggests, “The true gentleman is one who has been fashioned after the highest models…his qualities depend not on fashion or manners but on moral worth - not on personal possessions but upon personal qualities.”
Oscar Wilde Antithesis of Victorian Ideals Irish Author/Playwright Aesthetic movement:  “L’art pour l’art”  art should exist solely for its own sake, independent of social and moral concerns Only purpose = to look pretty
Aesthetes in a Victorian World Victorian Buzzwords ,[object Object]
Virtuous
Modesty
Morality
Rationality
EtiquetteAestheticism Buzzwords ,[object Object]
Symbolism
Decoration
Materialism
Extravagance
Caprice,[object Object]
You Little Bugger… Epistemology Wilde’s Woes Court - writings used against him Guilty: “Gross Indecency”  Jail time…
Goodbye, Oscar Died - Nov. 30,1900  Meningitis Paris Hotel Final Words…
Women in Victorian England Focus = family Ideal woman = Queen Victoria Read Handout  “Women in Victorian England” & “Victorian Women”
Women’s Suffrage Many women became more vocal about their demands for social & political equality “Suffragettes”
Emmeline Pankhurst ,[object Object]
1917:  She and her daughter, Christabel, formed the Women’s Party in 1917:Equal pay for equal work Equal marriage & divorcelaws Equality of rights & opportunities in public service A national system of maternity benefits
Representation of the People Act ,[object Object]
All men gained suffrageProperty qualifications were completely eliminated! ,[object Object],Women over 21  years of age gained the right to vote at last!
La Belle Epoque The Beautiful Age 1870-1914
France Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) France “goaded” into declaring war by Bismarck France loses – Napoleon III is captured 1871 – German unification Emphasizes the weakness of France
Third French Republic Declared! ,[object Object]
Napoleon III abdicated
New government headed by Adolphe Thiers
continued the fight against the Germans
France surrendered in February, 1871 after 40,000 Parisians died,[object Object]
Paris in Revolt! ,[object Object],[object Object]
Set up unemployment exchanges in town halls
Provide basic elementary education for all  they were strongly against church-controlled schools
Attempted to set up girls schools
Daycare near factories for working mothers,[object Object]
Known as the “Bloody Week”,[object Object]
Paris City Hall Destroyed
Communard Casualties
Declaring the3rd French Republic
An Overview of the 3rd French Republic ,[object Object]
Rivalry between monarchists and republicans
A number of scandals including The Dreyfus Affair [L’Affaire]
Because there were so many factions, all governments were coalitions
Still, it survived longer than any other regime since 1789!,[object Object]
The Dreyfus Affair ,[object Object]
French counter-intelligence suspected Captain Alfred Dreyfus, from a wealthy Alsatian 	Jewish family  one of the  	few Jews on the General Staff

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19th Century Britain & France

  • 2. Britain Constitutional Monarchy House of Windsor Queen Victoria (1837-1901) Era of material progress, literary growth, and political stability
  • 3.
  • 4. 1832 Reform Bill - two political parties seemed indistinguishable
  • 5.
  • 6. William GladstonePrime Minister 4 times between 1868-1894 -Education Act of 1870 – state-supported public education -Introduced secret ballot (Ballot Act of 1872) -Legalized labor unions -Promoted civil service exam -Eliminated sale of commissions in the army -Worker’s compensation
  • 7. The Irish Question Biggest problem = Ireland Irish nationalists sought Home Rule (not granted until 1912) Home Rule = control of local gov’t
  • 8. Irish Potato Famine British & Irish tensions Video Clip: Moments in Time: Famine to Freedom: The Great Irish Journey
  • 9. Gladstone & The Irish Question Two major legislative pieces: 1869 – Disestablishment Act: Irish Catholics did not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican church in Ireland 1870 – Irish Land Act: curtailed absentee Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish Catholic tenants without compensation Supported Home Rule for Ireland
  • 10. Benjamin DisraeliPrime Minister 1874-1880 -Expanded electorate  big step toward democracy -Extended laws regulating public sanitation (Public Health Act of 1875) -Safety laws for mines and factories -Regulated housing conditions for poor (Artisans Dwelling Act of 1875)
  • 11. Labour Party At turn of century, 3rd party established: Labour Party Caused Liberals to worry (losing their base to Labour Party) Result: Liberals in power from 1906-1916 Set up massive social welfare programs Sickness, accident, old-age, and unemployment insurances were all adopted Progressive tax established (wealthy pay a higher % rate of tax Conservatives pushed for more laissez-faire gov’t
  • 12.
  • 17.
  • 18. Role Model Queen Victoria was seen as, “the very model of marital stability and domestic virtue…” She represented “a kind of femininity which was centered on the family, motherhood, and respectability.” Quotes from BBC Victorian Britain
  • 19. How to Be a Gent for Dummies Books on how to be a proper British citizen abounded to assist the middle class on the road to morality The book, Happy Homes and the Hearts that Make Them (1882) suggests, “The true gentleman is one who has been fashioned after the highest models…his qualities depend not on fashion or manners but on moral worth - not on personal possessions but upon personal qualities.”
  • 20. Oscar Wilde Antithesis of Victorian Ideals Irish Author/Playwright Aesthetic movement: “L’art pour l’art” art should exist solely for its own sake, independent of social and moral concerns Only purpose = to look pretty
  • 21.
  • 26.
  • 31.
  • 32. You Little Bugger… Epistemology Wilde’s Woes Court - writings used against him Guilty: “Gross Indecency” Jail time…
  • 33. Goodbye, Oscar Died - Nov. 30,1900 Meningitis Paris Hotel Final Words…
  • 34.
  • 35. Women in Victorian England Focus = family Ideal woman = Queen Victoria Read Handout “Women in Victorian England” & “Victorian Women”
  • 36. Women’s Suffrage Many women became more vocal about their demands for social & political equality “Suffragettes”
  • 37.
  • 38. 1917: She and her daughter, Christabel, formed the Women’s Party in 1917:Equal pay for equal work Equal marriage & divorcelaws Equality of rights & opportunities in public service A national system of maternity benefits
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48. La Belle Epoque The Beautiful Age 1870-1914
  • 49. France Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) France “goaded” into declaring war by Bismarck France loses – Napoleon III is captured 1871 – German unification Emphasizes the weakness of France
  • 50.
  • 52. New government headed by Adolphe Thiers
  • 53. continued the fight against the Germans
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56. Set up unemployment exchanges in town halls
  • 57. Provide basic elementary education for all  they were strongly against church-controlled schools
  • 58. Attempted to set up girls schools
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61. Paris City Hall Destroyed
  • 64.
  • 65. Rivalry between monarchists and republicans
  • 66. A number of scandals including The Dreyfus Affair [L’Affaire]
  • 67. Because there were so many factions, all governments were coalitions
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70. French counter-intelligence suspected Captain Alfred Dreyfus, from a wealthy Alsatian Jewish family  one of the few Jews on the General Staff
  • 71.
  • 72. The real culprit was a Major Esterhazy, whose handwriting was the same as that on the bordereau
  • 73.
  • 75.
  • 76. The Dreyfusards were anti-clericals, intellectuals, free masons, & socialists
  • 77. For Anti-Dreyfusards, the honor of the army was more important than Dreyfus’ guilt or innocenceWere army supported, monarchists, & Catholics.
  • 79.
  • 80. Brought back from Devil’s Island a broken man
  • 81. Results:Found guilty again, BUT with extenuating circumstances Was given a presidential pardon Exonerated completely in 1906 Served honorably in World War I Died in 1935
  • 83. World Exposition 1889 Gustave Eiffel 1,063 ft tall 7,300 tons $1.6 million to build Entrance to Fair
  • 84.
  • 86. The Bohemian Way Challenged status quo by rejecting mainstream values and mocking the bourgeoisie Comprised of Artists Students Writers
  • 87. The Bohemians Motto: “Truth, beauty, freedom and love” Frequented cafés & music halls Most popular areas: Latin Quarter Montmartre
  • 88. The Bourgeoisie Fashion, behavior, etiquette mimicked the aristocracy Frequented: Theater Opera Restaurants Casinos Gardens
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92.
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95. Le Moulin Rouge Est. 1889 Most famous symbol of the Bohemian life
  • 96. At The Moulin Rouge Dancers (Can-Can) Elephant Drink Absinthe
  • 97.
  • 98. OMG! It’s the Can-Can!