19th Century Britain & France
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Politics in Victorian England saw the rise of the Conservative and Liberal parties to replace the Tories and Whigs. William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli served multiple terms as Prime Minister, expanding voting rights and introducing social reforms. The biggest political issue was Ireland and Home Rule. Women activists campaigned for women's suffrage. By the early 20th century, the Labour Party emerged as a third major party. French politics after 1871 established the Third Republic, but it faced frequent instability. The Dreyfus Affair divided France over anti-Semitism and the military. During the Belle Epoque, Paris hosted the 1889 World's Fair and became known for its bohemian culture and nightlife attractions like the
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European colonialism in the Middle East began in the late 18th century with the French invasion of Egypt. It continued through the 19th and early 20th centuries as European powers like Britain and France established control over the region. This led to the transformation and eventual independence of states like Turkey, as well as the creation of new states in the Middle East after World War 1 and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Decolonization accelerated after World War 2, though it took different forms like civil war in China, negotiated independence in places like India and Africa, and more violent, prolonged struggles in places occupied by European settlers like Algeria.
Victorian Era Social Structure
The document summarizes the social classes and roles in Victorian England. The three main social classes were the working class, middle class, and upper class. The working class performed physical labor and lived in poor conditions with long work hours. Reforms were introduced to improve education, working conditions, and close the gap between classes. The middle class consisted of professionals and merchants. The upper class inherited wealth and titles. Courtship and entertainment differed between classes according to strict social rules that separated the classes.
Social class and values in the Victorian Era
The Victorian Era in England was defined by Queen Victoria's long reign from 1837 to 1901 and the social values of the time. Queen Victoria married Prince Albert and had nine children, going on to become the "grandmother of Europe". Victorian society was shaped by strict social class divisions and moral views, though in reality Victorian culture also contained contradictions regarding sexuality and class boundaries.
Neoclassical architecture ,Late victorian era and gothic revival
The document provides an overview of Neoclassical architecture. It discusses several substyles that emerged during the Neoclassical period including Early Classical Revival, Greek Revival, Palladianism, and Egyptian Revival. Key characteristics of each style are identified such as full height entry porches for Early Classical Revival and massive columns resembling bundles of sticks for Egyptian Revival. Interior design elements are also covered. The document aims to study and research the characteristics, significance, and importance of these Neoclassical architecture styles.
The Victorian Era
The Victorian Era was a time of immense social, economic, and technological change in Britain between 1837 and 1901. It was characterized by rapid industrialization, which led to huge gains in wealth but also poverty and social upheaval. Queen Victoria came to represent stability and tradition for the British people during this turbulent period of reform movements, fears of revolution, and shifting social structures. The era saw unprecedented improvements in technology like railways and printing presses that both united and divided society through new forms of communication and mass media.
The victorian period
The Victorian Period in England lasted from 1830 to 1901. It was a time of significant social, economic, and political change as England industrialized and became the world's foremost imperial power. London's population exploded as people moved to the city for work. New technology like railroads transformed the landscape and economy. The Reform Bills of 1832 and 1867 expanded voting rights, though many social problems remained, as seen in Victorian literature of the time which responded to these changes.
Victorian Era
The document discusses Victorian literature during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. It provides context on the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and changing social conditions including urbanization and the role of women. Major literary genres of this period are described, including the rise of the novel, poetry, and drama. Key authors like Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Oscar Wilde are mentioned in relation to their contributions to Victorian literature.
The Victorian Period
The Victorian Period lasted from 1837 to 1901 under the reign of Queen Victoria. Some key events included Victoria becoming queen at age 18 in 1837 and marrying Prince Albert, with whom she had 9 children. Britain became the most powerful empire in the world during this time. Life for the rich and poor differed greatly, as the poor faced overcrowded cities with poor sanitation and child labor was common. Reforms to improve conditions gradually passed throughout Victoria's 64-year reign.
Literary Characteristics of the Victorian Period
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Oscar Wilde, Victorian Period, The Importance of Being Earnest
Here is a presentation about 'Oscar WILDE, Victorian Period and The Important of Being Earnest'. We did it for our Theatre Lesson at University. I hope you like it and will be useful for everyone.
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Imperialism and Colonialism Decolonization and Independence
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Oscar Wilde, Victorian Period, The Importance of Being Earnest
Oscar Wilde, Victorian Period, The Importance of Being Earnest
Similar to 19th Century Britain & France
The Responsive National State, 1871 1914
1) Several European nations established social reforms and expanded voting rights in response to rising nationalism and the socialist threat of revolution.
2) In Germany, Bismarck enacted social security laws to prevent the spread of socialism and conciliated liberals while targeting Catholics in the Kulturkampf.
3) In France, moderate republicans established free public education to spread republican ideals and undermine the Catholic Church's influence, while the Dreyfus Affair increased tensions between republicans and Catholics.
French revolution
The French Revolution from 1789-1799 transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a republic. It was influenced by Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution. Economic troubles and poor harvests led to unrest and the storming of the Bastille prison in 1789. A National Assembly declared a constitutional monarchy but divisions grew. Radical Jacobins took power and instituted a Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 under Robespierre, executing thousands. The monarchy was abolished and the First French Republic formed. Napoleon later seized power in a 1799 coup, ending the Revolution.
Victorianliterature
The document provides an overview of social and cultural contexts during the Victorian period in Britain from 1837 to 1901. Some key points covered include:
- The British Empire expanded greatly under Queen Victoria's rule, making Britain the world's most powerful nation.
- The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain's economy and society, leading to overcrowded cities with poor living conditions for many workers. Child labor was also common.
- Cultural influences included Adam Smith's laissez-faire economic ideas, Darwin's theory of evolution, and John Stuart Mill's advocacy for individual liberty and women's rights.
- Victorian literature often addressed social issues and protested problems caused by industrialization. Major novelists included Dickens, the B
French revolution
On July 14, 1789, the city of Paris was alarmed as the king had sent troops to patrol the territory. Rumors spread that the king planned to fire on citizens. In response, thousands of citizens gathered, formed militias, and seized weapons and ammunition. They then stormed the Bastille prison and released the prisoners. This marked the beginning of the French Revolution, sparked by economic troubles, inequality, and public unrest. The revolution led to widespread political and social change, including the abolition of the monarchy and establishment of a republic.
9781486053612_14.pdf
This document provides an overview of several key economic and social ideologies ("isms") that emerged and gained prominence during the period from 1750 to 1918, including capitalism, socialism, imperialism, nationalism, Darwinism, and Chartism. It discusses the basic tenets and historical development of each "ism" with a focus on their emergence and impact in Australia. Specifically, it explores how capitalism and the pursuit of profit drove Australia's economic development through industries like wool production and how this cemented Australia's role within the British Empire during the late 18th and 19th centuries.
Nationalism Theories of Europe
The document discusses theories of nationalism in Europe. It describes how nationalism:
- Spread widely as a way of life that provoked and inspired people rather than being confined to fighting colonialism.
- Was influenced by philosophers like Montesquieu and Rousseau who promoted ideas of democracy, republicanism, and national identity.
- United countries like Italy and Germany in the 19th century through the efforts of statesmen and nationalists, and changes promoted by the French Revolution.
french revolution
Louis XVI ascended the throne of France in 1774 and faced an empty treasury. He called a meeting of the Estates General in 1788 to address financial issues. The third estate demanded equal representation which sparked the French Revolution. The third estate declared itself the National Assembly and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man. The king was overthrown and France became a republic, but revolutionary wars led to instability and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as a military dictator.
Nationalism in europe
Very Important chapter
Mahatma Gandhi came to India and The Idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
He advocated that physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
In 1916, He travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
Very important chapter.......
Thank you for watching..........
Thanks Guys
Plz like and share
PLZ PLZ PLZ PLZ PLZ
Ch20 the conservativeorderandthechallengesofreform
The Congress of Vienna (1815) established a conservative order in Europe dominated by five great powers - Russia, Austria, Prussia, Britain and France. It aimed to prevent further revolutionary change and restore the pre-French Revolutionary monarchies. However, nationalist and liberal ideas continued to spread, fueling independence movements and revolutions in places like Greece, Serbia, Latin America and eventually France in 1830.
His 2002 World 19
The document summarizes key economic, social, and political developments in Western Europe and other parts of the world from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. This period saw the rise of industrialization and mass society, as well as the growth of democratic and socialist movements. Rising tensions between European powers due to nationalism and imperialism ultimately led to the outbreak of World War I.
French revolution for class 9
The document provides background on the causes and key events of the French Revolution:
1. Political, social, and economic causes like financial troubles, unequal privileges for the clergy and nobility, and a subsistence crisis led to discontent among the common people and emerging middle class.
2. The Revolution began in 1789 as the Third Estate declared the National Assembly and drafted a constitution, while unrest grew among the common people of France.
3. Over the subsequent years of the Revolution, the monarchy was overthrown and a republic established, though periods of violence and terror occurred under the Jacobins before a new Directory government system was introduced.
French revolution 1
The document provides background information on the French Revolution from 1789-1792, known as the "Bourgeois Phase". It discusses the overthrow of the French monarchy and establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Key events included the storming of the Bastille, the abolition of feudalism, establishment of the National Assembly, and adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which established principles of liberty, equality and resistance to oppression. However, tensions remained between moderates who sought to safeguard property rights and more radical factions who demanded further changes.
The french revolution2
Prior to the revolution, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe but faced a major financial crisis due to decades of war and the lavish spending of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Growing discontent among the common people and the influence of Enlightenment ideas led to calls for political and economic reforms. In 1789, the storming of the Bastille fortress by angry peasants marked the start of the French Revolution, ushering in a new era of government in France.
Enlightment and the war of independence
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that promoted the use of reason and science to reform society. Enlightenment thinkers criticized the stratified social structure and advocated for equality, liberty, and secularism. Some of their ideas spread through newspapers and salons but also faced resistance in Spain. This led to changes including the evolution of modern science from medieval science based on empiricism. The bourgeoisie grew wealthy but lacked political power, contributing to discontent and the French Revolution. Enlightened despots introduced social reforms but maintained absolute rule, failing to fully implement Enlightenment ideals. One victory was the American Revolution as the colonies gained independence after protesting taxation without representation.
French revolution
The document summarizes the key causes and events of the French Revolution:
1. Political, social, and economic causes like debt, unequal taxation, and poverty led to discontent among the common people against the monarchy. 2. The Revolution began in 1789 when the commoners formed the National Assembly and declared a constitutional monarchy. 3. However unrest continued and the monarchy was abolished in 1792, forming a republic dominated by the radical Jacobins led by Robespierre.
French Revolution By Engr. Shah Jahan Soomro
The French Revolution from 1789 to 1799 led to widespread political, social, and economic changes in France. It abolished the monarchy, established a republic, and was inspired by Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty. However, the revolution became increasingly radical and violent under Maximilien Robespierre's Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794, with thousands executed by guillotine. The revolution eventually gave way to Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power as dictator in 1799.
The French Revolution and Napoleon
The document summarizes the key events of the French Revolution and the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte. It describes how the French Revolution began in 1789 due to widespread discontent with the unequal system of the three estates and growing debt. This led to the storming of the Bastille prison and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. However, internal conflicts and war with other European nations plunged France into a Reign of Terror. The revolution was later stabilized under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte, who crowned himself Emperor. However, his military defeats eventually led to his exile and the restoration of the French monarchy.
Unit 2 The bourgeois revolutions
The three sentence summary is:
The document discusses the American and French Revolutions in the late 18th century as examples of bourgeois revolutions. It explains some of the key causes and events of these revolutions, including growing discontent with monarchical rule and demands for more political rights and representation that led to independence in America and the establishment of republics in the aftermath of the overthrow of the French monarchy. The revolutions had important political, economic, and social consequences across Europe.
Ancient Regimen in Crisis
The document summarizes the political, economic, and social conditions in Europe during the 17th-18th centuries, known as the Old Regime period. It describes how absolute monarchs consolidated power in response to crises like wars and famines. Society was stratified into estates with the monarch, clergy, and nobles holding most power. Enlightenment ideas challenged this system by advocating for rational thinking and reforms like separation of powers. While some monarchs adopted limited reforms, the Old Regime ultimately faced revolution in places like France and the establishment of new systems of government like the US Constitution.
Old regime
The document summarizes the social and political structure of 18th century Europe, known as the Old Regime or Ancien Regime. Society was divided into estates, with the first estate being clergy, the second estate being nobility, and the third estate being everyone else. The third estate faced heavy taxation and other burdens. England resisted the development of absolute monarchy to some degree, limiting royal power, though various kings still attempted to rule without Parliament. In the 1700s, the Enlightenment challenged traditional institutions through the application of reason and the ideas of progress, equality, and education of the people.
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AP Between the Wars
The document discusses the rise of totalitarianism in interwar Europe through examining the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy. It describes how both leaders capitalized on economic hardship and political instability in their countries to consolidate power. Hitler rose to power through legal means by being appointed chancellor by Hindenburg in 1933, after which he eliminated political opposition and declared himself Führer and dictator in 1934. Mussolini founded the fascist movement in Italy and came to power in 1922 through a march on Rome, after which he established a dictatorship.
AP Impressionism
Impressionism was an art movement that began in France in the 1860s-1880s. Impressionist paintings depicted everyday subjects and the effects of light on scenes using visible brush strokes. Major Impressionist artists included Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Degas. They painted outdoor scenes of modern life. Post-Impressionism developed after the 1880s, rejecting naturalism and fleeting effects. Post-Impressionists like Seurat, Cézanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Toulouse-Lautrec emphasized expression, structure, and form.
AP La Belle Époque
The document provides an overview of France during the period known as La Belle Époque from 1870-1914. It summarizes key events such as the Franco-Prussian War, the establishment of the Third French Republic, and the Paris Commune revolt. The summary also describes the political instability of the Third Republic due to rivalry between monarchists and republicans. It highlights the significance of The Dreyfus Affair as a divisive issue that reflected tensions in French society between anti-clericals/intellectuals and those supporting the military/Catholics. Finally, it characterizes the bourgeois lifestyle during La Belle Époque and the bohemian counterculture that challenged mainstream values.
AP Victorian England
Victorian England was characterized by a constitutional monarchy under Queen Victoria from 1837-1901. This era saw the realignment of the two major political parties, with the Conservatives led by Benjamin Disraeli and the Liberals led by William Gladstone. A key issue was managing unrest in Ireland related to the Irish Potato Famine from 1845-1852 and calls for home rule. Victorian society emphasized moral standards and proper etiquette, especially for women, with Queen Victoria herself seen as representing virtue and domesticity.
AP 19th C Women and Jews
In late 19th century England, women had limited roles focused on family and homemaking. Some women advocated for greater social and political equality through the women's suffrage movement. Suffragettes like Emmeline Pankhurst used militant tactics like hunger strikes, arson, and chaining themselves to objects to draw attention to their cause. The Representation of the People Act of 1918 granted some women over 30 the right to vote, with all women over 21 gaining the right in 1928, achieving women's suffrage in Britain.
AP German & Italian Unification
The Crimean War (1853-1856) pitted Russia against an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia. It arose from religious and territorial disputes in the Holy Land and the Balkans and Russia's desire for a warm water port. It was a war of firsts, introducing new technologies of warfare as well as journalism and photography. It ended with Russia's defeat in the Treaty of Paris, weakening Russian influence. The war destabilized Europe for 25 years by shattering the Concert of Europe.
AP Long 19th Century
The document provides an overview of political developments in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars and Congress of Vienna from 1814 to 1815. It discusses the goals of Klemens von Metternich to restore monarchies, contain France, and establish a balance of power. It then outlines several political revolts in the 1820s across Europe challenging this system. It also summarizes the French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 that established constitutional monarchies and republican governments respectively. Finally, it introduces some of the major ideological movements ("isms") of the 19th century that emerged in response to industrialization and social changes.
Romanticism
This document provides a list of 44 works of art and architectural structures from the Romantic era along with their artists or architects. Students are instructed to match each work to characteristics of Romanticism and write their responses on a numbered sheet. They are also directed to an additional resource on Romantic literature that includes interactive fairy tales to read.
AP Enlightened Despotism
Enlightened despots applied Enlightenment concepts like rationalization of economic structures and liberation of thought to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, and private property rights. However, their reforms were often resisted and not fully implemented due to opposition from nobles. Three prominent enlightened despots discussed are Frederick the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia, who pursued various economic, social, and educational reforms with mixed success.
AP Women and the Enlightenment
During the Enlightenment period, some philosophers began supporting greater equality and rights for women, though views still largely emphasized women's inferiority and role as mothers and wives. Mary Wollstonecraft was a notable exception, arguing in her 1792 book A Vindication of the Rights of Women that women were equal to men in their rational capacities and deserved the same access to education, challenging views put forward by philosophers like Rousseau. However, most Enlightenment writings, like the Encyclopedia, continued emphasizing women's physical and intellectual weaknesses. Salons run by women provided an acceptable social space for women's education and participation in intellectual discussion.
AP Enlightenment Politics & Philosophy
The Enlightenment saw the development of new political and philosophical ideas centered around three key themes: property, rights, and the rule of law. Major thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau advocated for concepts like natural rights, the social contract, separation of powers, and direct democracy to guarantee individual freedoms and limit authoritarian rule. Other Enlightenment philosophers such as Condorcet, Kant, Diderot, and Voltaire applied reason to topics like universal happiness, the structure of knowledge, and defending liberties like freedom of speech.
AP Society During L'Ancien Régime
The document summarizes aspects of 18th century European society including agriculture, industry, demographics, family life, and the Enlightenment period. It describes:
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2) The rise of rural industry as population growth led to more workers without land taking jobs in cottage industries and putting-out systems.
3) Key aspects of Enlightenment thought including applying reason to religion and society, tolerance of beliefs, and using education to spread ideas through a growing print culture and rise in literacy.
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The War of Austrian Succession was sparked in 1740 when Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI as ruler of the Hapsburg empire, despite the Pragmatic Sanction that ensured her succession. Frederick II of Prussia invaded and took the wealthy territory of Silesia from Austria, starting the war. Over the following years, various European powers including France, Bavaria, Saxony, Britain, and eventually Russia allied with either Austria or Prussia and the borders of Central Europe were reshaped through several treaties. The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war by confirming Prussian control of Silesia and making it a new European power, while Austria maintained the Prag
AP Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution represented a major change in views of the physical universe that began in the 17th century. Prior medieval science was based on reasoning and tradition rather than experimentation. The Scientific Revolution established new principles of science based on questioning old assumptions, empirical evidence through experimentation and observation, and reason over religious dogma. Major developments included Copernicus establishing a heliocentric model of the solar system, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with the telescope, and Newton's formulation of universal gravitation and the laws of motion.
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This document is a November 2011 calendar for a history class that includes assignments, reading due dates, and topics of discussion for each date. Key events include:
- Projects due on the Mideast/Asia region on November 1st and a Salon Project on November 21st.
- No class on November 2nd, 3rd, 23rd, 24th, and 25th.
- Reading assignments and worksheets due on various dates from pages 302-322 about the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire.
- Topics of discussion include the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment politics, enlightened despotism, and the French Revolution.
AP French Absolutism_pt2
Le Château de Versailles is a massive palace located outside Paris that was home to the royal French court under King Louis XIV. The sprawling 2,000 acre grounds include 12 miles of roads and over 200,000 trees, with the palace itself containing over 700 rooms, 67 staircases, and housing thousands of paintings, sculptures, and other artworks and furnishings. Louis XIV moved the French royal court and government to Versailles in order to exert more control over the nobility and distance himself from the populace in Paris, requiring members of the nobility to reside at the palace for parts of the year and adhere to its strict rules of etiquette.
AP English Absolutism
The document discusses the transition from absolutism to constitutionalism in England. It describes how James I and Charles I ruled as absolute monarchs and clashed with Parliament over money and religion. This led to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged victorious and established a Puritan republic. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored but tensions remained over succession and religion. This ultimately led to the Glorious Revolution and the arrival of the Protestant William and Mary, who agreed to a constitutional monarchy that limited royal power and affirmed rights like habeas corpus.
Baroque Art
Baroque art developed in the early 17th century in Rome as a reaction to the perceived perfection of Renaissance art. It later spread across Europe, with each country adding its own style. A key characteristic was the use of light and shadow to elicit an emotional response from viewers. Major patrons included wealthy individuals and merchants seeking art for their homes. The movement emphasized dynamism and emotion over rationality. The two main branches were Catholic Baroque in countries like Italy and Flanders, featuring huge religious works, and Protestant Baroque in Holland and England, which focused more on landscapes, still lifes and portraits with little religious content.
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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19th Century Britain & France
- 2. Britain Constitutional Monarchy House of Windsor Queen Victoria (1837-1901) Era of material progress, literary growth, and political stability
- 4. 1832 Reform Bill - two political parties seemed indistinguishable
- 6. William GladstonePrime Minister 4 times between 1868-1894 -Education Act of 1870 – state-supported public education -Introduced secret ballot (Ballot Act of 1872) -Legalized labor unions -Promoted civil service exam -Eliminated sale of commissions in the army -Worker’s compensation
- 7. The Irish Question Biggest problem = Ireland Irish nationalists sought Home Rule (not granted until 1912) Home Rule = control of local gov’t
- 8. Irish Potato Famine British & Irish tensions Video Clip: Moments in Time: Famine to Freedom: The Great Irish Journey
- 9. Gladstone & The Irish Question Two major legislative pieces: 1869 – Disestablishment Act: Irish Catholics did not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican church in Ireland 1870 – Irish Land Act: curtailed absentee Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish Catholic tenants without compensation Supported Home Rule for Ireland
- 10. Benjamin DisraeliPrime Minister 1874-1880 -Expanded electorate big step toward democracy -Extended laws regulating public sanitation (Public Health Act of 1875) -Safety laws for mines and factories -Regulated housing conditions for poor (Artisans Dwelling Act of 1875)
- 11. Labour Party At turn of century, 3rd party established: Labour Party Caused Liberals to worry (losing their base to Labour Party) Result: Liberals in power from 1906-1916 Set up massive social welfare programs Sickness, accident, old-age, and unemployment insurances were all adopted Progressive tax established (wealthy pay a higher % rate of tax Conservatives pushed for more laissez-faire gov’t
- 13. Virtuous
- 14. Modesty
- 15. Morality
- 16. Rationality
- 18. Role Model Queen Victoria was seen as, “the very model of marital stability and domestic virtue…” She represented “a kind of femininity which was centered on the family, motherhood, and respectability.” Quotes from BBC Victorian Britain
- 19. How to Be a Gent for Dummies Books on how to be a proper British citizen abounded to assist the middle class on the road to morality The book, Happy Homes and the Hearts that Make Them (1882) suggests, “The true gentleman is one who has been fashioned after the highest models…his qualities depend not on fashion or manners but on moral worth - not on personal possessions but upon personal qualities.”
- 20. Oscar Wilde Antithesis of Victorian Ideals Irish Author/Playwright Aesthetic movement: “L’art pour l’art” art should exist solely for its own sake, independent of social and moral concerns Only purpose = to look pretty
- 22. Virtuous
- 23. Modesty
- 24. Morality
- 25. Rationality
- 27. Symbolism
- 28. Decoration
- 29. Materialism
- 30. Extravagance
- 32. You Little Bugger… Epistemology Wilde’s Woes Court - writings used against him Guilty: “Gross Indecency” Jail time…
- 33. Goodbye, Oscar Died - Nov. 30,1900 Meningitis Paris Hotel Final Words…
- 35. Women in Victorian England Focus = family Ideal woman = Queen Victoria Read Handout “Women in Victorian England” & “Victorian Women”
- 36. Women’s Suffrage Many women became more vocal about their demands for social & political equality “Suffragettes”
- 38. 1917: She and her daughter, Christabel, formed the Women’s Party in 1917:Equal pay for equal work Equal marriage & divorcelaws Equality of rights & opportunities in public service A national system of maternity benefits
- 48. La Belle Epoque The Beautiful Age 1870-1914
- 49. France Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) France “goaded” into declaring war by Bismarck France loses – Napoleon III is captured 1871 – German unification Emphasizes the weakness of France
- 52. New government headed by Adolphe Thiers
- 53. continued the fight against the Germans
- 56. Set up unemployment exchanges in town halls
- 57. Provide basic elementary education for all they were strongly against church-controlled schools
- 58. Attempted to set up girls schools
- 61. Paris City Hall Destroyed
- 63. Declaring the3rd French Republic
- 65. Rivalry between monarchists and republicans
- 66. A number of scandals including The Dreyfus Affair [L’Affaire]
- 67. Because there were so many factions, all governments were coalitions
- 70. French counter-intelligence suspected Captain Alfred Dreyfus, from a wealthy Alsatian Jewish family one of the few Jews on the General Staff
- 72. The real culprit was a Major Esterhazy, whose handwriting was the same as that on the bordereau
- 74. J’Accuse!
- 76. The Dreyfusards were anti-clericals, intellectuals, free masons, & socialists
- 77. For Anti-Dreyfusards, the honor of the army was more important than Dreyfus’ guilt or innocenceWere army supported, monarchists, & Catholics.
- 80. Brought back from Devil’s Island a broken man
- 81. Results:Found guilty again, BUT with extenuating circumstances Was given a presidential pardon Exonerated completely in 1906 Served honorably in World War I Died in 1935
- 82. 19th C. French Life
- 83. World Exposition 1889 Gustave Eiffel 1,063 ft tall 7,300 tons $1.6 million to build Entrance to Fair
- 85. Vive La Bohème!
- 86. The Bohemian Way Challenged status quo by rejecting mainstream values and mocking the bourgeoisie Comprised of Artists Students Writers
- 87. The Bohemians Motto: “Truth, beauty, freedom and love” Frequented cafés & music halls Most popular areas: Latin Quarter Montmartre
- 88. The Bourgeoisie Fashion, behavior, etiquette mimicked the aristocracy Frequented: Theater Opera Restaurants Casinos Gardens
- 89. Montmartre
- 95. Le Moulin Rouge Est. 1889 Most famous symbol of the Bohemian life
- 96. At The Moulin Rouge Dancers (Can-Can) Elephant Drink Absinthe
- 98. OMG! It’s the Can-Can!