This document provides an overview of chemistry fundamentals. It defines chemistry as the science examining the materials of the universe and changes they undergo. It outlines eight branches of chemistry: physical, organic, inorganic, biochemistry, industrial, nuclear, environmental, and analytical chemistry. The document then gives examples to differentiate between these branches. It also defines key chemistry concepts - matter, substance, element, compound, and mixture - and provides examples of each. Finally, it explains atomic structure, including the nucleus, atomic number, and mass number.

1. Chemistry
Unit # 1
Fundamentals of Chemistry
Saliha
MS chemistry

2. Pre-reading
Simplest components of wood, rock and
living organisms?
Ancient Greeks believed that everything is
made up of elements.
John Dalton proposed atomic theory
At the end of twentieth
century picture of atom was
proposed

3. 1.1
Branches of Chemistry
Q: Define Chemistry.
Chemistry is defined as:
“the science that examines the materials of the universe and
changes that these materials undergo”

4. Branches of chemistry:
Eight branches of chemistry:
1.Physical chemistry
2.Organic chemistry
3.Inorganic chemistry
4.Biochemistry
5.Industrial chemistry
6.Nuclear chemistry
7.Environmental chemistry
8.Analytical chemistry
Q: write the names of
branches of chemistry

5. 1). Physical chemistry:
The branch of chemistry that deals with laws
and theories to understand the structure
and changes of matter is called physical
chemistry
2). Organic chemistry:
The branch of chemistry that deals
with the substances containing
carbon.

6. 3). Inorganic chemistry:
Deals with elements and their compounds
except organic compounds
4). Biochemistry:
Deals with physical and chemical changes
that occur in living organisms.
5). Industrial chemistry:
Deals with methods and use of technology
in large scale production of useful
substances

7. 6). Nuclear chemistry:
Deals with the changes that occur in atomic
nuclei
7). Environmental chemistry:
Deals with the chemicals and toxic
substances that pollutes the environment
and their adverse effects on human beings
8). Analytical chemistry:
Deals with the methods and instruments
for determining the composition of matter

8. 1.1.1
Differentiate between branches of chemistry
Q#
What is vinegar?
It is 5% acetic acid. CH3COOH.
Colorless liquid.
Used to flavor food.

9. 1). Conversion to gases or solids include laws
……..Physical chemistry
2). Carbon compound….. So its preparation ad
study of physical and chemical properties……………….
Organic chemistry
3). Study of other elements in it is ……………..
Inorganic chemistry
4). Study of reactions that acetic acid undergo in
human body…………… biochemistry

10. 5). Manufacturing on large scale……………..
Industrial chemistry
6). Effect of radioactive radiations on acetic
acid ………….. Nuclear chemistry
7)Study of adverse effects of this
compound on environment……….
Environmental chemistry
8). Methods, instrumentation to
determine its composition, melting point,
boiling point……. Analytical chemistry

11. Basic definitions:
1). Matter:
“ anything that occupies space and has
mass is called matter”
2). Substance: Any matter that has a
particular set of characteristics that differ
from the characteristics of other kind of
matter is called a substance.
Forexample:
Oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, urea,
Glucose, common salts

12. Element:
A substance that cannot be converted into
other simpler substances is called an
element.
Element is a substance whose all atoms have
same atomic number.
Forexample:
Oxygen, hydrogen, iron, copper, aluminum,

13. Compound:
A compound is a pure substance that
contains of two or more elements held
together in fixed proportions by natural
forces called chemical bonds.
The properties of compounds are different
from the properties of elements from which
they are formed.
Forexample:
Water, Carbon dioxide,
copper sulfate, sodium
chloride

14. Mixture:
An impure substance that contain two or more pure substances
that retain their individual chemical characteristics is called a
mixture.
Mixture can be converted to two or more pure substances by
physical method.

15. For example:
Air
Water containing dissolved oxygen
table alt dissolved in water
Salt + sand

18. Structure of
Atom
Nucleus

19. Atomic number:
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is
known as its atomic number.
Forexample:
• Hydrogen has 1 proton , thus it has 1
atomic number
• He has 2 protons it has 2 atomic
number
• Carbon has 6 protons it has 6 atomic
number

20. Mass number:
Total number of protons and neutron in an atom is known as
mass number.
Number of protons + Number of neutrons= Mass number
Atomic number + no. of neutrons = Mass number
Atomic No. – Mass No. = No. of neutrons

21. Atomic number of an element = 17
Mass number = 35
How many protons and neutrons?
Number of proton is called atomic number ….. So,
Atomic number is 17 … It means
Number of protons are 17.
Number of neutrons = no. of protons- mass number
= 17 – 35
= 18