The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of child psychology presented by Dr. Shivani S. Singh. It defines key terms like child psychology, emotion, and behavior. It discusses the importance of understanding child psychology for dental care. Several theories of child development are explained, including psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, classical conditioning theory, and social learning theory. The document focuses on Freud's psychodynamic theories including the psychic model of id, ego, and superego.
This document provides an overview of child psychology and theories of child development. It discusses Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory including the psychosexual stages of development from oral to genital. It also covers Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory and the 8 stages from trust vs mistrust to integrity vs despair. Jean Piaget's cognitive theory and the stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operations are also summarized. The document aims to help dental clinicians understand child psychology and behavior management.
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development proposed that personality forms from negotiations of psychosexual stages - oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Erik Erikson expanded on this, proposing 8 psychosocial stages from infancy to late adulthood. The first stage, trust vs mistrust, involves infants developing trust if caregivers meet needs consistently. The second, autonomy vs shame and doubt, sees toddlers developing independence if given opportunities to do so with support. The third, initiative vs guilt, involves preschoolers initiating activities if successes are supported versus feeling guilt from failures.
This presentation provides information about the Psychodynamic Theories of child psychology. It is well supported with examples and illustrations for a better understanding of the topic.
Hope you like it! Suggestions and feedback will be well appreciated! :)
Psychological management of child in dentistry using Jean Piagets Cognitive T...savithasathyaprasad
This power point deals with clinical implication of Jean Piaget's theory of child psychology in paediatric dentistry and application in chair side behavior management of child
Child Psychology - Sigmund freud theory Ishani Sharma
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of child development proposes that personality forms from the psychosexual stages that children progress through from birth to adolescence. His theory includes three components: the topographic model of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds; the psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital; and the psychic apparatus of the id, ego, and superego. Successful completion of each stage supports healthy development, while fixation can result from unresolved conflicts. Freud's theory emphasizes the role of sexuality compared to other theories which focus more on cognitive or social factors.
Child psychology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of child psychology presented by Dr. Shivani S. Singh. It defines key terms like child psychology, emotion, and behavior. It discusses the importance of understanding child psychology for dental care. Several theories of child development are explained, including psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, classical conditioning theory, and social learning theory. The document focuses on Freud's psychodynamic theories including the psychic model of id, ego, and superego.
This document provides an overview of child psychology and theories of child development. It discusses Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory including the psychosexual stages of development from oral to genital. It also covers Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory and the 8 stages from trust vs mistrust to integrity vs despair. Jean Piaget's cognitive theory and the stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operations are also summarized. The document aims to help dental clinicians understand child psychology and behavior management.
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development proposed that personality forms from negotiations of psychosexual stages - oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Erik Erikson expanded on this, proposing 8 psychosocial stages from infancy to late adulthood. The first stage, trust vs mistrust, involves infants developing trust if caregivers meet needs consistently. The second, autonomy vs shame and doubt, sees toddlers developing independence if given opportunities to do so with support. The third, initiative vs guilt, involves preschoolers initiating activities if successes are supported versus feeling guilt from failures.
This presentation provides information about the Psychodynamic Theories of child psychology. It is well supported with examples and illustrations for a better understanding of the topic.
Hope you like it! Suggestions and feedback will be well appreciated! :)
Psychological management of child in dentistry using Jean Piagets Cognitive T...savithasathyaprasad
This power point deals with clinical implication of Jean Piaget's theory of child psychology in paediatric dentistry and application in chair side behavior management of child
Child Psychology - Sigmund freud theory Ishani Sharma
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of child development proposes that personality forms from the psychosexual stages that children progress through from birth to adolescence. His theory includes three components: the topographic model of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds; the psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital; and the psychic apparatus of the id, ego, and superego. Successful completion of each stage supports healthy development, while fixation can result from unresolved conflicts. Freud's theory emphasizes the role of sexuality compared to other theories which focus more on cognitive or social factors.
Child psychology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
It is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious element in a child.
It explains the dental application of child's behavior in during treatment.
This document provides an overview of fear and its management in children. It defines fear and discusses the types, signs and symptoms, and response to fear. It also covers anxiety, phobias, and how to assess fear levels in children. The document concludes with a discussion of management strategies and references for fear in children.
Covered Psychosexual theories by Sigmund Freud, Psychosocial theories by Erik Erikson, Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget.
also have included dental application of each theory
Dental management of handicapped childrenSaeed Bajafar
This document discusses dental management of handicapped children, including those with mental, physical, medical, or social conditions that interfere with normal functioning. It outlines considerations for the initial dental visit such as medical history and discussing treatment with physicians. Common oral issues in these patients include poor hygiene, cavities, malocclusion, and parafunctional habits. Treatment must be tailored based on a patient's level of dependency, disability type, health issues, oral hygiene, and behavior. Classification systems divide patients based on specific dental problems or conditions like physical, sensory, neurological, or chronic diseases. Guidelines are provided for treating patients with mental retardation or cerebral palsy.
The document provides an overview of child psychology and its relevance to dentistry. It discusses several theories of child development, including Freud's psychosexual stages of development, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Piaget's cognitive development stages. According to these theories, a child's psychological development progresses through distinct phases, and their experiences at each phase shape their behaviors and personality. Understanding child psychology is important for dental clinicians to effectively communicate with children, gain their confidence, and create a comfortable environment during treatments. The document also covers definitions, factors influencing child behavior, and behavioral management strategies.
The document discusses the growth and development of the cranial vault and base. It begins with the anatomy and functions, then covers prenatal and postnatal growth. Prenatally, the cranial vault develops through intramembranous ossification, while the cranial base develops through endochondral ossification from cartilaginous precursors. Multiple sutures and fontanelles are present at birth that gradually close during postnatal growth through remodeling and sutural growth.
The document discusses several major theories of child development, including Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, and Piaget's cognitive development stages. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each theory, such as the stages, focuses of pleasure, and interactions with the environment according to Freud and Erikson. The theories aim to understand child development and behavior from infancy through adolescence.
This document discusses occlusal development from birth through adulthood. It begins by describing the gum pads present at birth, noting their segmentation and relationships. It then outlines the four periods of occlusal development: neonatal, primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. For each period, it details the typical eruption sequence and characteristics. The mixed dentition period is subdivided into three phases focusing on molar relationships and shifts. Factors that facilitate the transition between primary and permanent incisors are also explained.
1. Several classifications of child behavior in dental settings are discussed, including Wilson's, Wright's, and Lampshire's classifications.
2. Factors like age, temperament, home environment, and past dental experiences can influence a child's behavior. Children's behaviors range from cooperative to disruptive.
3. Rating scales like Frankl's and the Houpt scale can be used to assess a child's level of anxiety or cooperation during dental treatment. Understanding a child's behavioral patterns is important for effective behavior guidance.
Stainless steel crowns are semi-permanent restorations used for primary and young permanent teeth. They were introduced in 1950 as chrome-steel crowns. The objectives are to provide a biologically compatible and masticatorily functional restoration that maintains the tooth's form, function, and vitality when possible. There are three types - untrimmed, pretrimmed, and precontoured. Placement involves tooth preparation with reduction, selection of appropriately sized crowns, trial fitting, contouring and crimping, and final cementation.
This document discusses psychological growth and development in children from infancy to adolescence. It covers the key periods of development and important behaviors and milestones at each stage. For example, it notes that infancy from birth to 1 year is a critical period for personality development and trust building. It also discusses common behaviors seen in children during dental visits, such as crying, anxiety, resistance and timidity. The document provides several classifications of child behaviors and factors that can influence their behavior, such as their age, dental experiences and parental influences. It emphasizes the importance of effective communication and behavior management techniques in caring for children, such as modeling, positive reinforcement and distraction.
Behavioural Management in Pediatric DentistrySwalihaAlthaf
This document provides information on behavioral management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines key terms like behavior, behavior management, behavior shaping, and behavior modification. It then categorizes and describes various non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, use of second language, tell-show-do, desensitization, modeling, behavior shaping, contingency management, distraction, assimilation and coping techniques.
Zirconia crowns for primary anterior and posterior teethSung-Ki Kim
1) The document discusses zirconia crowns for primary anterior and posterior teeth. Zirconia is presented as a strong ceramic material that is biocompatible and esthetic.
2) Details are provided on the properties of zirconia, including its high strength, hardness, and fracture toughness compared to other dental materials. Advantages of zirconia crowns for primary teeth include esthetics, strength, and reduced chair time.
3) Guidance is given on tooth preparation, crown selection, cementation, and maintenance of zirconia crowns for primary teeth. Studies suggest zirconia crowns do not cause excessive wear to opposing teeth.
Management of Deep Bite _ Dr. Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
Deep bite, also known as vertical overlap, is an excessive overlapping of the front upper teeth over the lower teeth. It can be caused by over-eruption of the front teeth, infra-occlusion of the back teeth, or skeletal factors. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve intrusion of the front teeth using appliances, extrusion of the back teeth, or a combination approach. Successful correction requires a thorough examination and analysis to determine the right treatment plan along with proper retention afterwards to ensure stability of results.
This document summarizes recent advances in rebuilding lost enamel structure through biomimetics. It discusses the mechanisms of demineralization and remineralization, and the requirements of effective remineralizing agents. Both fluoride and non-fluoride strategies are examined, including casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), nano-hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, arginine, and tricalcium phosphate. CPP-ACP, which mimics proteins found in saliva, and bioactive glass materials like NovaMin and bioglass, are highlighted as effective remineralizing agents. The document provides details on the compositions and mechanisms of various strategies to promote remin
This document provides an overview of commonly prescribed medications in pediatric dentistry, including antimicrobials, analgesics, and fluorides. It discusses the increased complexity of prescribing medications due to issues like microbial resistance and drug interactions. The document covers characteristics, warnings, precautions and dosages for various categories of medications. It emphasizes the need to adjust dosages for pediatric patients based on their lower body weight compared to adults.
Management & Prevention of early childhood cariesSushma Mohan
This document discusses the management and prevention of early childhood caries (ECC) and rampant caries. It defines ECC as occurring in primary teeth, usually affecting maxillary incisors and molars. Rampant caries can occur at any age and affects both primary and permanent teeth. Treatment for ECC focuses on controlling the carious process, restoring teeth, and educating parents on diet and oral hygiene. Prevention strategies include community education, preventing transmission of cariogenic bacteria, and home-based approaches like fluoride varnish and sealants. Management of rampant caries depends on the extent of decay and involves provisional restorations, diet and hygiene counseling, and fluoride therapy tailored to a patient's
Child development begins at conception and continues through adolescence as children develop physically, mentally, and emotionally. The document outlines key stages of development from prenatal development through childhood. It discusses periods like the zygote, embryo, and fetus stages before birth. After birth, development includes growth, motor skills, cognitive abilities, language, and social-emotional skills according to theorists like Piaget and Vygotsky. Child development is complex and can be influenced by many environmental and biological factors.
This document discusses child behavior and behavior management techniques in dentistry. It defines concepts like fear, anxiety, and emotions commonly seen in children. It also describes various classification systems used to assess child behavior and factors that can influence it like parental attitudes. The document outlines non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, modeling, desensitization and contingency management. It discusses practical considerations for behavior management in a dental clinic.
It is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious element in a child.
It explains the dental application of child's behavior in during treatment.
This document provides an overview of fear and its management in children. It defines fear and discusses the types, signs and symptoms, and response to fear. It also covers anxiety, phobias, and how to assess fear levels in children. The document concludes with a discussion of management strategies and references for fear in children.
Covered Psychosexual theories by Sigmund Freud, Psychosocial theories by Erik Erikson, Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget.
also have included dental application of each theory
Dental management of handicapped childrenSaeed Bajafar
This document discusses dental management of handicapped children, including those with mental, physical, medical, or social conditions that interfere with normal functioning. It outlines considerations for the initial dental visit such as medical history and discussing treatment with physicians. Common oral issues in these patients include poor hygiene, cavities, malocclusion, and parafunctional habits. Treatment must be tailored based on a patient's level of dependency, disability type, health issues, oral hygiene, and behavior. Classification systems divide patients based on specific dental problems or conditions like physical, sensory, neurological, or chronic diseases. Guidelines are provided for treating patients with mental retardation or cerebral palsy.
The document provides an overview of child psychology and its relevance to dentistry. It discusses several theories of child development, including Freud's psychosexual stages of development, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Piaget's cognitive development stages. According to these theories, a child's psychological development progresses through distinct phases, and their experiences at each phase shape their behaviors and personality. Understanding child psychology is important for dental clinicians to effectively communicate with children, gain their confidence, and create a comfortable environment during treatments. The document also covers definitions, factors influencing child behavior, and behavioral management strategies.
The document discusses the growth and development of the cranial vault and base. It begins with the anatomy and functions, then covers prenatal and postnatal growth. Prenatally, the cranial vault develops through intramembranous ossification, while the cranial base develops through endochondral ossification from cartilaginous precursors. Multiple sutures and fontanelles are present at birth that gradually close during postnatal growth through remodeling and sutural growth.
The document discusses several major theories of child development, including Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, and Piaget's cognitive development stages. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each theory, such as the stages, focuses of pleasure, and interactions with the environment according to Freud and Erikson. The theories aim to understand child development and behavior from infancy through adolescence.
This document discusses occlusal development from birth through adulthood. It begins by describing the gum pads present at birth, noting their segmentation and relationships. It then outlines the four periods of occlusal development: neonatal, primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. For each period, it details the typical eruption sequence and characteristics. The mixed dentition period is subdivided into three phases focusing on molar relationships and shifts. Factors that facilitate the transition between primary and permanent incisors are also explained.
1. Several classifications of child behavior in dental settings are discussed, including Wilson's, Wright's, and Lampshire's classifications.
2. Factors like age, temperament, home environment, and past dental experiences can influence a child's behavior. Children's behaviors range from cooperative to disruptive.
3. Rating scales like Frankl's and the Houpt scale can be used to assess a child's level of anxiety or cooperation during dental treatment. Understanding a child's behavioral patterns is important for effective behavior guidance.
Stainless steel crowns are semi-permanent restorations used for primary and young permanent teeth. They were introduced in 1950 as chrome-steel crowns. The objectives are to provide a biologically compatible and masticatorily functional restoration that maintains the tooth's form, function, and vitality when possible. There are three types - untrimmed, pretrimmed, and precontoured. Placement involves tooth preparation with reduction, selection of appropriately sized crowns, trial fitting, contouring and crimping, and final cementation.
This document discusses psychological growth and development in children from infancy to adolescence. It covers the key periods of development and important behaviors and milestones at each stage. For example, it notes that infancy from birth to 1 year is a critical period for personality development and trust building. It also discusses common behaviors seen in children during dental visits, such as crying, anxiety, resistance and timidity. The document provides several classifications of child behaviors and factors that can influence their behavior, such as their age, dental experiences and parental influences. It emphasizes the importance of effective communication and behavior management techniques in caring for children, such as modeling, positive reinforcement and distraction.
Behavioural Management in Pediatric DentistrySwalihaAlthaf
This document provides information on behavioral management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines key terms like behavior, behavior management, behavior shaping, and behavior modification. It then categorizes and describes various non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, use of second language, tell-show-do, desensitization, modeling, behavior shaping, contingency management, distraction, assimilation and coping techniques.
Zirconia crowns for primary anterior and posterior teethSung-Ki Kim
1) The document discusses zirconia crowns for primary anterior and posterior teeth. Zirconia is presented as a strong ceramic material that is biocompatible and esthetic.
2) Details are provided on the properties of zirconia, including its high strength, hardness, and fracture toughness compared to other dental materials. Advantages of zirconia crowns for primary teeth include esthetics, strength, and reduced chair time.
3) Guidance is given on tooth preparation, crown selection, cementation, and maintenance of zirconia crowns for primary teeth. Studies suggest zirconia crowns do not cause excessive wear to opposing teeth.
Management of Deep Bite _ Dr. Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
Deep bite, also known as vertical overlap, is an excessive overlapping of the front upper teeth over the lower teeth. It can be caused by over-eruption of the front teeth, infra-occlusion of the back teeth, or skeletal factors. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve intrusion of the front teeth using appliances, extrusion of the back teeth, or a combination approach. Successful correction requires a thorough examination and analysis to determine the right treatment plan along with proper retention afterwards to ensure stability of results.
This document summarizes recent advances in rebuilding lost enamel structure through biomimetics. It discusses the mechanisms of demineralization and remineralization, and the requirements of effective remineralizing agents. Both fluoride and non-fluoride strategies are examined, including casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), nano-hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, arginine, and tricalcium phosphate. CPP-ACP, which mimics proteins found in saliva, and bioactive glass materials like NovaMin and bioglass, are highlighted as effective remineralizing agents. The document provides details on the compositions and mechanisms of various strategies to promote remin
This document provides an overview of commonly prescribed medications in pediatric dentistry, including antimicrobials, analgesics, and fluorides. It discusses the increased complexity of prescribing medications due to issues like microbial resistance and drug interactions. The document covers characteristics, warnings, precautions and dosages for various categories of medications. It emphasizes the need to adjust dosages for pediatric patients based on their lower body weight compared to adults.
Management & Prevention of early childhood cariesSushma Mohan
This document discusses the management and prevention of early childhood caries (ECC) and rampant caries. It defines ECC as occurring in primary teeth, usually affecting maxillary incisors and molars. Rampant caries can occur at any age and affects both primary and permanent teeth. Treatment for ECC focuses on controlling the carious process, restoring teeth, and educating parents on diet and oral hygiene. Prevention strategies include community education, preventing transmission of cariogenic bacteria, and home-based approaches like fluoride varnish and sealants. Management of rampant caries depends on the extent of decay and involves provisional restorations, diet and hygiene counseling, and fluoride therapy tailored to a patient's
Child development begins at conception and continues through adolescence as children develop physically, mentally, and emotionally. The document outlines key stages of development from prenatal development through childhood. It discusses periods like the zygote, embryo, and fetus stages before birth. After birth, development includes growth, motor skills, cognitive abilities, language, and social-emotional skills according to theorists like Piaget and Vygotsky. Child development is complex and can be influenced by many environmental and biological factors.
This document discusses child behavior and behavior management techniques in dentistry. It defines concepts like fear, anxiety, and emotions commonly seen in children. It also describes various classification systems used to assess child behavior and factors that can influence it like parental attitudes. The document outlines non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, modeling, desensitization and contingency management. It discusses practical considerations for behavior management in a dental clinic.
This document discusses several important theories of child psychology, including:
- Psychodynamic theories proposed by Freud and Erikson focusing on psychosexual and psychosocial development.
- Behavioral learning theories from Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura regarding classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
- Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which describes four stages from sensorimotor to formal operations between birth and adolescence involving developing schemas, object permanence, causality, and symbolic thought.
child psychology is something very complicated to know about.
This presentation gives a detailed overview on the psychology of children that even helps in the architecture designing of their dwelling and stuffs :)
Behaviour management is important for pediatric dentists treating cognitively, physically, mentally and emotionally developing children. The major difference between treating adults and children is that treating children involves a triad relationship between the child, dentist and parents. Dentists should counsel parents not to voice their own fears in front of children or use dentistry as a threat. Factors like the dentist's attitude, attire, and presence of parents can affect a child's behavior. Effective behavior management techniques for children include communication, modeling, desensitization, voice control, relaxation and hypnosis. Physical restraints should only be used as a last resort for uncooperative or handicapped patients.
Child psychology is the study of psychological processes in children and how they differ from adults. It examines how children develop cognitively, socially, emotionally, and physically from birth through adolescence. Some key theories in child development include attachment theory, constructivism, psychosexual development, and psychosocial development proposed by theorists like Piaget, Freud, Erikson, and Vygotsky. Researchers study development through various methods like observation, interviews, and longitudinal studies to better understand childhood.
Child psychology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document summarizes several theories of child psychology and development, including psychosexual theory by Sigmund Freud, psychosocial theory by Erik Erikson, and cognitive development theory by Jean Piaget. It discusses stages of development in each theory and how children progress through different phases. The key developmental crises and tasks associated with each stage are explained.
Skinner's operant conditioning theory posits that behavior is shaped by its consequences rather than driven by internal processes or stimuli. Through experiments using a Skinner box, he found that rats would learn to press a lever when rewarded with food pellets. Their behavior was conditioned and reinforced through positive reinforcement. Operant conditioning is a process of learning whereby behaviors are strengthened if followed by rewarding consequences or weakened if followed by unpleasant consequences, with the goal of increasing or decreasing certain behaviors.
The document discusses emotions and phobias in children. It describes how crying changes as a child develops, from birth through school age and adolescence. It also defines phobias and lists common types, such as fears of animals, darkness, and school. Phobias are most common in children ages 2-4 and 4-6, and often disappear by age 10. Situational phobias can involve fears of open or crowded places.
Child & adult psychology in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
This document discusses child and adult psychology as it relates to orthodontics. It begins with definitions of key terms and explores several theories of child psychology, including psychodynamic, psychosocial, and cognitive theories. It outlines Erikson's stages of psychosocial development and Piaget's stages of cognitive development. It also discusses learning and behavioral theories, including classical and operant conditioning. The document aims to help orthodontists understand child and adult psychology to better manage patients and provide successful treatment.
This document discusses child psychology and corporal punishment. It begins by defining personality and the factors that influence it, including heredity, environment, and culture. It then discusses objectives of education such as developing law-abiding citizens and improving workforce skills. Next, it defines corporal punishment as physical punishment of children, such as spanking or paddling. It notes that corporal punishment lowers children's self-esteem, interferes with learning, and discourages reasoning. It can also make children feel lonely, sad, and abandoned. The document concludes by suggesting alternative approaches to corporal punishment for motivating mischievous children, such as educating them instead of punishing.
Freud believed that personality develops through five psychosexual stages - oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. At each stage, the libido or pleasure focus is in a different erogenous zone. Fixation can occur if needs are under- or over-gratified at a stage, resulting in unresolved conflicts. The phallic stage involves the Oedipus complex where children desire the opposite-sex parent. Resolving this helps one identify with the same-sex parent and progress to the latency stage of subdued sexuality and developing other skills. The genital stage begins puberty where sexual pleasure comes from outside the family.
Acknowledgement of early childhood developmental psychology is necessary for you as a parent because this is the crucial period for your child’s physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. Child psychology is important in understanding your child’s wants and needs. Social, cultural, and socioeconomic are the three context of child psychology. Go through the slide to get the detailed view of these contexts & know how to understand child psychology.
Oral Habits in Children. Part 1: Thumb sucking and Mouth BreathingRajesh Bariker
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit”
The seminar is tailor made for students with an intent to help understand the subject, hope this makes up my little contribution in simplifying the topic.
Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space or regain minor amounts of space lost after a primary tooth is lost. There are several types of space maintainers including fixed appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe appliances as well as removable partial dentures. Key factors in determining the appropriate space maintainer include the amount of time since tooth loss, dental age of the patient, amount of bone covering the unerupted tooth, and sequence of eruption of surrounding teeth. Space maintainers aim to guide unerupted teeth into proper positions and prevent over-eruption of opposing teeth.
Operant conditioning is a theory of learning that focuses on how environmental interactions influence behavior. B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning which explains that behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. There are four principles of operant conditioning: immediacy of consequences, deprivation and satiation, contingency between behavior and consequence, and effectiveness being determined by size of consequence. Reinforcement and punishment are used to shape behaviors through positive or negative consequences.
This document provides an overview of the organization and development of the nervous system. It discusses:
1) How the nervous system develops from the ectoderm germ layer and formation of the neural tube and neural crest.
2) The basic structure and function of neurons, including their specialized cell parts like axons and dendrites.
3) How neurons communicate through synapses and neurotransmitters.
4) The main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, and their functions in coordinating behavior and maintaining homeostasis.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where organisms learn to associate stimuli through repeated pairings. Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning by pairing a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus of food, which elicited an unconditioned response of salivation in dogs. Through repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the conditioned response of salivation. There are different types of classical conditioning procedures including forward, backward, and simultaneous conditioning. Classical conditioning principles can be applied to advertising through repetition, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination.
Psychologica /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document discusses the psychological aspects of orthodontic treatment. It begins with an introduction to psychology and social psychology. It then covers various theories of psychological and behavioral development such as learning and conditioning theories. It discusses models of health behavior and the emotional development theory. A significant portion of the document focuses on patient compliance factors and achieving compliance. It also discusses the use of educational and psychological principles in orthodontic practice and psychosocial factors related to orthognathic surgery. In summary, the document provides an overview of psychological theories and their application to understanding patient behaviors and improving compliance and outcomes in orthodontic treatment.
Psychologica /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This presentation aims to make an individual understand about the development of Psychoanalytic theory, aspects related to it and specially more focus on the therapeutic approach.
It covers: Information about Sigmund Freud, Concepts given by him and about the Therapeutic approach.
This seminar consists of an introduction to child psychology followed by psychodynamic theories and its applicatioms followed by description and types of fear and anxietry followed by various behaviour rating scales and classification of behaviour
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Sigmund Freud developed a comprehensive theory of personality comprising three interacting parts: the id, ego, and superego. The id operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. The ego develops to cope with reality. The superego incorporates social standards of right and wrong through ego ideals and conscience. Freud's psychodynamic theory provides a framework to understand human behavior and development through examining early relationships, defense mechanisms, and resolving psychosexual stages from oral to genital.
This document discusses the connections between modern psychology and yoga. It provides overviews of both fields, comparing their goals and perspectives. Some key points:
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, with goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control. Yoga is a way of life focusing on the body, breath, and mind.
- Major perspectives in psychology include psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, biological, cognitive, social/cultural, and evolutionary. Yoga incorporates concepts like karma, free will, and the impact of diet on the mind.
- Figures like Freud, Maslow, Skinner, and Vygotsky contributed new understandings to psychology. Y
Social and emotional development refers to a child's ability to form relationships and manage emotions. There are several theories that describe socio-emotional development. Freud's psychodynamic theory views development as occurring through the id, ego, and superego. Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes 8 stages of development centered around psychosocial crises. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes how children learn behaviors through observation and modeling influential individuals like parents and teachers. The core focus of socio-emotional development is a child's capacity to establish and maintain relationships with others.
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Some of Freud's key contributions include his theory of the unconscious mind and how it influences behavior, as well as developing therapeutic techniques like psychoanalysis. He proposed that the mind is divided into the id, ego, and superego and proposed psychosexual stages of development from infancy to adulthood. Freud explored human behavior and psychopathology and developed clinical techniques like free association and dream analysis to treat mental illness.
Sigmund Freud was a pioneering psychologist who developed psychoanalytic theory and established the field of psychoanalysis. Some of Freud's key concepts include his structural model of the mind consisting of the id, ego, and superego; his theory of psychosexual development; and his view that unconscious drives and early childhood experiences influence behavior. Freud explored the human mind more thoroughly than previous thinkers and influenced fields like psychology, literature, and child-rearing. Psychoanalysis aims to make the unconscious conscious through free association and analysis of dreams and resistance during therapy sessions.
The Psychodynamic Model - An Introduction to FreudnoiseTM
Sigmund Freud was the first to see mental illness in purely psychological terms (rather than physical or spiritual causes). From unconscious drives, "ego defences" and child development to the idea of the "talking cure" - the origins of modern psychotherapy and counselling.
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This document provides an overview of individual determinants of consumer behavior, including personality, self-concept, motivation, and learning/memory/recall. It discusses several personality theories and traits that influence consumer decisions. It also examines the concepts of self-image and motivation, describing different types of motives and motivation theories. Marketing implications are that personality traits can help segment consumers and appeal to their traits through branding, promotion, and product positioning. Motivation and self-image also influence product choices and how marketers can ensure satisfaction through congruence between products and consumers' self-concepts.
Overview of major theories of personality in psychology, including:
1) Freud's Psychoanalytic theory,
2) Car Jung's, Eysencks and Cattel's trait theories (includes details on both MBTI and Big5),
3) Skinner's, Bandura's and Rotter's Behavioural and Social Cognitive theories, and
4) Maslow's and Roger's Humanistic theories
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The psychodynamic approach to counseling originated from Sigmund Freud's ideas of psychoanalysis. It focuses on helping clients gain insight into the underlying reasons for their problems and develop the ability to cope with future difficulties. Key concepts include the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and psychosexual stages of development. Techniques include transference, free association, dream analysis, and interpretation. The approach has evolved with object relations theory, attachment theory, and consideration of multicultural issues.
Sigmund Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis. He developed theories about the structure and function of the mind, including that it is divided into the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels. The unconscious contains repressed memories and drives much of human behavior. Freud also proposed that the id, ego, and superego make up the structure of personality, with the id driven by instincts and the ego and superego regulating it based on reality and morality. Psychoanalysis aims to bring unconscious material to consciousness to gain insight through techniques like free association and dream analysis on Freud's famous couch.
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. He lived from 1856 to 1939, originally working as a doctor in Vienna but later leaving for London after the Nazi takeover of Austria. Freud developed theories about the unconscious mind and how unconscious desires influence behaviors and relationships. He proposed that personality comprises the id, ego, and superego and is influenced by psychosexual development through childhood stages. Freud's work revolutionized the study and understanding of human psychology.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Socha hi na tha ki jeene ke liye dard
sambhalane honge.. Muskuraney ke liye
dard bhulane honge.. Isi dard mein
muskuraney ko log shayad kehte honge
ZINDAGI…………!
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. WHY PSYCHOLOGY???
Psychological development is a dynamic process
Governed by genetic, familial, cultural,
interpersonal & interpsychic factors
Dentist- “Parent Surrogate”
Need to understand psychological development
to relate & guide effectively
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Definitions
Psychology: The science of the human soul;
specifically, the systematic or scientific knowledge of
the powers and functions of the human soul, so far
as they are known by consciousness; a treatise on
the human soul.
Child psychology: The branch of psychology that
studies the social and mental development of children
- U.S. National Library of Medicine
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Definitions…
Emotions: An effective state of consciousness in
which joy, sorrow, fear, hate or the likes are
expressed
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Definitions…
Behavior- any change observed in functioning of
organisms.
Behavior management- means by which dental
team effectively and efficiently instills a positive
dental attitude in child.
-- Wright, 1975
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Importance of child psychology
Better understanding of the child
Know problems of psychological origin
Deliver dental service in a meaningful manner
Establish effective communication
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Importance of child psychology
Gain confidence of child & parents
Better teaching of primary & preventive care
Effective treatment planning and execution
Provide a comfortable environment
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Classification
Theories of child
psychology
PSYCHODYANAMIC
Psychosexual theory
Psychosocial theory
Cognitive theory
BEHAVIOUR LEARNING
Classical conditioning theory
Operant conditioning theory
Social learning theory
Hierarchy of social needs
MARGARET S MAHLER’S THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Psychodynamic theories:
Psychosexual theory- Sigmund Freud (1905)
Cognitive development theory- Jean Piaget
(1952)
Psychosocial theory- Eric Erickson (1963)
Behavioral theories:
Classical conditioning – Pavlov (1927)
Operant conditioning – Skinner (1938)
Hierarchy of needs – Masler (1954)
Social Learning theory – Bandura (1963)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Psychosexual/Psychoanalytical Theory
Sigmund Freud (1905)
Attempts to explain the
personality & psychological
disorders .
Personality to originate from
biological roots, as a result of
satisfaction of set of instincts
of which sexual instinct is
important.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Psychosexual/Psychodynamic Theory
• Described 6 stages–
•
oral
anal
urethral
phallic
latency
genital
At each stage sexual energy invested in particular part
is called an erogenous zone.
• Human mind–
topographic model
psychic model/psychic triad
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Topographical model
MIND AS AN ICEBERG…
Consists of….. ,,,,,,,
conscious,
preconscious &
subconscious mind
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Only 10% of an iceberg is visible (conscious)
whereas
the other 90% is beneath (unconscious)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Conscious mind
The conscious mind is where
we are paying attention
at the moment…
Only our current thinking processes and objects of
attention
Constitutes a very large part of our current
awareness
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Preconscious mind
Ordinary memory & knowledge
Those things of which we are aware, but where we
are not paying attention
Deliberately bring them into the conscious mind by
focusing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Unconscious/Subconscious mind
The process and content are
out of direct reach of the
conscious mind.
Thinks and acts independently
Dump box for urges, feelings
and ideas
Exert influence on our actions and our conscious
awareness
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Structural mind
An individual’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are
the result of the interaction of the id, the ego and the
superego
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. ID – Pleasure principle
Basic structure of personality
which serves as reservoir of
instincts or mental representative.
Born with it.
As newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met
Wants whatever feels good at the time, with no
consideration for the reality of the situation
Strives for immediate pleasure and gratification
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Ego
The rational part of the mind.
Develops out of ID in 2-6 month, when infant distinguish
between itself and outside world.
Uses secondary processes (perception, recognition,
judgment and memory)
Its governed by -- “Reality principle”
REALITY PRINCIPLE -- Developed after birth , expands
with age and it delays modifies and controls ID impulses on
realistic level.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Super ego
Prohibition learned from environment ( parents & society)
Acts as censor of acceptability of thoughts , feelings and
behavior
Determined by regulations imposed upon child by
parents , society and culture.
Its internalized control which produces feelings of shame
and guilt.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. In a healthy person the ego is the strongest
it can satisfy the needs of the id
not upset the superego
still take into consideration the reality of every situation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Ego defense
mechanisms
These are tactics which the Ego develops to help
deal with the ID and the Super Ego
All Defense Mechanisms share two common
properties :
- They often appear unconsciously.
- They tend to distort, transform, or
otherwise falsify reality
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. EGO DEFENCES
ANXIETY
When become overwhelming , EGO must defend itself.
It does so consciously by blocking impulses EGO
DEFENCE
Distorting them in most acceptable manner MECHANISMS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Displacement:
Redirecting our impulses (often anger) from the real
target (because that is too dangerous) to a safer but
innocent person
Student
scolded by teacher.
shout at juniors
stamping feet
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Projection:
Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts,
feelings, impulses to others.
Person having aggressive feelings towards others
may find it unacceptable to admit he/she have such
feelings
So they project as others have aggressive feelings
towards him/her.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Reaction formation
Reversal of our feelings, overacting in the opposite
way to the fear.
Loose temper
Laugh to prevent anxiety
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. Regression:
Giving up of mature problem-- solving methods in
favor of child like approaches to fixing problems
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. REPRESSION
PRIMARY REPRESSION
PRIMAL REPRESSION
Expulsion of thought
and memories that
might provoke anxiety
from conscious mind
Process by which
hidden ID impulses are
blocked from ever
reaching
consciousness.
Past painful dental experience --- avoid thinking about painful event --repress anxiousness
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Rationalization:
Giving excuses for shortcomings and thereby
avoiding self-condemnation, disappointments, or
criticism by others
Poor performance in exam
blame teacher
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. DENIAL
Person may deny(refuse) some aspect of reality.
Big ulcer in mouth
Diagnosed as carcinoma
Not able to tackle, consult another doctor for denial of
diagnosis.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Failures to set satisfying needs/goals at any stages
of psychosexual development leads to the individual
partially fixed at these levels which are evident by
various pathologic traits and in adulthood showing
these signs in various forms.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Oral Stage (0 - 1.5 yrs )
Erogenous Zone in Focus: Mouth
Gratifying Activities: eating, sucking,
gumming, biting & swallowing
The mother's breast not
only is the source of food
& drink, but also represents
her love
Warm, trusting &
affectionate relationship
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Oral fixation
Both insufficient and forceful feeding can result in
fixation in this stage
Symptoms of Oral Fixation:
Smoking
Constant chewing of pens, pencils
Nail biting
Overeating
Sarcasm ("the biting personality")
Attention seeking behavior
Aggressive, dominant
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. Anal Stage (1.5 – 3 yrs)
Erogenous Zone in Focus: Anus
Gratifying Activities: Bowel movement and the
withholding of such movement
Toilet training
Discover their own ability to control
Child realizes his control over his
needs and practices it with a sense
of shame.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Anal Fixation
Anal-Expulsive
Personality
If the parents are too
lenient, the child will
derive pleasure and
success from the
expulsion
Are excessively sloppy,
disorganized, reckless,
careless, and defiant
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anal-Retentive
Personality
If a child receives
excessive pressure and
punishment ,will
experience anxiety over
bowel movements
Very careful, stingy,
withholding, obstinate,
meticulous
41. URETHRAL STAGE (3-4 yrs)
Transition between anal & phallic
Derives pleasure by exercising control over urinary
sphincter
Objectives similar to anal stage
Loss of urethral control - shame
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Phallic Stage(4-5 yrs)
Probably the most challenging
stage in a person's psychosexual
development
"Oedipus Complex" ( boy – mother )
"Electra Complex” ( girl – father )
Castration Anxiety
Penis envy
Consolidation of ego
Differentiating between sexes
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Phallic Stage
Objectives:
Child realizes the sexual qualities without
embarrassment.
Resolution of the stage in regulation of drive
impulse.
Pathology:
if above mentioned characters are not resolved the
balance between male and female roles does not
develop.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Latency Stage(6-12y)
Sexual feelings are suppressed to allow children to
focus their energy on other aspects of life
Is a time of learning, adjusting to the social
environment outside of home, absorbing the culture,
forming beliefs and values
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. Latency Stage
Resolution of any defects
Maturation of ego
Greater control over instincts
Consolidation of sex roles
Mastery over skills
Phase ends in puberty
Lack of inner control – immature behaviour and
decreased developmental skills.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Genital Stage (puberty onwards)
Erogenous Zone in Focus: Genital
Gratifying Activities: heterosexual
relationships
Interaction with the Environment:
Marked by a renewed sexual interest and desire, and
the pursuit of relationships.
Acceptance of adult role, Social expectations & values,
mature personality.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Fixation
If people experience difficulties at this stage, and
many people do, the damage was done in earlier
oral, anal, and phallic stages .
Unresolved traits from previous phases seen in a
modified form.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. WHAT IS GOOD ABOUT THIS THEORY?
One of the first theories proposed in psychology
Stage wise classification help us to relate to patients
well
Covers the psychological development of the entire
lifespan
Role of biology and society have been highlighted
Concept of ego defenses was very practical
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. WHATS NOT SO GOOD ABOUT THIS
THEORY?
Based only on the sexual drive
Based on studies conducted on few patients
Complicated and not very practically applicable
Has been a source of constant criticism and debate
(sexuality, oedipus complex)
Most of the work based on psychological patients
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY: ERIK
ERIKSON 1963
Infancy
childhood
old age
Development depends on child’s instincts and
responses of those around him.
Unresolved issues from early stages of life affect
person’s ability to deal with subsequent visits.
8 STAGES OF LIFE CYCLES : TURNING
POINTS /PERIODS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. 1. Basic trust Vs basic mistrust ( hope )
Birth- 18 months
First trust of INFANT
MOTHER ( caregiver)
Well handled
adly handled
Nurtured
Loved
Develops trust, security
basic optimism.
Becomes insecure
And mistrustful.
Maternal Deprivation
** SEPARATION ANXIETY- do the treatment in presence of
parents.
** Dental team should gain confidence of child
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. 2. Autonomy Vs Shame( will ) 18
months- 3yrs
TODDLER begins to push for INDEPENDENCE
Terrible two’s.
Well parented child
Sure of himself-autonomy
Failure to develop --- developments of doubt??????
"From a sense of self-control without a loss of self-
esteem comes a lasting sense of good will and pride;
from a sense of loss of self-control and foreign overcontrol come a lasting propensity for doubt and shame”
-- ERIKSON
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54. 3. Initiative Vs Guilt(purpose) 3-6 yrs
Child becomes more assertive ; resulting conflict cause GUILT .
HEALTHY CHILD LEARNS
to broaden skills.
cooperative with others.
to lead as well as follow
IF IMMOBILIZED BY GUILT
Fearful
depends always on adults
restricted play skills and imagination.
Make first dental visit as new adventure.,,, if it fails lead sense of guilt
in child
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55. 4.Industry Vs Inferiority ( competence)
7-11 yr
Child learns basic culture skills – school skills
The child who, because of his successive and successful
resolutions of earlier psychological factors is trusting,
autonomous , initiative and enough to be industrious.
Orthodontic treatment often begins in this stage.
Cooperation – understanding of needs
positively reinforce the needs.
Fails – mistrusting child- doubt the future. Shame and
guilt filled child will experience defeat and inferiority.
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56. 5. Identity Vs Role Confusion(Fidelity)
12-17 yrs
Child now is ADOLESCENT.
Learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the
questions WHO AM I?????
WHAT SHALL I BECOME?????
Behavior management can be challenging in
ADOLESCENT.
Orthodontic treatment in this stage carried out only
he/she wants, not the parents at this stage. Approval
of peer group is extremely important.
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57. 6.Intimacy Vs Isolation( love)
The successful YOUNG ADULT.
Intimacy
good marriage.
friendship.
In this stage external appearance is very
important.
Young adults may seek orthodontic treatment by
internal motivation
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58. 7.Generative Vs Stagnation(care)
In adulthood, the psychosocial crisis demands
generatively, both in sense of marriage and
parenthood.
Working productively and creatively.
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59. 8.Integrity Vs Despair(Wisdom)
MATURE ADULT.
Peak of adjustments, integrity.
He/she trusts, independent and dares the new.
Works hard.
Finds well defined role in life.
Develops self concept which is happy.
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60. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
MERITS
Age wise,, so easy to
DEMERITS
Based on extreme ends
apply to any stage.
Simple and
comprehensive to
understand.
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of personality.
61. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY- JEAN PIAGET
(1952)
How children and adolescent think and acquire
knowledge.
Derived from direct observation of children and
questioning them.
Environment does not shape child behavior, but
child and adult actively seek to understand the
environment.
A child incorporates or assimilates events within the
environment into mental categories called cognitive
structures.
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62. Adapt to new
information
Assimilation
•Reinterpret new
experiences so they
EQUILIBRATION
fit into old ideas.
•Existing ideas don’t
change, stay same
Accommodation
•Change old ideas so
they can adapt to new.
• Change current ways
of thinking/ideas so as
to add new knowledge
???????? Bird -- Flying object – Bee ??????
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63. Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development
Birth to 2
years
Sensori-motor
Uses senses and
motor skills, items
known by use
Object
permanence
learned
TOY
2-6 yrs
Pre-operational Symbolic thinking,
language used;
egocentric
thinking
Imagination/
experience grow,
child de-centers RADIOGRAPH
7-11 yrs
Concrete
operational
Logic applied, has
objective/rational
interpretations
Conservation,
numbers, ideas,
classifications
Formal
operational
Thinks abstractly,
hypothetical ideas
(broader issues)
Ethics, politics,
social/moral
issues explored
12 yrs to
adulthood
Focus on organization and adaptation
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RETAINER
ORTH
TREAT
64. Cognitive development theory
MERITS
Most comprehensive.
DEMERITS
Underestimates ability.
Overestimates age
differences in thinking.
intellectual development. Vagueness about
change process.
Underestimates role of
social environment.
Learn much about child’s
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65. Classical conditioning – Pavlov (1927)
Russian psychologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov – first to
study conditioned reflexes experimentally.
Demonstrated how learned associations were
formed by various events in an organisms
environment.
Pavlov’s psychic reflex called as conditioned reflex
by experiment.
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66. Classic Ivan Pavlov experiment
A simple three step example which shows the
important elements of conditioning:
Step 1: Before conditioning
Salivation – Unconditional response or unconditional
reflex
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67. Step 2: The conditioning process
Neutral
stimulus
Unconditional
stimulus
Note: Repetition of this is done at each time
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68. Step 3: After conditioning
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69. How can we apply to Dentistry???....
First visit
White coat
(Neutral stimulus)
Pain of injection
(Unconditioned stimulus)
pain of injection
(Unconditioned stimulus)
fear and crying
(Response)
Second visit
Sight of white coat
(Conditioned stimulus)
Pain of injection
(Unconditioned stimulus)
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pain of injection
(Unconditioned. Stimulus)
fear and crying
(Response)
70. Once conditioned response has established,, its necessary to
reinforce it occasionally to maintain it.
ACQUISATION -- GENERALIZATION -- EXTINCTION -- DISCRIMINATION
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71. Operant Conditioning Theory
SKINNER B.F ( American psychologist)
Also called as Instrumental Learning.
Extension of classical conditioning.
Consequence of a behavior is in itself a stimulus that affects
future behavior.
Behavior that controls or operates environment is called as
OPERANT.
REINFORCEMENT is critical factor in learning and
development of www.indiandentalacademy.com
personality.
72. Four basic types of operant conditioning:
(distinguished by the nature of the
consequence.):
1. Positive reinforcement
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Omission
4. Punishment
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73. :
Positive reinforcement
A pleasant consequence follows a response.
A child is given a reward such as a toy for
behaving well during her first dental visit.
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74. Negative reinforcement
Involves the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus after
a response.
Leads to the removal of an undesirable stimulus.
Temper tantrum
Child
Go to clinic.
If this behavior (response) succeeds -- likely to occur
the next time a visit to the clinic is proposed.
So in dental office, it is important to reinforce only desired
behavior.
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75. Omission (also called time-out):
Involves removal of a pleasant stimulus after a
particular response.
Favorite toy taken away for a short time
(sending the mother out of the operatory) as a
consequence of this behavior, the probability of
similar misbehavior is decreased.
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76. Punishment:
Occurs when an unpleasant stimulus is
presented after a response. This also decreases
the probability that the behavior .
Effective at all ages, not just with children.
Firm voice – voice control.
Use of tongue crib for correction of tongue
thrusting habit.
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77. Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
Emphasizes the importance of observing and
modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional
reactions of others.
Social learning theory explains human behavior
in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction
between cognitive, behavioral, an environmental
influences.
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78. General principles of social learning theory are as
follows:
1. People can learn by observing the behavior of others
and the outcomes of those behaviors.
2. Learning can occur without a change in behavior.
3. Cognition plays a role in learning.
4. Social learning theory can be considered a bridge or a
transition between behaviorist learning theories and
cognitive learning theories.
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79. Observational learning is also known as
Imitation or Modeling.
Learning occurs when individuals observes and
imitate others’ behavior.
There are four component processes influenced
by the observer’s behavior following exposure to
models.
Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Motivation.
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80. EFFECTS OF MODELING ON
BEHAVIOR
Modeling teaches new behaviors.
Modeling influences the frequency of previously
learned behaviors.
Modeling may encourage previously forbidden
behaviors.
Modeling increases the frequency of similar
behaviors.
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81. Hierarchy Of Needs
Maslow believed in self-actualization theory.
Based on totality of personality development.
But its difficult and impractical to apply to children
and dental situation.
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82. Hierarchy Of Needs- 1954
Abraham Harold Maslow
To achieve one’s full potential
To be competent and recognized
To love and to be loved, to have
friends
Security, comfort, freedom
from fear
Food , water and oxygen
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83. Emotional development
EMOTION is a state of mental excitement characterized
by physiological, behavioral changes and alterations of
feelings
Characteristics of commonly seen emotions in child
CRY
ANGER
FEAR
ANXIETY
PHOBIA
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85. OBSTINATE CRY
Temper tantrum
Loud, High-pitched, Siren-like
Form of emotionally aggressive behavior
External response to anxiety
FRIGHTENED CRY
Torrent of tears
Convulsive breath-catching sobs
Situationally Over-whelmed
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86. HURT CRY
May be loud or a small whimper
Single tear – First indicator
Most easily recognized as the child
acknowledges it.
COMPENSATORY CRY
More sound & less cry..!
Droning monotonous coping resort
More strategic and less anxiety related
Few actual tears..if any..
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87. ANGER: Outburst of emotion caused by child’s lack of
skill in handling situation.
ANXIETY: Its emotion similar to fear but arising
without any objective source of danger.(Its reaction
to unknown danger)
FEAR: Fear is reaction to known danger , its source is
consciousness.
PHOBIA: it’s a persistent , excessive ,unreasonable
fear of a specific object, activity or situation .
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88. Behavior: any change observed
in functioning of an organism.
Frankel’s classification(1962):
1. Def –ve (- -) : refuses, cries, associated with
fear
2. – ve (-)
: reluctant and slight negativism
3. + ve (+)
: accepts, bad experience –
uncooperative
4. Def +ve (+ +): unique , looks forward,
understands importance of
treatment
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89. Reaction to the first dental visit
Major Hurdles..
Fear of separation
Maternal Anxiety
Child’s dental awareness
Negative portrayal of dentistry
Age - Poor cognitive ability
Low socioeconomic status
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90. PSYCHOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Orthodontic treatment initiated during pre-pubertal
or early pubertal developmental period of child.
Initial exam and consultation diagnosis and
treatment plan discussed with child and parents.
If extractions are planned, its important to present
possibility of extractions to the patient during initial
examination or early treatment planning.
Norton et al “Psychological management of young
orthodontic patient”. Angle orthodontist july 1971
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91. PSYCHOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF
PATIENT BY SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS
1. YOUNG CHILD FROM 6-9YRS
Attempt to break infantile habits of digit sucking
and tongue thrusting.
Fixed appliances
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92. 2. EARLY ADOLESCENT ( 10-13 YRS)
Sexual differences become more important in girl
child.
A boy will look for male identification.
Develops interests in sports.
To gain co-operation from child one must show
interest in his interests.
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93. Explain each treatment procedure.
If you show care for young patient , he will care for
you being co-operative.
Female child of 10-13yrs quite different from boys.
She is giggly, silly, extremely vain and passionately
interested in her developing body.
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94. Some times it may end up with CRUSH
SYNDROME– which is difficult management
problem.
This behavior must be discouraged, but bluntness
will hurt child psychologically.
Substitute reality for fantasy, remain cordial and
friendly talk about real world
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95. 3. TEENAGER( 14-18YRS)
Teenage male wishes to be treated as adult.
Management of teenage male is a matter of
sympathy and understanding.
Teenage female has same psychic development but
different expressions.
She is body, peer and sex conscious also, she wants
to be well developed as her peers.
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96. MOTIVATION AND CO-OPERATION
Patient cooperation is an essential factor in the
timely, successful outcome of orthodontic treatment.
Parents of orthodontic treatment undergoing
child more motivated than parents of those
children are not yet in treatment
Daniels et al Orthodontic treatment motivation and cooperation: A
cross-sectional analysis of adolescent patients’ and parents’
responses. , Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:780-7)
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97. Girls reported greater willingness to cooperate with
orthodontic treatment than did boys.
Furthermore, mothers reported that their children
would be more cooperative with treatment than did
the fathers.
Mothers were also more motivated for their child to
have braces than were fathers.
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98. PATIENT COMPLIANCE AND
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
Patient psychology and compliance are important
factors in the treatment protocol. Patient compliance
appears to be a complex issue that cannot easily
be predicted before treatment .
There is an incidental psychological gain through
orthodontic treatment.
Shin-Jae Lee et al “ Patient compliance and locus of control in
orthodontic treatment: A prospective study”
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;133:354-8)
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99. Compliance is not related to patient satisfaction in the
long run.
Sex is a significant predictor for patient satisfaction
regarding the doctor-patient relationship and the
situational aspects of the treatment.
Treatment time for female subjects would be longer than
for male subjects, even though actual treatment time
showed no differences.
Annemieke bos et al Patient compliance: A determinant of
patient satisfaction?
Angle orthod 2005; 75:526–531
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100. Effect of behavior modification on patient
compliance in orthodontics.
David Richeter et al , Angle Orthod 1998,68(2)
123-132
Study the effects of reward system for improving
patient compliance.
Above average compliance group remained
unchanged.
Below average improved with rewards , however
never reached above average.
Age and sex – no influence.
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101. CONCLUSION
Old men can make war, but it is
children who will make history.
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102. REFERENCES
Contemporary Of Orthodontics- William R Proffit.
Textbook Of Pedodontics -- Shoba Tendon
Essentials Of Preventive And Community Dentistry – Soben
Peter
Norton et al “Psychological management of young orthodontic
patient”. Angle orthodontist july 1971
Daniels et al Orthodontic treatment motivation and
cooperation: A cross-sectional analysis of adolescent patients’
and parents’ responses. , Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2009;136:780-7)
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103. Shin-Jae Lee et al “ Patient compliance and locus of
control in orthodontic treatment: A prospective study”
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;133:354-8)
Annemieke bos et al Patient compliance: A determinant
of patient satisfaction? Angle orthod 2005; 75:526–531
David Richeter et al Effect of behavior modification on
patient compliance in orthodontics. Angle Orthod
1998,68(2) 123-132
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104. Tuhjse Naaraz nahi Zindagi..
Hairaan Hoon Main..bus hairaan
hoon main..!
THANK YOU
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