This document discusses political machines and corruption in government during the late 1800s/early 1900s as well as reforms that took place. It explains that political machines controlled by bosses provided services to immigrants in cities in exchange for votes, leading to corruption exemplified by Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring in New York City. The Spoils System and lack of accountability caused widespread corruption. The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 helped reform government by establishing a merit-based hiring system. A number of presidents from Grant to Wilson are also assessed as either pursuing reform or maintaining the status quo.

1. Ch. 7
Immigration and Urbanization
1870-1920

2. Ch. 7.1 Key Questions
Why did immigrants come to the US?
Where did immigrants come from?
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the
trip over and once they got here(Ellis/Angel
Island)?
Why did some people want to put restriction on
immigration? What were those restrictions?

3. October 6

4. Why did/do immigrants come to the US?
• Push-Pull Factors
– Famine
– Land shortages
– Religious or political persecution
– War
– In debt or in trouble
– More opportunities-$$-The American Dream
• Farming(Homestead Act), mining, working on the
railroad, cattle ranching, factory work
– Reunite with family
– “Streets paved with gold”

6. Legal Immigration Statistics
• 2013 - 990,553 people are granted lawful
permanent residence in the United States
• “Green cards"
• The top countries of origin are:
• -- Mexico (14%)
• -- China (7.2%)
• -- India (6.9%)
• -- Philippines (5.5%)
• -- Dominican Republic (4.2%)

7. • 2013 - A total of 779,929 people become
naturalized U.S. citizens
• The top countries of birth are:
• -- Mexico (12.7%)
• -- India (6.4%)
• -- Philippines (5.6%)
• -- Dominican Republic (5.1%)
• -- China (3.9%)
• Residents becoming naturalized citizens in
2013 had spent a median of seven years in
“green card” status.
• US Naturalization Practice Test

8. Illegal Immigration Statistics
• 2012 - The Department of Homeland Security
estimates that there are 11.4 million
unauthorized immigrants living in the United
States
• The top countries of origin are:
• -- Mexico (59%)
• -- El Salvador (6%)
• -- Guatemala (5%)
• -- Honduras (3%)
• -- Philippines (3%)

9. • 2012 - The top U.S. states where unauthorized
immigrants settle are:
• -- California (25%)
• -- Texas (16%)
• -- Florida (6%)
• -- New York (5%)
• -- Illinois (5%)
• Unauthorized immigrants to the United States
tend to be young (61% between ages 25-44)
and male (53%)

10. • 2013 - 662,483 unauthorized immigrants are
apprehended
• More than 64% are from Mexico
• 2013 - 438,421 unauthorized immigrants are
removed from the United States
• -- Repatriated to Mexico (72%)
• -- Repatriated to Guatemala (11%)
• -- Repatriated to Honduras (8%)
• -- Repatriated to El Salvador (5%)

11. • Define nativism
• Define WASP

14. • Between 1870 and 1920, 20 million
Europeans came to US
• Discuss “old immigrants” vs “new
immigrants”

17. Steps to America
• Step One-Leaving Home
• Step Two-On Board the Ship
• Step Three-Inspection
• Step Four-Beyond Ellis or Angel
Island
• Source

19. Step One-Leaving Home
• It was common for one person from a family to
come to America first
• They would save to eventually bring others
• From 1900 to 1910, almost 95% of the
immigrants arriving at Ellis Island were joining
either family or friends
• In 1901, between 40 and 65% came either on
prepaid tickets or with money sent to them from
the United States

23. Step Two-On Board the Ship
• A ticket to America cost $30
• Three types of accommodations-first class,
second class and steerage
• Only steerage passengers were processed at
Ellis Island
• First and second class passengers were
quickly “inspected” on board the ship
• Larger ships could hold from 1,500 to 2,000
immigrants, netting a profit of $45,000 to
$60,000 for a single, one-way trip

24. Steerage

25. • For many immigrants, the experience
of steerage was a nightmare
• At one time, the average passenger
mortality rate was 10 percent per
voyage
• Conditions were extremely
overcrowded, dark, unsanitary and
foul-smelling

26. • In spite of the miserable conditions,
the immigrants had faith in the future
• Crossing the Atlantic could take
anywhere from a week to more than a
month, depending on the ship and
weather
• They would play cards, sing, dance
and talk

28. • In1911, the United States Immigration
Commission said:
• “The open deck space reserved for steerage
passengers is usually very limited, and situated
in the worst part of the ship, subject to the most
violent motion, to the dirt from the stacks and
the odors from the hold and galleys... the only
provisions for eating are frequently shelves or
benches along the sides or in the passages of
sleeping compartments. Dining rooms are rare
and, if found, are often shared with berths
installed along the walls. Toilets and
washrooms are completely inadequate;
saltwater only is available.

29. • “The ventilation is almost always inadequate,
and the air soon becomes foul. The unattended
vomit of the seasick, the odors of not too clean
bodies, the reek of food and the awful stench of
the nearby toilet rooms make the atmosphere
of the steerage such that it is a marvel that
human flesh can endure it... Most immigrants
lie in their berths for most of the voyage, in a
stupor caused by the foul air. The food often
repels them... It is almost impossible to keep
personally clean. All of these conditions are
naturally aggravated by the crowding.”

30. Step Three-Inspection
• Passengers were inspected for contagious
diseases such as cholera, plague, smallpox,
typhoid fever, yellow fever, scarlet fever,
measles and diphtheria
• If immigrants had any of the diseases they
would be deported
• Sick children age 12 or older were sent back to
Europe alone

31. • In total, about 20 percent of those arriving
at Ellis Island were detained for medical
treatment or a legal hearing
• 80% were free to go after only a few hours
• Only 2% of the immigrants seeking refuge
in America would fail to be admitted

32. Ellis Island
• What happened at Ellis Island?
• Intro Video
• Video 1 --Arrival
• Video 2 --Hurdles to Citizenship on Ellis Island
• Video 3 --Detained at Ellis Island
• Video 4 --Medical Inspections
• What state is it located in?

36. Angel Island--Video

38. Step Four-Beyond Ellis Island
• As they left Ellis Island, the next stop was the
Money Exchange
• Cashiers exchanged paper money, from
countries all over Europe, for American dollars
• Then it was off to New York City or the railroad
ticket office to go anywhere in the country that
they wanted

40. Why were immigrants disliked in
the US in the late 1800’s/early
1900’s?
• Took jobs
• Kept wages low
• Different culture
• Racism

41. Chinese Exclusion Act-1882
–Banned all Chinese immigration to
the US from 1882-1902
–Why ban Chinese immigrants?

44. Gentleman’s Agreement-1907
• Informal agreement between the United States
and Japan
• The US would not restrict Japanese
immigration and Japan would not allow further
immigration to the U.S
• The goal was to reduce tensions between the
US and Japan
• What was the tension?

48. Ch. 7.1 Key Questions
Why did immigrants come to the US?
Where did immigrants come from?
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the
trip over and once they got here(Ellis/Angel
Island)?
Why did some people want to put restriction on
immigration? What were those restrictions?

49. Chapter 7.2 Key Questions
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late
1800's and early 1900's?
What problems did cities face due to the
rapid increase in population?
What did people/organizations do to try to
help the bad situation in the cities?

50. Why Did Cities Grow So Fast?
• Immigrants
• Farmers moved to the city
• African-Americans moved to the
cities
• Cities offered more jobs and
opportunities
• Cities offered more entertainment

52. Problems in the City
• Cramped, old, dirty housing-tenements
• Lack of good transportation
• Lack of safe drinking water
• Disease was common
• Streets were filthy
• Crime
• Fires
• Poverty due to low pay at work

53. Jacob Riis
“How the Other Half Lives”
• Define tenements
• Video

62. Dumping Garbage in New York
Harbor-Late 1800’s

66. Problem:Cramped, Old, Dirty Housing-Tenements
Solutions:
-Cities put restrictions on building wood-frame
structures in the center of the city-Why?
-Cities encouraged the construction of
lower-income dwellings on the city’s outskirts-
Why?
-The Tenement House Act of 1867 defined a
tenement for the first time and set construction
regulations
-Among these were the requirement of one
toilet per 20 people

67. • Tenement House Law-1901
–Outlawed the construction of new tenements
on 25-foot lots and mandated improved
sanitary conditions, fire escapes and access
to light
–Current tenements were updated and more
than 200,000 new apartments were built over
the next 15 years
• Most tenements were destroyed in the 1920’s
and especially the 1930’s with FDR’s New Deal
• The first fully government-built public housing
project opened in New York City in 1936

68. Problem: Lack of good
transportation
• Solutions
–Electric Streetcars-late 1800’s, early
1900’s
–Automobiles
• There were 300 cars in the United States in 1895, 78,000
in 1905, 459,00 in 1910 and 1.7 million in 1914.
–Subways-New York City-1904
–Airplanes-1903-Wright Brothers

71. 1900 Bradley Gasoline
Runabout

72. 1903 Ford Model A

74. William Harley and Arthur Davidson (1914)

75. Bus in 1925

77. US Airplane in WWI-1918

78. Problem:Lack of safe drinking water
• Solutions:
• In late 1800’s, scientists had proven that
diseases were spread through unsafe drinking
water
• In early 1900’s, chlorine was added to the
water to help eliminate disease
• Federal regulation of drinking water quality
began in 1914 which continued to strengthen
over the decades

79. Problems: Disease was common
and Streets were filthy
• Solutions:
• Horses were replaced, eliminating the manure
problem
• Added chlorine to water
• Introduction of indoor plumbing
• George A. Waring Jr.-New York City-1895
– Organized modern recycling, street sweeping and
garbage collection
– Video

80. George Waring

82. Dumping Garbage in New York
Harbor-Late 1800’s

83. Early 1900’s Garbage Collection

84. Problem: Crime
• Solutions:
• Organized Police Force
– Police became full time employees of the city-not
volunteers
– In 1838-Boston established the first American
police force
– New York City-1845
– Chicago-1851
– By the 1880s all major U.S. cities had municipal
police forces in place
• 1911 - Fingerprints are first accepted by U.S.
courts as a reliable means of identification

85. NYPD-1895-TR

86. Problem: Fires
• Solutions:
• Already mentioned better building codes
• Full time, paid firefighters
• In 1853, Cincinnati became the first full-time,
paid fire fighters in the US

87. Problem: Poverty due to low pay at
work
• Solution:
• Labor Unions
–Minimum wage laws
–Shorter hours
–Child labor laws

88. Chapter 7.2 Key Questions
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late
1800's and early 1900's?
What problems did cities face due to the
rapid increase in population?
What did people/organizations do to try to
help the bad situation in the cities?

89. Ch. 7.3 Key Questions
• What was the political machine and what did
they do for a city?
• Explain Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
• What caused all the corruption in government?
• What laws came about to reform government?
• Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James
Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin
Harrison, Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, Teddy
Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson were all
presidents during the late 1800's/early 1900’s. Were
they a reform president or a status quo president?

90. The Gilded Age
• 1870’s-1900
• Gilded—To be covered with gold

91. Political Machine
• A political organization, usually controlled by a
single “boss”, that controlled votes and had
administrative control of a city, county, or state
• These organizations provided social services
and jobs to people(recent immigrants) in
exchange for votes
• Very corrupt
• Came about due to the rapid increase of
population in cities and poor government in the
1800’s
• Died out in the early 1900’s

95. • There was a lot of
corruption in gov’t
–Kickback system
–Granting favors to
big business
–Spoils
system/patronage
–Political boss
hired/fired police

96. Boss William Marcy Tweed
• Was the Boss of the
Democratic political
machine in New York
City
• The building Tweed
worked in was
Tammany Hall

97. Boss William Marcy Tweed

101. Reforming Government
• Causes for corruption
– The Spoils System/Patronage caused a lot of
the problems
– Dishonest people
– Lack of accountability

104. Reforming Government
• Pendleton Civil Service Act-1883
–Required most government jobs to
be given through a merit system
based on test scores
–1883: 14,000/117,000 gov’t jobs
required tests
–1900: 100,000/200,000 gov’t jobs
required tests

106. Good Presidents Also Brought
Change
• President Grant-President Wilson
• 1869-1921
• Reform president or status quo
president?

107. Reform Presidents
• Rutherford B. Hayes-1877-1881
• James Garfield-1881
• Chester Arthur-1881-1885
• Grover Cleveland-1885-1889, 1893-1897
• Benjamin Harrison-1889-1893
• Teddy Roosevelt-1901-1909
• Woodrow Wilson-1913-1921

108. Status Quo Presidents
• Ulysses S. Grant-1869-1877
• William McKinley-1897-1901
• William Howard Taft-1909-1913

109. Ulysses S. Grant-1869-1877
Status Quo-Republican

110. Rutherford B. Hayes-1877-81
Reform-Republican

111. James Garfield-1881
Reform-Republican

112. Garfield’s Assassination
James Garfield

113. Chester Arthur-1881-1885
Reform-Republican

114. Grover Cleveland-1885-1889, 1893-97
Reform-Democrat

115. Benjamin Harrison-1889-1893
Reform-Republican

117. William McKinley-1897-1901
Status Quo-Republican

118. McKinley’s Assassination
• Assassin was Leon Czolgosz, an
anarchist
• Buffalo, New York at the World’s Fair
• September 6, 1901
• Eight days later, McKinley died from
infection

119. Teddy Roosevelt-1901-1909
Reform-Republican

120. William Howard Taft-1909-1913
Status Quo-Republican

121. Woodrow Wilson-1913-1921
Reform-Democrat

122. Ch. 7.3 Key Questions
• What was the political machine and what did
they do for a city?
• Explain Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
• What caused all the corruption in government?
• What laws came about to reform government?
• Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James
Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin
Harrison, Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, Teddy
Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson were all
presidents during the late 1800's/early 1900’s. Were
they a reform president or a status quo president?

123. Ch. 8 Key Questions
• Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
• Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other
minorities after Reconstruction ended?
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early
1900's.

124. Advances and Technologies
• Skyscrapers
–Flatiron Building-
1902
• Electric streetcars
• Subways-1904
• Cash register-1879
• Automatic
dishwasher-1889
• Vacuum cleaner-

125. Advances and Technology
• Airplane-1903
• Kodak Camera-1888
• Automobile-late 1800’s
• Light Bulb-1879
• Telephone-1876
• Typewriter-1867
• Radio-1895
• Toilet paper-1857

126. Expanding Public Education
• Class Reading
• Before the mid 1800’s, education was for the wealthy
• Most states had public schools by 1865
• But many school-aged children still received no formal
education-worked in factories instead
• Between 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-
16 weeks annually of school
• Classes focused on the “3 R’s”-reading, “riting”, &
“rithmetic”
• Memorization and recitation was very common

129. • Why did “the lecture” become a common
strategy for teachers?
• How is our school system set up like a
factory during the Industrial Revolution?
– The bells
– Assembly line
• Students are tested and if they pass, move to the
next part of the assembly line
– Schools were/are “one size fits all” and
prepared students to work in factories upon
finishing school

132. African American & Immigrant EDU
• African Americans were mostly excluded from
public schools or had to attend segregated
schools
• In 1910, 3% of African Americans between the
ages 15-19 attended H.S.
• Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
• Most European immigrant families sent their
children to the free public schools
• Children learned English and became
“Americanized”

133. Religion in School
• Public schools had mandatory
readings from the Protestant
Bible
• Many Catholic families were
concerned
• Catholic communities set up
parochial schools to give their
children a Catholic Education
– Parochial School: a school
supported by a church
parish

134. Higher Education
• What is Higher Education?
• From 1880-1920, college enrollments
quadrupled
• High School diploma and entrance exams
were used in admittance purposes
• Morrill Act-1862
– Iowa State-1858
• Drake-1881
• Iowa-1847
• UNI-1876

137. Segregation
• Literacy test
• Poll tax
• Grandfather Clause(1-1-1867)
• Jim Crow laws
• Plessy v Ferguson-1896
– “Separate but Equal”
–Separate and unequal in reality
• Lynching and violence

153. Tuskegee Airmen-WWII

155. Entertainment in the Late
1800’s and Early 1900’s
• 1898 Poster

156. Coney Island(1903)-
Amusement Parks

157. Vaudeville Shows

159. Minstrel Shows

160. Parks-Central Park in NYC-
1857

162. Basketball
• Dr. James
Naismith
• First public game
was in 1892
• Original rules

163. Baseball
• Invented by Abner
Doubleday in 1839
• Major League
baseball became
big in the late
1800’s
• Honus Wagner

164. Football
• Late 1800’s college football became
popular
• NFL would not start until the 1920’s

165. Other Popular Sports
• Tennis
• Golf
• Boxing
• Biking-1885

166. John McDermott
• Picture of John in 1911
• First US golfer to win
US Open
• Still is the youngest to
have won-19 in 1911

167. Paddy Ryan
• Bare-knuckle
Champion of America
1880-82

168. “Gentleman Jim” Corbett
1892-1897-Heavyweight Champ

169. Jack Johnson
Heavyweight Champion-1908-1915

170. Music and Dancing
• Ragtime
• Cakewalk
• Tap Dancing-Bill “bojangles” Robinson

171. Movies-The Great Train
Robbery-1903

172. World Fair’s
• Focused on showcasing the latest and greatest
in inventions and technology
• 1853-New York, 1876-Philadelphia, 1893-
Chicago(Ferris Wheel), 1901-Buffalo(McKinley
killed), 1904-St. Louis, 1915- San Francisco

173. Ch. 8 Key Questions
• Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
• Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other
minorities after Reconstruction ended?
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early
1900's.