This mini-project is a comprehensive presentation on US Foreign Policy first beginning in 1899 well unto the millennium era. The assignment is for Professor McFadden History 1023.52 ~ 15 SP. The due date deadline is Friday, May 1, 2015 11:59 pm. The following was prepared by Eling Price.

1. US FOREIGN
POLICY:
a Commemoration through the years
Prepared by:
Eling Price

2. The purpose of this project, is to explore the relevant eras of our nation,
first beginning in 1899 onward to the 21st century, placing careful attention
to the acts and decisions of each consecutive president who worked
progressively towards establishing sovereignty and a strong background
within the following areas: Foreign Relations, International Treaties,
Military Defense, Diplomacy, National Security, Industrialization, Commerce
and Trade.

3. WHY STUDY
FOREIGN POLICY?

“Foreign policy
refers to actions the
United States
government takes on
behalf of its national
interests abroad to
ensure the security
and well-being of
Americans and the
strength and
competitiveness of the
U.S. economy. For, a
secure group of
citizens requires
protection of
recognized national
boundaries, a strong
economy, and a stable,
orderly society”
(Sabato & O’Connor).
The Significance Begins Here…

4. “Following the
defeat of Spain
in the Spanish-
American War of
1898, the United
States acquired
overseas
colonies in the
Caribbean and
the Pacific”
(Sabato &
O’Connor).
“In its new
status as an
imperial power,
the United States
pursued a series
of policies
designed to
protect American
territories and
aggressively
expand its
international
commercial
interests”
(Sabato &
O’Connor).
1899-1913
PART I:
Setting the stage

5. •Russo Japanese war
•PANAMA CANAL

6. At the same time, PresidentTheodore
Roosevelt oversaw the construction of the
Panama Canal, which would have profound
economic implications for American trade,
and engaged in great power diplomacy in the
wake of the Russo-JapaneseWar. In just over a
decade, the United States had redefined its
national and international interests to include
a large overseas military presence, overseas
possessions, and direct engagement in setting
priorities in international affairs.

7. WOODROW WILSON
1913- 1921
•The FirstWorld
War
•The League of
Nations
•The Inquiry
Committee
•Fourteen Points
•The Wilsonian
Vision
•International
Democracy
•Collective
Security
•Article X

9. WHAT ACTIONS CAUSED WWI?
 From what can be gathered from the
events leading up to the US’s decision
to become involved in WWI was
unprecedented warfare by the
Germans, which resulted in the sinking
of several ships with US passengers in
April 1917 (Sabato & O’Connor).
 Within 8 months thereafter, President
Wilson appeared before The Inquiry
Committee to formulate specific
provisions for a “peace clause”. In
using the Committee’s schematics ,
Wilson perfected what would be
known today as the Fourteen Points
(Sabato & O’Connor).
HOW DID THE US RESPOND?
 “Eight of the fourteen points treated
specific territorial issues among the
combatant nations” (Sabato &
O’Connor).
 “Five of the other six concerned general
principles for a peaceful world: open
covenants (i.e. treaties or agreements),
openly arrived at; freedom of the seas; free
trade; reduction of armaments; and
adjustment of colonial claims based on the
principles of self determination” (Sabato &
O’Connor).
 “The fourteenth point proposed what was
to become the League of Nations to
guarantee the “political independence and
territorial integrity [of] great and small
states alike ” (Sabato & O’Connor).

10. “The League of Nations was an
international organization,
headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland, created after the
First World War to provide a
forum for resolving international
disputes. The idea of the League
was grounded in the broad,
international revulsion against
the unprecedented destruction
of the First World War and the
contemporary understanding of
its origins” (Sabato &
O’Connor).

11. “This Doctrine stated: “The United States
would not recognize any treaty or
agreement between Japan and China
that violated U.S. rights or agreements
to which the United States subscribed”
(Sabato & O’Connor).
“In short order, Japanese representatives
simply walked out of the League, and
the Kwangtung Army formalized its
conquest of Manchuria” (Sabato
& O’Connor).

12. •Good Neighbor
Policy
•Axis Powers
•Atlantic
Charter
•Pearl Harbor
•WorldWar II
•Casablanca
•The Big
Three
•Potsdam
Declaration
•Atlantic
Conference
•Allied
Powers

13. “In his inaugural address on March 4,
1933, Roosevelt stated: "In the field of
world policy would dedicate this nation
to the policy of the good neighbor--the
neighbor who resolutely respects himself
and, because he does so, respects the
rights of others.“Although domestic
economic problems and World War II
diverted attention from the Western
Hemisphere, Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor
policy represented an attempt to distance
the United States from earlier
interventionist policies” (Sabato &
O’Connor).

14.  “In 1940, U.S. policy slowly began to shift
from neutrality to non-belligerency by
providing aid to the nations at war with the
Axis Powers--Germany, Italy and Japan. In
response to the growing emergency,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt called upon
the U.S. people to prepare for war” (Sabato
& O’Connor).

16. “In August 1941, President Franklin
Roosevelt and British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill met secretly and
devised an eight-point statement of
war aims known as the Atlantic
Charter, which included a pledge that
the Allies would not accept territorial
changes resulting from the war in
Europe. Following the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor, the wartime
conferences focused on establishing
a second front” (Sabato &
O’Connor).

17.  “At Casablanca in January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to
fight until the Axis powers surrendered unconditionally” (Sabato
& O’Connor).
 “In November 1943 meeting in Egypt with Chinese leader Chiang
Kai-shek, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to a pre-eminent role for
China in postwar Asia” (Sabato & O’Connor).
 “The next major wartime conference included Roosevelt,
Churchill, and the leader of the Soviet Union, Josef Stalin. Meeting
atTehran following the Cairo Conference, the "BigThree" secured
confirmation on the launching of the cross-channel invasion and a
promise from Stalin that the Soviet Union would eventually enter
the war against Japan “(Sabato & O’Connor).

18.  “The first wartime meeting between British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt,
the Atlantic Conference held off the coast of
Newfoundland in August 1941, took place before the
United States had formally entered the war as a
combatant. Despite its official position of neutrality,
the United States joined Britain in issuing a joint
declaration that became known as the Atlantic
Charter. This pronouncement outlined a vision for a
postwar order supported, in part, by an effective
international organization that would replace the
struggling League of Nations” (Sabato &
O’Connor).

19. •The ColdWar
•The National
SecurityAct
•TheTruman
Doctrine
•Economic
Cooperation Act
•Marshall
Plan
•NATO
•The Korean
War
•Treaty of
San
Francisco

21.  Brought forth the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) into making.
 Created the Department of Defense, known
today as The Department of Homeland
Security.
 Paved the way for the emergence of the Air
Force

22.  With theTruman Doctrine, arose from a speech delivered by President Truman before a
joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, President Harry S.Truman established that the
United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic
nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.TheTruman Doctrine
effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from
regional conflicts not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in
far away conflicts.

23.  “George F. Kennan, a career Foreign
Service Officer, formulated the
policy of “containment,” the basic
United States strategy for fighting
the cold war (1947- 1989) with the
Soviet Union” (Sabato &
O’Connor).
 “Kennan’s ideas, which became the
basis of the Truman administration’s
foreign policy, first came to public
attention in 1947 in the form of an
anonymous contribution to the
journal Foreign Affairs, the so called
“X-Article” (Sabato &
O’Connor).

25.  “Signed in 1949, the treaty, one of the major
Western countermeasures against the threat
of aggression by the Soviet Union during the
cold war, was aimed at safeguarding the
freedom of the North Atlantic community”
(Sabato & O’Connor).

26. The Korean
War
“During World War II
the United States and
the Soviet Union
agreed to temporarily
divide Korea at the
38th parallel in order
oversee the removal
of Japanese forces.
Only in 1953 did the
two sides reach an
uneasy truce, thus
crystallizing the
division between
North and South that
exists today” (Sabato &
O’Connor).

27.  “The Treaty of San Francisco ended the state of
war between Japan and 47 of the Allies (most
nations allied with the Soviet Union refused to
sign), concluded the U.S. Occupation, and
excused the Japanese from reparations for the
war. On that same day the US and Japan signed
the United States-Japanese Security Treaty,
allowing the United States to station troops in
Japan, and making the Japanese islands into an
important facet of America's global containment
structure” (Sabato & O’Connor).

29.  “ Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country
could request American economic assistance
and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was
being threatened by armed aggression from
another state" (Sabato & O’Connor).

31.  “Mounting tension been the United States
and the Soviet Union, and war in Vietnam
determined U.S. foreign policy in the 1960s.
In 1961, the Soviet Union erected the most
iconic image of the Cold War, the Berlin Wall,
which physically divided the Western and
Eastern Blocs of Germany's city of Berlin”
(Sabato & O’Connor).

32.  “In early 1961 President John F. Kennedy
concluded that Fidel Castro was a Soviet
client working to subvert Latin America. After
much debate in his administration, Kennedy
authorized a clandestine invasion of Cuba by
a brigade of Cuban exiles. The brigade hit the
beach at the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1961, but
the operation failed within 2 days” (Sabato
& O’Connor).

34.  On August 7 1964, U.S. Congress approves the
Gulf ofTonkin Resolution authorizing military
action in Southeast Asia.The resolution drafted
by the administration authorized “all necessary
measures” to repel attacks against U.S. forces
and all steps necessary for the defense of U.S.
allies in Southeast Asia. In March 1965, President
Johnson sent the first U.S. combat forces to
Vietnam and in 1969 the U.S. military had a
force of 534,000 men inVietnam.

36.  “In January 1969, the United States, governments of
South and North Vietnam, and the Viet Cong met for
the first plenary session of peace talks in Paris, France.
These talks, which began with much hope, moved
slowly. They finally concluded with the signing of a
peace agreement, the Paris Accords, on January 27,
“(Sabato & O’Connor).
 “ As a result, the south was divided into a patchwork
of zones controlled by the South Vietnamese
Government and the Viet Cong. The United States
withdrew its forces, although U.S. military advisers
remained” (Sabato & O’Connor).

38.  “On March 26, 1979, Sadat, Carter, and Begin signed
the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, which formalized
the specific details of the arrangements agreed to at
Camp David” (Sabato & O’Connor).

39.  “By the 1960s, Panamanian
calls for sovereignty over the
Canal Zone had reached high
pitch, and United States
relations with Panama
deteriorated. President Carter
saw returning the Panama Canal
as key to improving U.S.
relations in the hemisphere
and the developing world.
Although opponents of the
Treaty returning the Canal to
Panama by 2000 criticized
Carter’s efforts on the basis
of "We Built it, We Paid for
it, It's Ours," the Treaties
narrowly passed the Senate in
April 1978” (Sabato &
O’Connor).

41. “In his 1985 State of the Union address,
President Ronald Reagan called upon Congress
and the American people to stand up to the
Soviet Union, what he had previously called
the “Evil Empire”: "We must stand by all
our democratic allies. And we must not break
faith with those who are risking their lives—
on every continent, from Afghanistan to
Nicaragua—to defy Soviet-supported aggression
and secure rights which have been ours from
birth” (Sabato & O’Connor).

42. “On the night of November 9, 1989, the BerlinWall—the most
potent symbol of the cold-war division of Europe—came
down” (Sabato & O’Connor).

44.  “In August 1990, Iraq invaded
Kuwait. A U.S.-dominated coalition
including Arab nations and
traditional U.S. allies gave Iraq an
ultimatum to withdraw from Kuwait.
When Iraq refused, large-scale
bombing campaign began in January
1991, followed by a March invasion
that quickly liberated Kuwait”(Sabato
& O’Connor).

46.  “The Oslo Accords were signed by Israel and the
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in
Washington, DC, on September 13, 1993 This
agreement established an important new approach
for achieving a peaceful resolution to the
Palestinian-Israeli conflict by initiating open,
direct talks between Israel and the PLO” (Sabato
& O’Connor).

47.  “On May 14 1997, Russia and the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) came to
an historic agreement, paving the way for
NATO expansion. “[T]he fundamental goal of
[expanding NATO] is to build, for the first
time, a peaceful, free and undivided trans-
Atlantic community,” said Secretary of
State Madeleine K. Albright. “It is to
extend eastward to Central Europe and the
former Soviet Union the peace and prosperity
that Western Europe has enjoyed for the last
50 years”(Sabato & O’Connor).


49.  “September 11 marked the start of a new
era in U.S. strategic thinking. In the
immediate aftermath of the September 11,
2001 terrorist attacks, the Bush
administration turned its attention to a
war against terrorism. In response, the
United States under the Bush
Administration launched large- scale
military attacks against Al Qaeda
terrorist camps and the Taliban
government in Afghanistan” (Sabato &
O’Connor).

50.  The United States launched Operation Enduring
Freedom (OEF) in order to end the ability of the
Taliban regime to provide safe haven to al Qaeda
and to put a stop to al Qaeda’s use of the
territory of Afghanistan as a base of operations
for terrorist activities. With Afghanistan
devastated after more than 20 years of warfare,
the fall of the Taliban paved the way for the
success of a long-stalled U.N. effort to form a
broad-based Afghan government and for a U.S.-led
coalition to begin building legitimate governing
institutions.