Natural resources provide vital benefits but must be carefully managed. Forests are home to many organisms and supply oxygen while also providing wood. Fossil fuels are highly valuable but also cause pollution and are being depleted. Solar and wind energy are renewable sources but their availability varies. Overall, natural resources are invaluable but fragile, requiring sustainable practices to balance human and environmental needs.
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
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Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9
RESOURCE
THE FOUR MAIN SPHERES OF EARTH
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
THE BREATH OF LIFE: AIR
CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED IN TWO WAYS
THE ROLE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL
THE MOVEMENT OF AIR: WINDS
FORMATION OF RAIN
AIR POLLUTION
WATER
TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
WATER POLLUTION
MINERAL RICHES IN THE SOIL
THE FACTORS OR PROCESSES THAT MAKE SOIL
QUALITY OF SOIL
FACTORS THAT DECIDE THE TYPE OF PLANT THAT WILL- THRIVE ON A PARTICULAR SOIL
TOPSOIL
SOIL POLLUTION
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
THE WATER-CYCLE
THE VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE WATER CYCLE IN- THE BIOSPHERE ARE
NITROGEN CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
COMBUSTION
MOVEMENT OF CARBON FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO -THE OCEANS
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
OXYGEN CYCLE
PROCESSES THAT USE OXYGEN
PROCESSES THAT PRODUCE OXYGEN
OZONE LAYER
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
The 1st lesson of class 10 geography resources and development is explained in his power point presentation according to the latest syllabus with pictures and examples in detail. the power point will help you to know about the following in detail with pictures and examples in detail.
1. resource
2. Interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions
3. classification of resources
a) On the basis of origin
i. Biotic Resources
ii. Abiotic Resources
b) On the basis of exhaustibility
i. Renewable resources
ii. Non Renewable resources
c) On the basis of ownership
i. Individual resources
ii. Community owned resources
iii. National resources
iv. International resources
d) On the basis of development
i. Potential resources
ii. Developed resources
iii. Stock
iv. Reserves
4. Problems created by indiscriminate use of resource by man
5. Sustainable development
6. Resource Planning
7. Importance of resource planning
8. Resource conservation
9. Ganghiji’s ideas on resource conservation
10. Land Degradation
11. Land conservation measures
12. Soil and its types
13. soil erosion
14. types of soil erosion
15. soil conservation measures
Chapter - 7, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
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Chapter - 7, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Science, Class 8
DEFORESTATION
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
GLOBAL WARMING
DESERTIFICATION
CONSERVATION OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE
BIOSPHERE RESERVE
FLORA AND FAUNA
ENDEMIC SPECIES
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
NATIONAL PARK
ENDANGERED SPECIES
ECOSYSTEM
RED DATA BOOK
MIGRATION
RECYCLING OF PAPER
REFORESTATION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9
RESOURCE
THE FOUR MAIN SPHERES OF EARTH
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
THE BREATH OF LIFE: AIR
CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED IN TWO WAYS
THE ROLE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL
THE MOVEMENT OF AIR: WINDS
FORMATION OF RAIN
AIR POLLUTION
WATER
TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
WATER POLLUTION
MINERAL RICHES IN THE SOIL
THE FACTORS OR PROCESSES THAT MAKE SOIL
QUALITY OF SOIL
FACTORS THAT DECIDE THE TYPE OF PLANT THAT WILL- THRIVE ON A PARTICULAR SOIL
TOPSOIL
SOIL POLLUTION
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
THE WATER-CYCLE
THE VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE WATER CYCLE IN- THE BIOSPHERE ARE
NITROGEN CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
COMBUSTION
MOVEMENT OF CARBON FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO -THE OCEANS
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
OXYGEN CYCLE
PROCESSES THAT USE OXYGEN
PROCESSES THAT PRODUCE OXYGEN
OZONE LAYER
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
The 1st lesson of class 10 geography resources and development is explained in his power point presentation according to the latest syllabus with pictures and examples in detail. the power point will help you to know about the following in detail with pictures and examples in detail.
1. resource
2. Interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions
3. classification of resources
a) On the basis of origin
i. Biotic Resources
ii. Abiotic Resources
b) On the basis of exhaustibility
i. Renewable resources
ii. Non Renewable resources
c) On the basis of ownership
i. Individual resources
ii. Community owned resources
iii. National resources
iv. International resources
d) On the basis of development
i. Potential resources
ii. Developed resources
iii. Stock
iv. Reserves
4. Problems created by indiscriminate use of resource by man
5. Sustainable development
6. Resource Planning
7. Importance of resource planning
8. Resource conservation
9. Ganghiji’s ideas on resource conservation
10. Land Degradation
11. Land conservation measures
12. Soil and its types
13. soil erosion
14. types of soil erosion
15. soil conservation measures
Chapter - 7, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 7, Conservation of Plants and Animals, Science, Class 8
DEFORESTATION
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
GLOBAL WARMING
DESERTIFICATION
CONSERVATION OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE
BIOSPHERE RESERVE
FLORA AND FAUNA
ENDEMIC SPECIES
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
NATIONAL PARK
ENDANGERED SPECIES
ECOSYSTEM
RED DATA BOOK
MIGRATION
RECYCLING OF PAPER
REFORESTATION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
FOREST
COMPONENT OF FOREST
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD WEB
THE LAYER OF THE FOREST
Emergent Layer
Canopy Layer
Understory Layer
Forest Floor Layer
CROWN OF A TREES
IMPORTANCE OF FOREST
DEFORESTATION
CONSEQUENCE OF DEFORESTATION
SOME COMMON TREE IN INDIA
Chapter - 18, Pollution of Air and Water, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 18, Pollution of Air and Water, Science, Class 8
AIR
POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTANTS
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
ACID RAIN
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
GLOBAL WARMING
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
CASE STUDY OF THE TAJ MAHAL
ACTIONS TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION
HOW WATER GETS POLLUTED?
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
ACTION POINTS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
EUTROPHICATION
POTABLE WATER
HOW IS WATER PURIFIED?
ACTION KEYS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Chapter - 16, Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 16, Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, Science, Class 10
POLLUTION IN GANGA
FIVE IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
REUSE, RECYCLE, REPURPOSE, REDUCE & REFUSE
WHY DO WE NEED TO MANAGE OUR RESOURCES?
FORESTS AND WILDLIFE
STAKEHOLDERS
PEOPLE INTERVENTION IN FORESTS
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
DAMS
WATER HARVESTING
ANCIENT METHOD OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT -SYSTEM
COAL AND PETROLEUM
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Chapter- 17 Forests - Our Lifeline Class 7th ppt. This Chapter is taken from NCERT Class 7th Science textbook. This ppt is only for Class 7th students.
Environment that exist around us; supports our existence. Its little about our environment, how we all are co-related with our every little thing about environment.
This Presentation is For Students of Class 10th CBSE Board. This Presentation is on Natural Resources. The Main Topics of this Presentation Are Renewable and Non Renewable Source, Solar Energy, Wind, Forests and Fuel.
Chapter - 6, Combustion and Flame, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 6, Combustion and Flame, Science, Class 8
INTRODUCTION
COMBUSTION AND TYPES
IGNITION TEMPERATURE
INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE
SOURCES OF SOLAR ENERGY
TYPES OF COMBUSTION
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
FLAME
FUEL AND ITS TYPES
FUEL EFFICIENCY
GLOBAL WARMING
ACID RAIN
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Chapter - 15, Improvement in Food Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter 15, Improvement in Food Resources, Science, Class 9
FOOD
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROPS AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL - VALUE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROP WITH SEASON
CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT
CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
MANURE & FERTILIZERS
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION METHODS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
CROPPING PATTERNS
CROP ROTATION
CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT
PESTS
DISEASES
STORAGE OF GRAINS
HOW TO PREVENT STORAGE LOSS?
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
POULTRY FARMING
BENEFITS OF CROSS BREEDING
FISH PRODUCTION
MARINE FISHERIES
INLAND FISHERIES
COMPOSITE FISH CULTURE
BEEKEEPING
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Our Environment'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
FOREST
COMPONENT OF FOREST
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD WEB
THE LAYER OF THE FOREST
Emergent Layer
Canopy Layer
Understory Layer
Forest Floor Layer
CROWN OF A TREES
IMPORTANCE OF FOREST
DEFORESTATION
CONSEQUENCE OF DEFORESTATION
SOME COMMON TREE IN INDIA
Chapter - 18, Pollution of Air and Water, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 18, Pollution of Air and Water, Science, Class 8
AIR
POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTANTS
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
ACID RAIN
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
GLOBAL WARMING
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
CASE STUDY OF THE TAJ MAHAL
ACTIONS TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION
HOW WATER GETS POLLUTED?
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
ACTION POINTS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
EUTROPHICATION
POTABLE WATER
HOW IS WATER PURIFIED?
ACTION KEYS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Chapter - 16, Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 16, Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, Science, Class 10
POLLUTION IN GANGA
FIVE IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
REUSE, RECYCLE, REPURPOSE, REDUCE & REFUSE
WHY DO WE NEED TO MANAGE OUR RESOURCES?
FORESTS AND WILDLIFE
STAKEHOLDERS
PEOPLE INTERVENTION IN FORESTS
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
DAMS
WATER HARVESTING
ANCIENT METHOD OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT -SYSTEM
COAL AND PETROLEUM
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Chapter- 17 Forests - Our Lifeline Class 7th ppt. This Chapter is taken from NCERT Class 7th Science textbook. This ppt is only for Class 7th students.
Environment that exist around us; supports our existence. Its little about our environment, how we all are co-related with our every little thing about environment.
This Presentation is For Students of Class 10th CBSE Board. This Presentation is on Natural Resources. The Main Topics of this Presentation Are Renewable and Non Renewable Source, Solar Energy, Wind, Forests and Fuel.
Chapter - 6, Combustion and Flame, Science, Class 8Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 6, Combustion and Flame, Science, Class 8
INTRODUCTION
COMBUSTION AND TYPES
IGNITION TEMPERATURE
INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE
SOURCES OF SOLAR ENERGY
TYPES OF COMBUSTION
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
FLAME
FUEL AND ITS TYPES
FUEL EFFICIENCY
GLOBAL WARMING
ACID RAIN
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Chapter - 15, Improvement in Food Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter 15, Improvement in Food Resources, Science, Class 9
FOOD
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROPS AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL - VALUE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROP WITH SEASON
CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT
CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
MANURE & FERTILIZERS
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION METHODS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
CROPPING PATTERNS
CROP ROTATION
CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT
PESTS
DISEASES
STORAGE OF GRAINS
HOW TO PREVENT STORAGE LOSS?
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
POULTRY FARMING
BENEFITS OF CROSS BREEDING
FISH PRODUCTION
MARINE FISHERIES
INLAND FISHERIES
COMPOSITE FISH CULTURE
BEEKEEPING
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Our Environment'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Explained in the presentation is Decomposition and the Biogeochemical cycles and its relation to real estate showing the effects of real estate development to the environment.
1. What roles does succession and phytoremediation play in ecology, .pdfarakalamkah11
1. What roles does succession and phytoremediation play in ecology, evolution and the
ecosystems?
Succession plays a major role to change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced
change in an ecosystem. Disturbances often act quickly and with great effect, to alter the
physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements. Disturbance can also occur over
a long period of time and can impact the diversity within an ecosystem. Major ecological
disturbances may
include fires, flooding, windstorms, insect outbreaks and trampling. Earthquakes, various types
of volcanic eruptions, tsunami, firestorms, impact events, climate change, and the devastating
effects of human impact on the environment (anthropogenic disturbances) such as clear cutting,
forest clearing and the introduction of invasive species can be considered major disturbances.
This can be attributed to physical changes in the biotic and abiotic conditions of an ecosystem.
Because of this, a disturbance force can change an ecosystem for significantly longer than the
period over which the immediate effects persist. With the passage of time following a
disturbance, shifts in dominance, shifts in dominance may occur with ephemeral herbaceous life-
forms progressively becoming over topped by taller perennials herbs, shrubs and trees. However,
in the absence of further disturbance forces, many ecosystems will trend back toward pre-
disturbance conditions. Long lived species and those which can regenerate in the presence of
their own adults will finally become dominant. Such alteration, accompanied by changes in the
abundance of different species over time, is called ecological succession. Succession often leads
to conditions that will once again predispose an ecosystem to disturbance.
Phytoremediation play a major role to clean up contaminated environments including metals,
pesticides, explosives, and oil. Also help prevent wind, rain, and groundwater flow from carrying
contaminants away from the site to surrounding areas or deeper underground. Certain plants are
able to remove or break down harmful chemicals from the ground when their roots take in water
and nutrients from the contaminated soil, sediment, or groundwater. Plants can help clean up
contaminants as deep as their roots can reach using natural processes to:
• Store the contaminants in the roots, stems, or leaves.
• Convert them to less harmful chemicals within the plant or, more commonly, the root zone. •
Convert them to vapors, which are released into the air.
• Sorb (stick) contaminants onto their roots where very small organisms called “microbes” (such
as bacteria) that live in the soil break down the sorbed contaminants to less harmful chemicals.
2. Biogeochemical cycles, succession and phytoremediation. Explain how all three work together
for a positive outcome.
Biological diversity is dependent on natural disturbance. The success of a wide range of species
from all taxonomic groups is closely tied to na.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. CHAPTER - 14
NATURAL RESOURCES
CLASS :- IX
MADE BY :- ANIKET BISWAS
SCHOOL :- K.V. BARRACKPORE {A.F.S}
2. 1) Resources on the earth :-
The natural resources of the earth are air, water, soil,
minerals and living organisms.
The outer crust of the earth is the lithosphere. The water
on the earth is the hydrosphere. The layer of the air around
the earth is the atmosphere. Living organisms are found
where the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere interact
and is the biosphere.
3. 2a) Air (Atmosphere) :-
Air is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water
vapour and other gases.
During respiration living organisms use oxygen to break down glucose
and get energy for their activities. This results in the release of carbon
dioxide. Burning of fuels also use oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
During photosynthesis green plants convert carbon dioxide into glucose
in the presence of sunlight. This results in the release of oxygen.
These processes help to maintain the oxygen – carbon dioxide balance
in nature.
4. b) The role of atmosphere in climate control :-
The atmosphere covers the earth like a blanket. Air is a bad conductor
of heat. It prevents sudden increase in temperature during the day and
also slows down the escape of heat during the night. So the atmosphere
keeps the average temperature of the earth fairly steady during the day
and throughout the year.
c) The movement of air (Winds) :-
When air gets heated, it rises up and produces low pressure and cool
air moves in to take its place. The movement of air causes winds.
During the day the land gets heated faster than the sea. So the hot air
above the land rises up and cool air from the sea moves towards the land.
During the night sea cools down slowly than the land. So the hot air
above the sea rises up and cool air from the land moves towards the sea.
5. d) Rain :-
When water bodies are heated during the day, a large
amount of water evaporates and rises up. Some water vapour
also get into the atmosphere due to biological activities like
transpiration. As the water vapour rises, it cools and
condenses to form tiny droplets of water. This appears as
clouds. When the tiny droplets of water join together to form
bigger drops of water, they fall down as rain, snow or hail.
6. e) Air pollution :-
The increase in the content of harmful substances in the air is called air
pollution.
Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum contain small amounts of nitrogen
and sulphur. When these fuels are burnt, it release oxides of sulphur and
nitrogen. These oxides dissolve in rain and causes acid rain.
Burning of fossil fuels also release unburnt carbon particles which
reduces visibility. During cold weather along with condensed water it
forms smog.
Regular breathing air containing these harmful substances causes
allergies, cancer, heart diseases etc.
7. 3a) Water : A wonder liquid :-
A very large area of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Water is
also found inside the earth, in the atmosphere as water vapour. The water
in seas and oceans is saline. Fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, ponds
and as ice and snow at the poles and mountains in cold regions.
Water is needed by living organisms because all life processes and
cellular activities need water. So all organisms need water to survive.
The amount of water and other factors like temperature and nature of
soil decides the diversity of species and the number of individuals of
each species in an area.
b) Water pollution :-
The increase in the content of harmful substances in water is called
water pollution.
Water pollution is caused by addition of harmful substances like
fertilisers and pesticides from farms, sewage from towns, cities and
factories, harmful chemicals from factories, disease causing
microorganisms, changes in the amount of oxygen dissolved in water or
changes in the temperature of water.
8. 4 Soil :-
a) Formation of soil :-
Soil is formed by the breaking down of rocks on the surface of the earth
by physical, chemical and biological processess.
- The sun heats the rocks during the day and the rocks expand and at
night the rocks cool and contracts. This causes the rocks to crack and
break into smaller pieces.
- Water enters the cracks in the rocks and when water freezes, it expands
and causes the cracks in the rocks to widen and break into smaller
pieces. The flowing water carries the rock pieces. These pieces rub
against each other and become smaller and smaller particles.
- Strong winds also breaks rocks into smaller particles and carries it from
one place to the other.
- The roots of large trees grow into the cracks in rocks and breaks it into
smaller pieces. Lichens which grow on rocks produce some substance
which cause the rock surface to powder and become soil.
9. b) Composition of soil :-
Soil is a mixture of rock particles, decayed organisms
called humus, living organisms, minerals, air and water. The
amount of minerals, humus, air and water are the factors
which decides the biodiversity in that area.
c) Soil pollution :-
The addition of harmful substances which affects the
fertility of the soil and kills the diversity of organisms living
in it is called soil pollution.
Soil pollution is caused by the excessive use of fertilisers
and pesticides. It kills the organisms like earthworms and
bacteria which makes the soil rich in humus. The removal of
useful components and addition of other harmful substances
reduces the fertility of soil and causes soil pollution.
10. d) Soil erosion :-
The carrying away of soil from one place to the other by flowing water
and wind is called soil pollution. Large scale deforestation also causes
soil erosion.
Soil erosion can reduced or prevented by vegetative cover on the
ground, afforestation, construction of bunds, terraces, dams etc.
Activity :- Effect of flowing water on top soil.
Take two trays of the same size and fill them with soil. Plant mustard or
green gram in one of the trays. Water both the trays for a few days till the
first tray is covered by plant growth. The tilt both the trays at the sane
angle. Pour equal amount of water gently on both the trays. More soil is
carried out of the tray which did not have plant growth. This shows that
vegetative cover reduces soil erosion.
11. 5) Biogeochemical cycles :-
Biogeochemical cycles are the transfer of matter and energy between
the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere.
The common biogeochemical cycles are :-
i) Water cycle,
ii) Nitrogen cycle,
iii) Carbon cycle
iv) Oxygen cycle.
a) Water cycle :-
When water bodies are heated during the day, a large amount of water
evaporates and rises up. Some water vapour also get into the atmosphere
due to biological activities like transpiration and respiration. As the water
vapour rises, it cools and condenses to form tiny droplets of water. This
appears as clouds. When the tiny droplets of water join together to form
bigger drops of water, they fall down as rain, snow or hail. Some of this
water enters the ground and forms ground water. When water flows from
the land to the seas it carries many nutrients and minerals which are used
by marine organisms.
12. b) Nitrogen cycle :-
The nitrogen in the atmosphere is fixed into nitrogen compounds in the
soil by nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules of leguminous plants
and also during lightning. These nitrogen compounds are taken by plants
and used to make proteins. When animals eat plants they also get
proteins. When plants and animals die, bacteria convert the proteins into
nitrogen compounds like nitrites and nitrates. Other bacteria convert
these nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen is an essential component of biological molecules like
proteins, nucleic acids and some vitamins.
WATER CYCLE
14. c) Carbon cycle :-
Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is used by plants to
prepare glucose by the process of photosynthesis. The
glucose is used to provide energy and to convert into other
organic compounds When animals eat plants it enters the
body of animals. During respiration energy and carbon
dioxide are produced. The carbon dioxide goes back into the
atmosphere. Another process which adds carbon dioxide
back into the atmosphere is the combustion of fuels like coal
and petroleum. The organic compound in plants and animals
are also converted into carbonates, limestone, coal,
petroleum, exoskeletons (shells) of some animals.
Carbon is an essential component of biological molecules
like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, nucleic acids etc.
15. CARBON CYCLE
0011
Organic compounds
In animals
CoalPetroleum
Carbonates
in water
Limestone
Inorganic carbonates
shells
CO2 in atmosphere
Organic compounds
In plants
Respiration and
decomposition
Combustion
16. d) Oxygen cycle :-
Oxygen in the atmosphere is used for respiration,
combustion and formation of oxide of elements. Oxygen is
sent back into the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
Oxygen is an essential component of biological molecules
like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Atmospheric oxygen
O2
Organic molecules
Glucose C6H1206
Photosynthesis Respiration
Carbon dioxide
CO2
Water
H2O
17. 6) The greenhouse effect :-
Gases like carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluro carbon(CFCs) traps
the heat radiated by the earth and prevents the escape of heat from the
earth. The increase in the presence of these gases in the atmosphere
causes increase in the temperature of the atmosphere. This is called the
greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect can cause melting of polar ice, increase in sea
levels, flooding of coastal areas and submerging of islands.
7) Ozone layer :-
Ozone molecule contains three atoms of oxygen (O3). It is present in
the upper layers of the atmosphere. It is poisonous gas. It protects the
earth from the harmful ultra-violet radiations from the sun which is
harmful for living organisms.
The ozone layer is being damaged by carbon compounds like chloro
fluoro carbons (CFSs). To prevent the damage to the ozone layer, the use
of (CFSs) is being reduced.
20. FOREST
A forest is any area withA forest is any area with
a lot of trees. There area lot of trees. There are
forests all over theforests all over the
world. The type of forestworld. The type of forest
varies depending on thevaries depending on the
location of the forest:location of the forest:
for example, there arefor example, there are
tropical rain forests,tropical rain forests,
coniferous forests, andconiferous forests, and
deciduous forests.deciduous forests.
21. Forests occur naturally, but they can be affected positivelyForests occur naturally, but they can be affected positively
and negatively by human behavior. If a forest is carefullyand negatively by human behavior. If a forest is carefully
replanted and allowed to grow, it can exist in balance. If thereplanted and allowed to grow, it can exist in balance. If the
forest is cut down faster than it can grow back, then it willforest is cut down faster than it can grow back, then it will
be used up quickly.be used up quickly.
22. Forests serve as home toForests serve as home to
many of the organisms thatmany of the organisms that
live on the land. Forests arelive on the land. Forests are
also very importantalso very important
because they are majorbecause they are major
contributors to recyclingcontributors to recycling
and cleaning the worldand cleaning the world
supply of oxygen. Forestssupply of oxygen. Forests
also provide wood, whichalso provide wood, which
is useful both as ais useful both as a
construction material andconstruction material and
as a fuel source.as a fuel source.
23. FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels take millions ofFossil fuels take millions of
years to form. They are theyears to form. They are the
product of the fossilizedproduct of the fossilized
remains of dead plantsremains of dead plants
and animals that haveand animals that have
been exposed to the heatbeen exposed to the heat
and pressure deep withinand pressure deep within
the earth’s crust. There arethe earth’s crust. There are
many types of fossil fuels,many types of fossil fuels,
such as petroleumsuch as petroleum
(gasoline), natural gas, and(gasoline), natural gas, and
coalcoal..
24. Fossil fuels are arguably one ofFossil fuels are arguably one of
the most valuable naturalthe most valuable natural
resources in modern times. It isresources in modern times. It is
estimated that 86 percent of theestimated that 86 percent of the
world’s energy comes directlyworld’s energy comes directly
from burning fossil fuels. Fossilfrom burning fossil fuels. Fossil
fuels are the source of energyfuels are the source of energy
for almost every machine,for almost every machine,
including the generators thatincluding the generators that
produce electric energy.produce electric energy.
25. Because fossil fuels take soBecause fossil fuels take so
long to form, they are beinglong to form, they are being
consumed faster than theyconsumed faster than they
can be produced. Fossil fuelscan be produced. Fossil fuels
are a major contributor to airare a major contributor to air
pollution because when theypollution because when they
are burned they release manyare burned they release many
dangerous gases such asdangerous gases such as
nitrogen dioxide, methane,nitrogen dioxide, methane,
and carbon dioxide.and carbon dioxide.
26. SOLAR ENERGY
The sun is the closestThe sun is the closest
star to Earth. Itstar to Earth. It
brings heat and lightbrings heat and light
to the world. Someto the world. Some
areas of the world,areas of the world,
such as those closestsuch as those closest
to the equator, haveto the equator, have
more sun thanmore sun than
others.others.
27. The sun shines naturallyThe sun shines naturally
but it is not affected bybut it is not affected by
human activity. Ithuman activity. It
cannot be used up.cannot be used up.
However, its intensityHowever, its intensity
varies with the seasons,varies with the seasons,
and it is not available atand it is not available at
night.night.
28. The sun’s rays are usedThe sun’s rays are used
for energy by organismsfor energy by organisms
that undergothat undergo
photosynthesis. Nearlyphotosynthesis. Nearly
every organism on theevery organism on the
planet gets energyplanet gets energy
through photosynthesis,through photosynthesis,
directly or indirectly.directly or indirectly.
There are also ways thatThere are also ways that
people can utilize thepeople can utilize the
energy that the sunenergy that the sun
provides.provides.
29. We can use solarWe can use solar
power in simplepower in simple
(facing the sun to(facing the sun to
get warm, usingget warm, using
greenhouses togreenhouses to
grow food, etc.) andgrow food, etc.) and
more complex (solarmore complex (solar
panels for heating)panels for heating)
ways.ways.
30. WIND
Wind is caused by the uneven heating of theWind is caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere. Some areas of the world, such as costalatmosphere. Some areas of the world, such as costal
regions, have more wind than others because theregions, have more wind than others because the
terrain of the area is relatively flat and has fewterrain of the area is relatively flat and has few
obstacles to block the wind from blowing.obstacles to block the wind from blowing.
31. The wind blowsThe wind blows
naturally – it is notnaturally – it is not
caused by humancaused by human
activity, and it cannotactivity, and it cannot
be used up.be used up. The power of the wind drivesThe power of the wind drives
sailboats. It has been used tosailboats. It has been used to
power windmills that grindpower windmills that grind
grain. Windmills can also usegrain. Windmills can also use
the circular movement of thethe circular movement of the
blades to turn a turbine. This isblades to turn a turbine. This is
increasingly used as a means ofincreasingly used as a means of
generating electricity.generating electricity.
32. Wind power does notWind power does not
make greenhouse gasmake greenhouse gas
emissions. It does notemissions. It does not
directly cause pollution.directly cause pollution.
However, critics of windHowever, critics of wind
power say a large numberpower say a large number
of windmills could causeof windmills could cause
problems for animals,problems for animals,
especially migratory birds.especially migratory birds.
Some people think theSome people think the
windmills arewindmills are
unattractive.unattractive.