This document provides an introduction to environmental studies. It defines the environment as the sum of elements that impact organisms. The environment consists of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in dynamic interaction. It describes the four main components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also discusses microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi and viruses. It provides details on bacterial growth curves and common bacterial, viral and protozoal diseases.

1. PREPARED BY:-
Karm Balar
ASST. Prof.
S.S.A.S.I.T.
S.S.A.S.I.T G.T.U
SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARASWATI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT & ITS STUDIES
Environmental studies

2. Definition…..
o The environment “is the sum of the total of the elements, factors
and conditions in the surroundings which may have
an impact on the development, action or survival of an organism
or group of organisms, such as, we human beings.”
OR
o It can also be defined as “ external surroundings and conditions
which directly or indirectly affects the living organism”

3. Environment
consist
BIOTIC
FACTORS
• living components in an
environment
ABIOTIC
FACTORS
• non-living
components

4. Biotic factors and Abiotic factors that surround us and with
which we interact.
These biotic and abiotic components are in dynamic state; they
constantly affect each other and cannot be isolated from each
other.

7. COMPONENTS
OF
ENVIRONMENT
Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

8. Atmosphere:
It is the mixture of various gases, water vapour
and subatomic particles that entirely covers the
earth extending outward several thousand
kilometers.

9. Structure of atmosphere

10. Troposphere:
•Lower portion of the atmosphere
•Extends up to 8 km at the poles and 16 km at equator, on an average
extend up to 10-11 km from the earth surface.
•Temperature decrease at the rate of 5-7oC/km.
•Strong vertical air movement responsible for rapid and complete
mixing.

11. Stratosphere:
• It is above troposphere
and extends up to50-55
km.
• Up to about 20 km temp.
remains constant then
increase with increase in
height.
• Ozone layer is in this
layer.

12. Mesosphere:
 It is layer above
stratosphere and
extends up to 80 km.
 Temperature decreases
slowly with altitude but
then sharply to about -
75oC.

13. Thermosphere:
• Temperature increases
rapidly with increase in
height.
• Heating of this layer is
due to absorption of
the solar energy.
• Within the
thermosphere there is
a layer of charged
particles known as
ionosphere.

14. Exosphere:
• It exist above the
ionosphere and extend
up to 2000 km above the
earth.
• This layer is almost
airless and empty.
• Contains hydrogen gas in
ionized state.
• Very high temperature
(≥ 12000C)

16. • About 70% of earth is covered by water.
• Water is available in seas, oceans, lakes, river, glaciers etc.
• 97% is in the oceans and seas, 2% in glaciers & ice caps, 1% is
fresh water available for human consumption.

17.  Outer soil crust of the earth is lithosphere
 Living organisms, plant vegetation are supported by the
lithosphere.
 It contains resources like minerals, organic and inorganic matter,
some extent air and water.
 Role of lithosphere:
- Produces food for human beings and animals.
- Soil is the site of decomposition of organic
wastes.

18.  Thin outer crust of the earth which includes all the living organisms
and their environment.
 It extends from the lowest sea bed level to about 24 km of the
atmosphere.
 Life supporting resources are available from the biosphere.
 It is that part of earth where living(biotic) organism exist and
interact with each other and also with non-living (abiotic)
components.

19.  The living organisms interacting with each other in biosphere and sustain
their life.
 The waste products in gaseous, liquid and solid form are discharged in
biosphere.
 The sustaining and assimilative capacity of the biosphere is tremendous but
not infinite.
 The system is in operation for millions of years but now showing stress due
to impact of human on environment.

21. Interaction between different
components of environment

23. CLASIFFICATION OF
MICROORGANISMS

24. TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS
Viruses BacteriaProtozoa
Algae Fungi
MICROORGANISMA

25. BACTERIA
Bakteria

26.  Because of fundamental role played by bacteria in composition and
stabilization of organic matter, both in nature and in treatment plants, they
are most important. They are found everywhere in nature, water, soil, air.
 Bacteria are single cell structure with rigid cell walls and utilize food.
 They are independent organism and capable for carrying out all the
necessary function.
 The chemical formula for the bacteria cell is assumed as C5H7O2N.

27. Size of Bacteria
1. Tiny unicellular organisms (bersel tunggal)
2. Size: 1. 0.2 µm – 10.0 µm in dia.
2. 100 µm in length.
3. named and classified by their shapes.

28. Shapes of Bacteria
Cocci – spherical bacteria
Spirilla – spiral bacteria
Bacilli – rod-shaped bacteria
Vibrios – comma-shaped bacteria
Round shape bacteria known as Cocci.

29. Cocci – spherical/ oval shaped major groups
Bacilli – rod shaped
Vibrios – comma shaped
Spirilla – rigid spiral forms
Spirochetes – flexible spiral forms
Actinomycetes – branching filamentous bacteria
Mycoplasmas– lack cell wall

31. According to oxygen need
Aerobic bacteria: need oxygen for survival
Facultative bacteria: can live with orwithout oxygen for survival
Anaerobic bacteria: No need oxygen for survival

32.  Phototrophs: Derive energy from sunlight
 Chemotrophs: Use Chemicals/oxidation reaction
According to Energy requirements

33.  Autotropic: Inorganic carbon dioxide and nitrogen
 Heterotrophs: Organic carbon dioxide and nitrogen
According to carbon sources

34. 1) Psychrophilic: Between 10°C - 20°C
2) Mesophilic: Between 25°C - 40°C
3) Thermophilic: Between 55°C - 80°C
According to temperature

35. PROTOZOA
Protozoa

36. Size of Protozoa
1. Unicellular organisms.
2. Size: 5 µm – 250 µm.
3. Shape: various type – round, spherical,
spindle-shaped.

37. Structure of
Protozoa
AMOEBA
EUGLENA
PARAMECIUM

38. ALGAE
Alga

39. Algae
Algae are a type of living thing that usually live in
really wet environments, like the ocean.
They are a little bit like plants.
They take energy from the sun and use it to make
food, just like plants do!
The difference between algae and plants, is that
plants have a lot more parts, like roots, petals,
stems, and leaves.

40. Size of Algae
Can be unicellular/
multicellular (seaweeds)
plants.
Size: 1 µm – 10 000 µm.
Have various shapes, sizes
and colors.

41. FUNGI

42. Fungi
Fungi are like plants but that are not "green“.
they do not have the photosynthetic pigment
chlorophyll.
They have no roots stems or leaves but grow as masses
in dead or living organic matter.
There are about 100,000 different fungi.
Some like the yeasts are single cells but most fungi
grow as branching tubes of protoplasm called hyphae.

43. Size of Fungi
1. Type: unicellular
(yeast) / multicellular
(mucor).
2. Range: 10 µm – 100
µm.
3. Have various shapes,
sizes and colours.

44. Viruses

45.  Viruses are too small to be
seen by the naked eye. They
can't multiply on their own, so
they have to invade a 'host'
cell and take over its
machinery in order to be able
to make more virus particles.
 Viruses consist of genetic
materials surrounded by a
protective coat of protein.
They are capable of latching
onto cells and getting inside
them.

46. COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES
Disease Body System
Symptoms
Dermatitis Skin
Inflammation, pruritus (itching)
skin lesions (bumps, blisters, scales, crusts)
Pyoderma Skin Purulent exudate (pus) from skin lesions
Keratocunjunctivit
is
Eye
Inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva , pain, sensitivity to
sunlight, tears, squinting
Otitis Externa Ear
Inflammation of external ear canal with reddening, drainage and
itching
Rhinitis and
Sinusitis
Respiratory
Inflammation of the membranes of the nasal passages and
sinuses. Mucus nasal discharge, open-mouth breathing, sneezing.
Pneumonia Respiratory Deep cough and difficulty breathing
Gastroenteritis Digestive
Inflammation of stomach and intestines, excessive salivation,
vomiting, diarrhea, straining, abdominal pain.
Metritis Reproductive
Inflammation of uterus. Purulent vaginal discharge, abortion,
premature birth.
Abortion Reproductive Premature birth (expelling) of fetus by pregnant female.
Mastitis Reproductive
Inflammation of mammary gland or udder tissue. Swollen, warm
and painful mammary glands.
Anthrax Skin, Digestive, Respiratory
Sudden death in cattle
Varied in humans depending on exposure method

47. VIRAL DISEASES
Disease Body System Symptoms
Hepatitis many organs Vary from slight fever to death
Anemia Blood
Fever, weight loss, abortion, low iron
level in blood
Warts Skin
Fibrous tumors of the skin an mucous
membranes
Pox Skin
Skin lesions-bumps, blisters, pustules,
and crusts
Pneumonia Respiratory
Labored or “flank” breathing, hard
deep cough, fever, leukocytosis
Abortion Reproductive Loss of fetus
Meningitis and
encephalitis
Nervous
Invfammation of the brain covering
causing blindness, paralysis, wobbling,
seizures, coma and delirium
Rabies Nervous
Throat paralysis, behavior change,
change in bark (dog), aggression in
later stages, lack of fear

48. PROTOZOAL DISEASES
Disease Body System Symptoms
Giardiasis Digestive
abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, vomiting,
flatus (gas), and fever
Coccidiosis Digestive
Thin, watery feces with considerable amounts
of intestinal mucosa and blood
Tricnomoniasis Reproductive
venereal disease characterized primarily by
early fetal death and infertility
Hexamitiasis Digestive
Watery diarrhea, dry unkempt feathers,
listlessness, and rapid weight loss despite the
fact that the birds continue to eat
Toxoplasmosis Multiple Systems
Cough, fever, loss of appetite, and lethargy.
Can be passed to fetus (congenital).
Congenital toxoplasmosis can damage the
baby's eyes, nervous system, skin, and ears.
Babesiosis Circulatory
Fever, anemia, sudden cardiac death
Malaria-like (Malaria is a protozoal disease)

50. How to Graph Bacterial Growth (ii)
(II) Plotting the log of turbidity or number of living cells
versus time is referred to as the growth curve (four or six
phases):
Growth Curve (four phases)

51. Y-axis presents the log number of living cells
X-axis presents the period of time (usually in hours)
The curve can be divided into six phages represented by the letters A-F
Growth curve (six phases)
A: lag phase,
B: acceleration phase,
C: log (exponential)
phase,
D: deceleration phase,
E: stationary phase,
F: death phase

52. Growth curve (four phases)
•The Lag Phase (A and B):
Bacteria are becoming "acclimated" to the new environmental
conditions (pH, temperature, nutrients, etc.) (A).
Enzymes and intermediates are formed and accumulate until
they are present in concentrations that are permit growth (B).
An increase in bacterial mass per unit of
volume, but no increase in cell count.
The metabolism of the bacteria adapts to the
conditions of the nutrient medium.

53. Growth curve (four phases)
•The Exponential/log Phase (C):
Conditions are optimal for growth.
The living bacteria population increases rapidly with
time at an exponential growth in numbers, and the
growth rate increasing with time.
The bacteria are suitable for biochemical and
morphological identification,
The bacteria are suitable to use for drug
sensitivity test

54. Growth curve (four phases)
•The Maximum Stationary Phase (D and E):
With the exhaustion of nutrients and accumulation of
metabolic wastes, the growth rate has slowed to the
point where the growth rate equals the death rate (D).
Effectively, there is no net growth in the living bacteria
population (E).
The bacteria produce spores, toxins (e.g.
exotoxin) and antibiotics.

55. Growth curve (four phases)
•The Decline Phase (F):
The living bacteria population decreases with time, due to a
lack of nutrients and toxic metabolic by-products.
In many cases (but not always) the bacteria autolyse (during
the death phase) and the turbidity decreases.

56. AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
/exponential growth/exponential growth
accelerationacceleration
retardationretardation
/decline
maximummaximum
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
/exponential growth/exponential growth
accelerationacceleration
retardationretardation
/decline
maximummaximum
Section Phase Growth rate
A Lag Zero
B Acceleration Increasing
C Exponential
/Log
Constant
D Retardation Decreasing
E Maximum
stationary
Zero
F Decline/death Negative
Growth curve