This document provides an overview of concepts related to the state and nation. It defines the state as a politically organized society and discusses theories on the origin of states, including kinship, social contract, divine, matriarchal, and patriarchal theories. The document also examines types of states such as oriental, Greek, Roman, feudal, and nation states. It outlines key elements of the state including population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Finally, it discusses the role of the state from minimal to maximal perspectives.
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
Defining state, Anthony Giddens (1997) writes: ‘A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government (institutions like a parliament, civil services officials, etc.) ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies.’
Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
1. The state is a recognizably separate institution or set of institutions, so differentiated from the rest of its society as to create identifiable public and private spheres.
2. The State is sovereign, or the supreme power, within its territory, and by definition the ultimate authority for all law.
3. The state’s sovereignty extends to all the individuals within a given territory, irrespective of formal positions held in the government or rule-making institutions.
4. The modern state’s personnel are mostly recruited and trained for manag
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
Defining state, Anthony Giddens (1997) writes: ‘A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government (institutions like a parliament, civil services officials, etc.) ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies.’
Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
1. The state is a recognizably separate institution or set of institutions, so differentiated from the rest of its society as to create identifiable public and private spheres.
2. The State is sovereign, or the supreme power, within its territory, and by definition the ultimate authority for all law.
3. The state’s sovereignty extends to all the individuals within a given territory, irrespective of formal positions held in the government or rule-making institutions.
4. The modern state’s personnel are mostly recruited and trained for manag
State is a political society with its four elements - population, fixed territory, government, and sovereignty. It acts through law & it has certain powers by which it performs its functions. Society. • Society is both an organization as well as a system of social relationships
The Purpose Of Government
United States Government Essay
Essay on Government
Ethical Theories Of Government
American Government Essay example
Forms of Government Essay
Role Of Government Essay
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Ch 1 Concept of State and Nation
1. CONCEPT OF STATE AND NATION
BY: MS. TEENA TULI
Legal Studies Chapter 1
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Emergence of the State from Society
Definitions of State
Theories of Origin of State
Types of State
Elements of a State
Role of a State
Concept of Nation
3. EMERGENCE OF STATE FROM THE SOCIETY
Society: An association of human beings, who
lived collective life and form social relations to
fulfil their needs. Physical, Emotional,
intellectual, Spiritual.
Societal Institutions: family, clans, tribes,
villages, Workplace, Religious institutions etc.
“Society is a web of social institutions”.
4. STATE: A POLITICALLY ORGANISED SOCIETY
When a society is governed by common set of
laws, rules, regulations, and obey a supreme
authority, it qualifies for being a State.
‘Man is a social animal; Man is a political
animal’: Aristotle
Thus, the State is formed out of society. The
Society is the primary association. A State is
formed to regulate the political activity of
individuals for social order. The State depends
on society for its existence, and not vice versa.
5. DEFINITIONS OF STATE
Machiavelli: “The State is the power which has
authority over men.”
Harold J. Laski: “State is a territorial society,
divided into government and subjects claiming
within its allotted physical area supremacy over
other associations.”
Aristotle: “An associations of families and villages
for the sake of attaining a perfect and self -
sufficient existence.”
Salmond: “An association of human beings
established for the attainment of certain ends by
certain means, the ends being defence against
external enemies and the maintenance of
peaceable and orderly relations within the
community itself.”
State
• People
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty
6. THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF STATE
Theory of
Kinship
Social
Contract
Theory
Devine
Theory
Matriarchal
Theory
Patriarchal
Theory
7. THEORY OF KINSHIP
Based on sociological facts.
Earliest advocate Aristotle ‘Politics’
Meaning: Social Network of relatives through
common ancestors, marriage, adoption.
Family was the unit of society at the beginning.
The blood relationship and kinship brought the
members of the family together and they all
accepted the authority of the head of the family.
The name of the common ancestor was the
symbol of kinship. Kinship created society and
society in turn created the State.
Difference of opinion among scholars.
Family Clan Tribes Village
8. PATRIARCHAL THEORY:
Eldest male descendant of the family important.
Philosopher: Sir Henry Maine ‘The Spirit of Laws’
Under patria potestas, the eldest male parent of the
family had the final and unqualified authority over
the family and the household.
10. MATRIARCHAL THEORY
mater familias (mother as the head of family)
Australian tribes were organized in some sort of
tribes known as totem group.
The system of marriage included polygamy as
also polyandry.
The purpose of forming a state also differs to a
great extent from that of a family. The authority
To run a state is conferred on the ruler not
because of his seniority, but on account of his
status and competence.
11. DEVINE THEORY OF THE STATE
Period: 15th – 18th Century
Philosophers: James and Robert Filmer
This was a mix up of religion and State.
12. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
Mutual Agreement, Consent of people to
form a State.
Political Philosophers: Thomas Hobbes, John
Locke (England) and Jean Jacques
Rousseau (France) propounded this theory.
Basis of modern democracy
Political authority with the consent of people.
18. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING BY MARKING EACH GIVEN
STATEMENT AS EITHER TRUE OR FALSE: [T/F]
1. Patriarchal Theory suggests that the eldest child assumes authority in
due course.
2. The concept of a 'totem group' existed among native Australian
communities.
3. The Theory of Social-Contract was not propounded by Rousseau.
4. A symbol of kinship is the common name of the ancestor, as a
community expands.
5. The role of the Government is to present limits to preserve social life.
6. Modern humanity can be attracted to God-like attributes in their leader.
7. The Community Head guarantees civil rights to his/her subjects.
8. Authority by the consent of the people is democratic.
9. Individuals surrendered their rights to the General Will is the beginning
of an Authoritarian government
10. An over -controlled state may be described as being 'çollectivized‘.
Compare your answers and discuss what you have learnt.
20. ORIENTAL STATE
Nomads and there settlements: food, pasture for
cattle and water. River valley settlements.
Indus Valley, Huang Hoangho in China,
Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates, Nile river
Egypt.
Tribal centers converting into kingdoms and empires
by conquests and re-conquests. E.g. Aryans and
Sumerians.
Important features: private property, settlement on
definite territorial area, and authority of the eldest
member of the family or the person with highest
physical force.
21. GREEK CITY STATES
Greece included the system of direct democracy,
governance through political organization and election
rules.
22. ROMAN EMPIRE
Form of Government: Republic (influenced US Government)
THREE DIFFERENT PERIODS OF ROMAN STATE:-
First Period: Monarch State
Second Period: Republic In hands of consuls
Imperial Rome: Patricians and Plebeians had equal rights.
Empire extended in Europe, Asia Minor, Mediterranean Cost.
Ideals of Romans:Unity, Order,Universal Law, Cosmopolitanism
Decline: The sacrifice of individual liberty for the sake of unity,
moral corruption of the upper class, failure to make rules for the
succession of Emperors, and internal disputes.
Civil Power
Military
Power
24. FEUDALISM IN EUROPE
Feudalism emerged as a consequence of the long and
continuous conflict between the barbarians and the Roman
political institutions after the downfall of Roman Empire.
Vast territories of disintegrated Rome fell into the hands of
powerful nobles.
Nobles were the patricians of the Roman Empire, who shared
political power with the Monarch.
They became high council officials after the decline of the empire.
Feudalism in the Middle Ages The Nobles let their land for
cultivation, harvesting or other purposes in exchange of
consideration to tenants-in-chief and the tenants -in-chief in their
turn gave the same to the tenants, and tenants in turn to the
Vassals and Serfs.
Thus a community hierarchy was set up based on the ownership
of land holding.
25. NATION STATES
Consolidation of power in the hands of
centralized authority.
Industrial Revolution, Period of Renaissance
resulted in decline of Feudalism.
New States emerged in in England, France,
Spain and Portugal based on ethnic, linguistic,
religious and territorial bonds of unity by the
name of Nation States.
Demand of people for their civil and political
rights, political consciousness
French Revolution in 1789 and Declaration of
Rights led to the growth of Modern Nation
States.
26. INTERNATIONAL ENTITIES:
International entities were established to
deliberate upon issues of world peace and
human rights, international cooperation,
environmental degradation, international trade
and other subjects, from a common platform.
United Nation Organization and its agencies
(UNO, 1945)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(N.A.T.O,1949)
Commonwealth Group of Nations,
World Trade Organization (WTO,1995),
European Union(EU,1993)
27. ELEMENTS OF STATE
Population: The state is a human association
constituted by the people living there. Population
is an essential element of a state. It is the people
who make a state, without them there can be no
state. The people are the ones who create the
state. They also maintain the resources, live on
the land, and form the Government. The
population must be large enough to make a state
and sustain it.
28. IDEAS ON POPULATION
On the nature of population, it may be
homogeneous or heterogeneous in respect
of race, religion, language or culture.
Countries such as India, United States of
America, and Canada have population
marked with such diversity. People's
Republic of China has a population of more
than 1300 million people, whereas the
smallest country in the world Vatican City has
a population of only 1200 people
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. SOVERNEIGNTY
Sovereignty is the crucial factor that
distinguishes the state from other
associations.
Without territory there can be no state in the
technical sense of the term.
Sovereignty is the most essential ingredient
and characteristic in the formation of the
state.
Types of sovereignty:
Internal :
34. ROLE OF STATE
Political thinkers have different opinion
regarding the role of the state.
Some considers state as a moral and ethical
institution whereas others consider it as an evil
institution.
Mac Iver has referred to different notions of the
state such as class organization, legal
institution, mutual insurance agency,
unnecessary evil, necessary evil, the march of
God on earth, welfare system, power system
state as an organism etc.
35. MINIMAL STATE
The ideal of minimal states is a contribution of Classical Liberals.
Names of political thinkers such as John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, J. S.
Mill, Herbert Spencer, are generally associated with this approach.
NIGHT WATCHMAN STATE: The idea is to ensure the widest possible
individual liberty..
State's role is to protect individuals from interference in their liberty and
that transactions between private individuals are voluntary and free.
According to John Locke's theory, 'state acts as a night watchman‘
whose services are called upon when orderly existence is threatened.
The state must exercise the basic role of providing protection from
external attacks, enforcing agreements and maintaining domestic order.
Minimal states play a minimum role in interfering with the social and
economic life of the subjects.
36. DEVELOPMENTAL STATE
A 'developmental state' is characterized by having
strong state intervention, as well as extensive
regulation and planning.
The term 'developmental state' describes the state's
essential role in harnessing national resources and
directing incentives through a distinctive policy-
making process.
The first person to seriously conceptualize the
developmental state was Chalmers Johnson (1931-
2010).
Johnson defined the developmental state as a state
that is focused on economic development and takes
necessary policy measures to accomplish that
objective.
37. Social Democratic State: The ideal type of states viewed
by modern liberals and democratic socialists.
The state functions on the principle of fairness, equality
and equal distribution of wealth to achieve social, political
and economic justice, equality and empowerment of its
people.
Necessary to promote economic growth and social well-
being of its people.
Collectivized State: They undertake the control of
economic life, by bringing common ownership of all
economic resources under their own control for the
welfare of all.
The state makes laws to control the private property of
their citizens. Peoples' Republic of China follows such
policy. The state takes care of the economic needs of its
citizens .e.g provides food, shelter, employment and the
citizens must not act against the government policies.
38. Totalitarian State: The state must have absolute powers and
individuals have no right against the state. The State cannot do
anything wrong. The whole life of an individual is within the jurisdiction
of the state.
Philosophers: Hegel
E.g. Regimes of Hitler and Mussolini.
Modern Welfare State: It works for the overall welfare of the State in
all spheres and removal of social stigmas to increase the spirit of
cultural unity and harmony among the masses.
39. CONCEPT OF NATION
Emerges from Latin word which means ‘to be born’.
Nation is a body of people united by common descent
and language.
The World Book Dictionary defines a nation as "the
people occupying the same country, united under the
same government, and usually speaking the same
language".
The UN General Assembly Resolution approves right
to self-determination is the right of a people to
determine its own destiny. The right to self-
determination is the right of a people to determine
its own destiny
40. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF NATION
Common race
Common religious sentiments
Common residence on a defined territory
Common political aspirations
Common language
Common culture
Common interests of trade economy
Common historical traditions
