The document defines the state and its key elements. It summarizes that the state consists of four main elements - population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It then discusses each of these elements in more detail. For example, it notes that a population and territory are the physical bases of the state, while government and sovereignty are the political bases. It also distinguishes between the state and related concepts like society, nation, and government.

56. THE STATE AND ITS ELEMENTS
Definitions:
The state is the most universal and most powerful of all social institutions. The
state is a natural institution. Aristotle said man is a social animal and by nature he is a
political being. To him, to live in the state and to be a man were identical.
The modern term 'state' is derived from the word 'status'. It was Niccolo Machiavelli ( 1469 -
1527) who first used the term 'state' in his writings. His important work is titled as 'Prince'.
The state is the highest form of human association. It is necessary because it comes into existence
out of the basic needs of life. It continues to remain for the sake of good life.
The aims, desires and aspirations of human beings are translated into action through the state.
Though the state is a necessary institution, no two writers agree on its definition.
To Woodrow Wilson, 'State is a people organized for law within a definite territory.'
Aristotle defined the state as a 'union of families and villages having for its end a perfect
and self - sufficing life by which it meant a happy and honourable life'.
To Holland, the state is 'a numerous assemblage of human beings generally occupying a
certain territory amongst whom the will of the majority or class is made to privail against any of
their number who oppose it.'
Burgess defines the state as 'a particular portion of mankind According to Sidgwick. 'State
is a combination or association of persons in the form of government and governed and united
together into a politically organized people of a definite territory.'
According to Garner, 'State is a community of people occupying a definite form of
territory free of external control and possessing an organized government to which people show
habitual obedience.'
Prof. Laski defines 'state as a territorial society divided into government and subjects
whose relationships are determined by the exercise of supreme coercive power.'

57. Elements:
From the above definitions, it is clear that the following are the elements of the state :-
Physical bases of the State
1. Population
2. Territory
Political bases of the State
1. Government
2. Sovereignty
Population :
It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the state. Greek thinkers were
of the view that the population should neither be too big nor too small.
Territory :
There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to live and organize
themselves socially and politically. It may be remembered that the territory of the state includes
land, water and air - space.
The modern states differ in their sizes. Territory is necessary for citizenship. As in the case of
population, no definite size with regard to extent of area of the state can be fixed. There are small
and big states.
In the words of Prof. Elliott 'territorial sovereignty or the Superiority of state overall within
its boundaries and complete freedom from external control has been a fundamental principle of
the modern state life'.
Government :
Government is the third element of the state. There can be no state without government.
Government is the working agency of the state. It is the political organization of the state.
Prof. Appadorai defined government as the agency through which the will of the State is
formulated, expressed and realized.
According to C.F. Strong, in order to make and enforce laws the state must have supreme
authority. This is called the government.

58. Sovereignty:
The fourth essential element of the state is sovereignty.
The word 'sovereignty' means supreme and final legal authority above and beyond which no legal
power exists.
The concept of 'sovereignty' was developed in conjunction with the rise of the modern state.
The term Sovereignty is derived from the Latin word superanus which means supreme. The father
of modern theory of sovereignty was Jean Bodin (1530 - 1597) a French political thinker.
Sovereignty has two aspects:
1) Internal sovereignty
2) External sovereignty
Internal sovereignty means that the State is supreme over all its citizens, and
associations.
External sovereignty means that the state is independent and free from foreign or outside
control.
According to Harold J. Laski, 'It is by possession of sovereignty that the state is distinguished
from all other forms of human association.
State and Society
The society consists of a large number of individuals, families, group and institutions. The
early political thinkers considered both state and society as one. State is a part of society but is not
a form of society.
Prof. Earnest Barker in his book entitled 'Principles of Social and Political Theory'
clearly brings out the difference between state and society under three headings. They are,
1. Purpose or function
2. Organisation and structure
3. Method
From the point of view of purpose the state is a legal association, which acts for the single
purpose of making and enforcing a permanent system of law and order.
But society comprising of a plurality of associations, acts for a variety of purposes other
than legal.

59. These purposes are
1. Intellectual
2. Moral
3. Religious
4. Economic
5. Aesthetic and
6. Recreational
The membership of the state and society are the same. But they differ as regards purpose.
The state exists for one great but single, purpose; society exists for a number of purposes some
great and some small, but all in their aggregate deep as well as broad.
From the point of view of organization the state is a single organization - legal, whereas
society comprises within itself many organizations.
As regards method as pointed out before the state employs the method of coercion or
compulsion, society employs method of voluntary action.
The purposes for which society exists makes the persuasive methods necessary and the
multiplicity of its organization give ample opportunity to the members to relinquish one
association and join another in case coercion is ever attempted.
State and Nation:
The word 'nation' is derived from the Latin word 'natio' hich means birth or race. The terms
nation and state are used as synonym.
According to Leacock, a nation is a body of people united by common descent and
language.
But the modern writers do not emphasize the racial aspects so much as the psychological
and spiritual. It has acquired a political meaning in the recent times.
People who share common ideas and naturally linked to gather by some affinities and united are
now called a nation. In the case of state feeling of oneness is not necessary as in the case of the
four elements constituting the State.

60. State and Government:
Government is often used with the 'state' as synonym.
But both the government and the state are two different entities. There are differences between the
state and the government.
State
1. State consists of population, territory, government and sovereignty.
2. State possesses original powers.
3. State is permanent and continues forever.
4. State is abstract and invisible.
Government
1. Government is part of the state.
2. Powers of the government are derived from the state.
3. Government is temporary. It may come and go.
4. Government is concrete and is visible.
Branches of Government:
1. Executive:
It is one of the three branches of government as given above.
State functions through the executive, the namely the government. It is the duty of the
executive or enforce the laws passed by the legislature.
The executive who exercise real power is the real executive. The executive who has
nominal power is the normal executive.
Powers and functions of executive are :
1. Enforcing law
2. Maintaining peace and order.
3. Repelling aggression.
4. Building friendly relations with other states

61. 5. When necessary to wage war to protect the country.
6. Making appointments to higher posts.
7. Raising money and spending them.
8. Convening the sessions of the legislature and conducting business.
9. Issues ordinances whenever the legislature is to in session.
10. Implement schemes and projects to improve he social and economic conditions of the
people.
11. Power to grant pardon, reprieve or remission of punishment.
2. Legislature:
The legislature is the law making branch. The legislature has an important role in the
amendment of the constitution. The legislature is a deliberative body where matters of social,
economic and political concerns are discussed, debated and decided.
The British parliament is said to be 'the mother of parliaments'. It is the oldest legislature
in the world.
According to Prof. Laski, law- making is not the only function of the legislature but its
real function is to watch the process of administration to safeguard the liberties of private citizens.
National Assembly as the Lower House.
Senate as the Upper House
The functions of legislature are
a) Enact laws
b) Oversee administration
c) Pass the budget
d) Hear public grieveances
e) Discuss subjects like
1) Development plans
2) National policies
3) International relations.

62. 3. Judiciary:
Judiciary is the third important organ of the government machinery. Its main function is to
interrupter laws and administer justice.
Lord Bryce has said that there is to better test of excellence of government than the
efficiency of its judicial system. The welfare of citizens depends to a larger extent upon the
judiciary.
Judiciary is one of the pillars of democracy. Its interpretation ensures justice, equality and
liberty to all its citizens. An independent and impartial judiciary is an essential feature of a
democratic setup.
According to Justice Hughes, 'we are under a constitution, but the constitution is what the
judges say it is'.
Functions of Judiciary:
1. Administration of justice.
2. To determine what is law and what is the scope and meaning of it. Interpretation
of constitution and law
3. To give advisory opinion on matters referred to it.
4. To issue order or writes for the purpose of preventing violation of rights and law
5. To act as a guardian of the constitution

143. GEOSTRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE
OF PAKISTAN
Contents
1. Introduction: ..............................................................................................................................2
2. Geographical description of Pakistan: .........................................................................................2
3. Political importance:...................................................................................................................2
4. Geostrategic importance of Pakistan:..........................................................................................3
a) Proximity of great powers:......................................................................................................3
b) Gateway to central Asia-(oil and energy game):.......................................................................3
c) Bridge between South Asia and South West Asia; ....................................................................4
d) Only Muslim Country with Nuclear Capability..........................................................................4
e) Natural Resources:..................................................................................................................4
f) Significance as a Transit economy:...........................................................................................5
I China-Pakistan Economic Corridor .......................................................................................6
II Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline (TAPI) ....................................................7
III Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline ...................................................................................................7
IV Pakistan shares Marine Border with Oman ..........................................................................8
V Important link in the chain of Muslim countries:......................................................................8
5. War against Terrorism: ...............................................................................................................8
6. Analysis/Conclusion:...................................................................................................................8
7. Referrences:...............................................................................................................................9

144. 1. Introduction:
Geo means "the Earth" strategy means "planning, tactics and policy"and significance means
"importance".
Geo strategic means the importance of a country or a region as by virtue of its geographical location.
The term was first used by Frederick L. Schuman in his 1942 article "Let Us Learn Our
Geopolitics" .Geographical attributes of a state bring it both, some opportunities to avail and some risks
to evade. Pakistan availed the opportunities from its geography but could escape the risks it posed.
When a state learns how to exploit its geography to the best of its political and strategic interests the
study which comes in shape is called geostrategic and geopolitics.
2. Geographical description of Pakistan:
Pakistan's geography where brought the country countless material benefits there its unwise
exploitation also invited the chaos in the region.Pakistan is located in South East Asia.24.35 North and
37.05 North latitude and 61 East to 78 East longitude. Its area is 796096 sq km stretching over 1600 km
from North to South and about 885km from East to West.
In 1947, possessing a unique geographical location, Pakistan consisted two distant parts; the West
Pakistan, in the Indus River basin and the East Pakistan (later on became Bangladesh in December 1971)
located more than 1000 miles (1600 kilometers) away in the Ganges River delta. Separated from each
other, these two wings had 1000km wide Indian territory between them.
Pakistan is a land of plains, mountain ranges, deserts and coastal belt. The country shares its Eastern
Border called 'Radcliffe Line' with India. On its Northern side, it has Sino-Pak Border. Its Western fronts
include the boundaries of 'Durand Line' with Afghanistan and 'Gold Smith Line' with Iran. The Arabian
Sea has limited the South of the country. With the total area of 7,96096 km square, Pakistan emerges to
be one of the most significant geographical patches of Asia. In the West, Pakistan borders with
Afghanistan, whose one kilometer narrow Wahkhan strip kept the defunct Soviet Union away from
Pakistani frontiers. To the North, she has the Peoples Republic of China. Geography has also placed
Pakistan at the mouth of the strategic Persian Gulf where 65% of world's oil is produced.Western
nations, including the United States,are drawn geographically to Pakistan because of their keen interest
in keeping the Arabian Sea open for the Persian Gulf oli shipments which make up a major part of their
energy supplies. The oil rich heart of the Persian Gulf region–Iran, is in the northwest of Pakistan. In the
South, the Arabian Sea, the northwestern extension of the strategically important Indian Ocean washes
Pakistan’s coastal shores. Khunjerab Pass links Pakistan and China.Pakistan and Iran borders meet at
Koh-i-Tuftan .The narrow strip of Wakhan separates Central Asia from Pakistan.Towards east,Punjab-
Rajasthan borders which is 1650 km long.The Pakistan-Afghanistan border is 2250 km(Durand
Line).Coastal belt is 700 km. Being the gateway to Central Asia and a suitable route of access of World
Powers into land-locked Afghanistan, the geography of Pakistan suffered from the side effects of the
'New Great Game' and the 'Global War on Terrorism'. But things are in transformation today. The
Northern border with China where gets ready to bring billion dollars investment in the wake of CPEC
there the Western border with Afghanistan is seeking TAPI Gas Pipeline. Similarly, the South Western
boundary with Iran will sooner or later be flexible for Pak-Iran Gas Pipeline.
3. Political importance:
US interests in the regions to contain the Growing China, nuclear Iran, terrorist Afghanistan, and to
benefit from the market of India. Security and Business are two main US interests in the region while

145. Pakistan is playing a front line role against terrorism. Today the political scenario of the region is tinged
with pre emption policy and US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan, Irans nuclear program, Indias
geopolitical muscles(new strategic deal with US) to gain the hegemony and to counter the The Rise of
China which has earned all the qualities to change unipolar world into Bipolar world. In all these issues,
Pakistan is directly or indirectly involved, especially after Al Qaeda operations. The American think tanks
have repeatedly accepted that war against terror could never be won without the help of Pakistan.
Pakistan has rigorously fought, and ongoing military operation in Wazirstan is also targeting the
suspected Taliban in the bordering area. Main threats to Pakistan: Balochistan and Wazirstan conflicts
are posing threats to any economic project like IPI gas pipeline. Negative role of India, US, Iran in this
conflict ridden area. Kashmir is flash point, accelerating nuclear race in the South Asia. Instable
governments in Pakistan have contributed in weakening the strong position.
4. Geostrategic importance of Pakistan:
When Pakistan emerged on the map of the world as a sovereign and independent state in August 1947,
it was like a baby in ICU with hardly any prospect of survival, on account of its extremely vulnerable
defence and fragile economy. However, despite numerous setbacks, crises and turmoils of gigantic
magnitude, it has so far been able to survive and make some progress due to several factors, perhaps
the most important of which is its strategic geographical location and its particular ideology.
Pakistan is located at a region which has great political, economic and strategic location. It has been hub
of activities of great powers for last 20 years. It has witnessed intervention of three great powers i-e
Britain, USSR, and USA. Its significance was further enhanced during cold war when it becomes ally of US
policy of containment of USSR and now the post cold war era has witnessed its significance particularly
after the events of 9/11.The geographic location of Pakistan makes it a junction of the three important
parts of the world.South Asia,West Asia and Central Asia.
Pakistan is thus located in one of the most sensitive regions of the world where global rivalries of great
power,accentuated by local rivalries came into conflict with each other and serve to heighten Pakistan's
security concerns.Safeguarding its security is,therefore,a principal aim of Pakistan's foreign policy even
under normal circumstances. In today's troubled times,it has become foremost preoccupation.
Pakistan's geostrategic position is such that since its creation, it has faced a succession of challenging
situations. In recent years,the problems in the region have multiplied in a way that has focused world's
attention on Pakistan.
a) Proximity of great powers:
Pakistan is located at the junction of great powers. In its neighbors one world power Russia and the
other emerging power china lies. Any alliance among world powers enhances its significance. This factor
has been utilized by Pakistan after 9/11.
b) Gateway to central Asia-(oil and energy game):
Central Asia is the center stage of new Great games. Western quest for resources- oil and energy
resources in the central Asia. After USSR decline, new quest started which is as manifested by politics of
oil. Pakistan is located very close to the oil rich Middle Eastern countries. The belt started from Iran and
extended to Saudi Arabia. Thus, Pakistan can influence shipment of oil. Iran is struggling to export its

146. surplus gas and oil to eastern countries, Qatar, Pakistan and Turkmenistan pipeline projects highlight the
position.
In the energy scarce world, Pakistan is located in the hub of energy rich countries i-e Iran and
Afghanistan: both are energy abundant while India and china are lacking. China finds way to Indian
Ocean and Arabian sea through Karakoram highway, Pakistan through Arabian Sea is linked with the
Muslims Countries of Persian Gulf. All of them are rich in oil. In Karachi Bin Qasim and Gwader are
important seaports of Pakistan
c) Bridge between South Asia and South West Asia;
Iran and Afghanistan are energy abundant while India and China are lacking of. China finds way to Indian
ocean and Arabian Sea through Korakaram. China with its fastest economic growth rate of 9%; is
developing its southern provinces because its own port is 4500 km away from Sinkiang but Gawader is
2500 km away. Pakistan offers to CARs the shortest route of 2600 km as compared to Iran (4500 km) or
Turkey (5000 km). land locked Afganistan now at the phase of Reconstruction, finds its ways through
Pakistan. Gawader port with its deep waters attracts the trade ships of China, CARs and South East Asian
Countries.Iran is struggling to export its surplus gas and oil to eastern countries. Qatar Pakistan and
Turkmenistan Pipeline projects highlights the position. Pakistan would get 400 million dollar annually if
IPI gets success. Mountain Ranges: Himalayas, Hindu Kush in the North are plentiful in providing water
and natural resources.
d) Only Muslim Country with Nuclear Capability
Pakistan’ s strategic position in the world has been considerably increased ever since it has achieved
nuclear capability, which has made it the only Muslim country armed with atomic weapons. Pakistan is a
poor country confronting countless problems and facing grave energy shortages but even then, its
nuclear power has significantly elevated its importance in the international community.
A historian has perhaps rightly said that “In almost 80 years since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, if
any work mentioning incident took place in the whole Muslim world, it was May 1998, when Pakistan
carried out its nuclear explosions.
in the region Pakistan is the only Muslim country having nuclear capability which has great influence on the
political, socio-economic activities in the region and the maintenance of status quo in the region.
Reduce Indian Hegemony In Arabian Sea and Indian Sea:India has a shared interest with the U.S and
NATO in the subjection of Pakistan as they consider Nuclear weapons of Pakistan as a thteat to Indian
national security,NATO operations in Afghanistan and Israel.Pakistan have nuclear deterrence
since1998.Pakistan named its nuclear bomb as "Islamic Bomb"tht made it centre of attention in world
politically. The U.S,NATO,Israel and India want to neutralize such a strategic and factional threat from
emerging in Pakistan.
e) Natural Resources:
It is believed that they most vital factor which can be helpful for any country is the natural resources.
And Pakistan is a world’ s populous country due to its natural resources. Pakistan has the world’ s fifth
largest gold mine in Baluchistan, world’ s second largest salt mine in Punjab and world’ s sixth coal mine
also in Punjab. Pakistan has three of the biggest mountains of the world. It is said that these mountain

147. ranges serve us safe from Siberia winds. The huge glaciers supply water in the rivers. Our huge market
makes it an avid hub for export of the commodities by our neighbours.
f) Significance as a Transit economy:
In the changing dynamics of global architecture, the sea politics is getting complex with more focus on
commercial activities and economic prosperity.
Pakistan has the potential to develop transit economy on account is its strategic location, land locked
Afghanistan now at the phase of reconstruction finds its ways through Pakistan. China with its fastest
economy growth rate of 9% us developing southern provinces because its own part is 4500 km away
from Sinkiang but Gwader is 2500 km away. Moreover, Pakistan offers central Asian regions the shortest
route of 2600 km as compared to Iran 4500 km or turkey 5000 km. Gwadar port is the warm water and
deep sea port of Pakistan. It is situated at the mouth of Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz and holds 2/3
world oil reserves. Historically, it was purchased by the Pakistan in 1958 from Omani Sultanate at the
cost of US $3 million. During its construction phase, from 1988-1992 small port was constructed. In
2007, General Musharraf inaugurated the port. From 2007-2012, Gwadar port remained under Port
Singapore Authority (PSA) but due to its poor performance, the port was handed over to China Overseas
Port Holding Company (COPHC) in 2013. Since then the construction work has been done at a rapid
pace.Gwador port with its deep waters attracts the trade ships of china, CAR and south east Asian
countries., also the coastal belt of Balochistan can provide outlet to China's western provinces to have
access to middles eastern markets with the development of coastal highways and
motorways.China finds way to Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea through Karakorum Highway.
The port holds great strategic and economic significance for Pakistan. It is third important deep sea port
of Pakistan after Karachi and Qasim ports. It is located at cross junction of international sea shipping and
oil trade routes. Gwadar can act as an international trade hub for Pakistan. Gwadar port would connect
three regions, i.e. Central Asia, South Asia and Middle East. It would open new job opportunities and
help in the development of Baluchistan. Pakistan would be able to explore minerals, hydrocarbons, oil
and gas resources of CARs. The port will attract foreign investment and tourism. It would provide foreign
reserves and free trade zones and special economic zones (SEZ) that would help in the economic
prosperity of Baluchistan and Pakistan. It would help to increase Pakistan’s trade and commercial
activities particularly in Baluchistan province, so provincial grievances will be addressed.
Gwadar will help Pakistan to monitor the Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) originating from the
Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. Gwadar will able to control the oil sea routes and trade links
among regions such as South Asia, Africa, Central Asia, Gulf and Middle East. It will provide strategic
leverage to Pakistan vis-à-vis India, as the port is far from Indian reach as compared to other two
Pakistani ports. Gwadar will increase job opportunities for Pakistani people and help in economic
development through transit trade fee and foreign exchange reserves. Gwadar will boost up co-
operation of Pakistan with other countries in oil and energy sector. Tourism, trade, hotel industry and
state revenue will increase which will strengthened country’s economy. Gwadar offers tax free
investments and trade, thus attracting large number of foreign investors to open new development
projects and economic plans.

148. Asia, being the largest region has many landlocked countries and their access to sea via their own land
route is very costly. Such countries look out for shortest routes for the purpose of international trade.
China is an example whose western part is thousand kilometers away from its Eastern seaports.
Gwadar port is the nearest warm-water port to energy-rich Central Asian CountriesBought from Oman
in 1958, Gwadar has been developed into a warm-water seaport which now operated by a Chinese
company named 'China Overseas Port Holding Company' under a 43 years agreed lease. The port is the
soul of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Being the nearest deep-sea port to the landlocked Central
Asian Republics, Gwadar is another manifestation of Pakistan's geographical importance.
I China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Pakistan benefits from its strategic location and China is taking advantage of that. Around 80% of China's
trade and energy imports travel through the pirate-swarmed Strait of Malacca and Indian Ocean, both
patrolled by the United States and Indian Navies.
These possible chokepoints at Malacca Strait are a security issue for China, particularly regarding oil as
40% of china's general consumption passes through the Malacca Strait. Any conflict could block the
China's energy supply, as a result, supply ships would need to travel an extra 500 miles to avoid the
Malacca Strait, currently the fastest route from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific. China is aware of this
vulnerability and is looking to Pakistan to provide a shorter and safer alternative.
Currently China import 80% of its oil through this narrow strech of sea passing through Malaysia,
Indonasia, and Singapore.
The CPEC would not only be the alternative to Strait of Malacca but also provide China with an entry
point to the Persian Gulf. Strategically some countries are worried that the China is broadening its
geopolitical influence and possibly its military presence in the region. For example, some Indian
intellectuals suspect the Gwadar port will serve as a Chinese Naval facility, and it only comes at a cost of
about $46 billion.The Pakistan-China Economic Corridor will move from KHUNJERAB PASS into Pakistan
in the mountains down Karakorum Highway. At an altitude of more than 15,000
feet, outnumber cargo trucks will be crossing over Pakistan's border with China. The initial outlines of
this corridor are already visible, where the highway snakes past mountains, glaciers, and rocky valleys.
From central Pakistan, more roads will be built to provide access to Gwadar Port in Baluchistan.
The donkey-trails from the original Silk Route is visible, where traders traveled for more than 600 years
before the 15th century. China spends millions of dollars on the upgrading of mountainous Karakorum
highway that is one of the world's most dangerous roads. Chinese engineers are drilling through
mountains to build dozens of miles of tunnels to make it safer, some of which are celebrated with the
phrase "Pak-China Friendship Tunnel". They are adding bridges, guardrails and concrete overhangs to
funnel landslides and avalanches away from travel lanes. For example, Attabad Lake is created as a
result of a landslide in 2010, which blocked the Hunza River and caused flooding the Karakorum Highway
and surrounding villages. China has recently built four large tunnels on the south end of the 13-mile lake
to reopen the highway that also benefits the water locked local villagers.The $46 billion 'China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor' scheme, which is being demonstrated as a 'Game-Changer' is more than a network

149. of roads to link Chinese city of Kashgar with the Gulf States via Gwadar of Pakistan. CPEC is a complete
package of energy projects and trade opportunities for Pakistan. It is the most cherished fruit of
Pakistan's geographical importance the country ever had. However, some credit also goes to the foreign
policy makers of Pakistan who always kept into considerations the Sino-Pak mutual interests.Through
Pakistan-China Economic Corridor (CPEC), China would benefit from the nearest Gwadar port. Kashgar is
4500 Km while Gwadar is 2800 km from the Port of Shangai. The port would provide China an access to
Afghanistan and Central Asian Republics (CARs). The Strait of Malacca can be blocked by India but
Gwadar would provide an alternate sea route. Gwadar can act as an alternative route to Indian Ocean or
South China Sea routes. Presently, India is using all tactics to counter the development of Gwadar port.
It is heavily investing in Iranian port Chahbahar, with the investment of US $85 million. After lifting of
economic sanctions on Iran, India is keener to work on Chahbahar as it considers Gwadar port as part of
Strings of Pearl strategy aimed to encircle India. India wants to reduce Chinese influence in the region.
India is attempting to reduce economic importance of Gwadar. It has built roads from Afghanistan to
connect with Chahbahar for instance, Zaranj-Delaram road. It clearly indicates that India would try its
best to hinder the construction of silk route from Pakistan. It has already raised serious security
concerns on the construction of CPEC. However, Pakistan seriously needs to address these challenges
and expedite its work on Gwadar Port which is a key to economic prosperity, regional connectivity and
maritime development for Pakistan.
China link to Middle East:Pakistan is the only direct and shortest link between China and the Middle
East. In development of this link,Pakistan plays an important role by making Gwador a fully functional
port with support of China.Gwador will prove instrumental in promoting trans-shipment essentially of
containerized cargo besides unlocking the development potential for hinterland.
II Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline (TAPI)
The Asian Development Bank's funded project of TAPI is the name of a gas pipeline which aims to supply
natural gas from the Caspian Sea to the four countries mentioned above. Pakistan due to its
geographical nearness to this Central Asian Republic is seeking benefit from the project. It also reflects
the dependence of India on Pakistan for having access to the natural resources of Central Asian
Republics. The construction of the project commenced in December 2015, and it will be functional by
2019.
III Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline
Also known as the 'Peace Pipeline' the project is another fruit of Pakistan's geographic importance. The
pipeline project was formally inaugurated in 2013, but it's far from being operational due to several
controversies. Particularly the anti-Iran stance of the USA influenced Pakistan to abandon the project.
Things, however, have changed after the US-Iran Nuclear Deal and Iran is no more under enormous
sanctions. Pakistan at the same time never utterly gave up the project. Good omens are apparent for
the future of this project.

150. IV Pakistan shares Marine Border with Oman
Pakistan and Oman settled their maritime under an agreement in 2000; adhering to the International
Law of Sea. This sharing of a maritime boundary with the brotherly country of Oman can interpret
Pakistan's geographical importance in the sense of access to Oman's undersea energy resources. The sea
route can also be used to have access to the Persian Gulf and its littoral states.
V Important link in the chain of Muslim countries:
Geographically, Pakistan is located at the centre of the Islamics countries of Asia and Africa.It is linked to
these states thorough land and sea routes and thus not only its ideologically background,but its
geographical centrality necessities that it supports the unity of Muslim World.Prior to cessation of East
Pakistan, it was the largest Islamic State and naturally was in the vanguard of the movement for Islamics
Unity.Even afterwards,it actively works for the mutual alliance and unity of Muslims.
If we look at the map of Muslim countries, Pakistan occupies a central location. Towards west of Iran,
china extends to North Africa. Thus it can actively participate in the activities of Muslim world-economic
development, transport of resources and above all combat terrorism.
5. War against Terrorism:
The world is facing a huge problem of terrorism. Pakistan is a route for transportation and a front line
state against terrorism. Afghanistan which is now the focus of world’ s attention is generally regarded as
the breeding ground of all the international terrorism. Now, the US and Nato troops fighting in
Afghanistan are well aware that they are heavily dependent on Pakistan for winning war in Afghanistan.
Afghanistan has other neighbours also such as Iran, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, but Pakistan provides
the easiest route for the provision of NATO Supplies to the forces in Afghanistan.
The American think tank has repeatedly accepted that war against terrorism could never be won
without the help of Pakistan. Pakistan has rigorously fought and an ongoing operation in Waziristan is
also targeting the suspected Taliban in the bordering area.
6. Analysis/Conclusion:
There is no doubt that Pakistan has a great importance in the world. But it is the fact that Pakistan is a
developing country and has many issues like energy crises, terrorism etc. the famous American Scholar
Stephen Cohen while demonstrating on the thought pattern of most of the people of Pakistan, point out
that The establishment is prone to thinking that someone will always come to Pakistan rescue because
of its location.This kind of thinking must be shed away and we have to learn to rely on our own
resources which proliferate in Pakistan.While history has been unkind to Pakistan, its geography has
been its greatest benefit. It has resources rich area in the northwest, people rich in the North East.

151. 7. Referrences:
http://www.ipripak.org/significance-of-gwadar-port/
http://www.sheir.org/geostrategic-and-geopolitical-location-geography.html
http://foreignpolicynews.org/2015/11/25/geostrategic-importance-of-china-pakistan-economic-
corridor/
http://www.cssworld.com.pk/showthread.php?469-Geo-Strategic-Importance-of-Pakistan
Afnan Ullah Khan,Pakistan: The Way Forward, October 2014,p.187 .
Facts About Pakistan, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of Films and Pu