Political Participation
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This document discusses political participation, which it defines as voluntary activities that citizens undertake to influence government decision-making, either directly or indirectly. It outlines different types of political participation, from more active involvement like voting, campaigning, and holding office, to less active forms like signing petitions or discussions. New media like social media and the internet have enhanced political participation by facilitating online discussion and engagement with political issues and campaigns. Major campaigns like Obama's in 2008 revolutionized the use of digital tools and social media to engage supporters and spread information and messaging.
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Political Participation
- 2. Introdution • Man is a political animal- Aristotle • Directly or indirectly he or she participates in political process of the country.
- 3. Definition • McClosky : “Those voluntary activities by which members of a society share in the selection of rulers and, directly or indirectly, in the formation of public policy” . • Huntington, Samuel and Nelson Joan:'activity by private citizens designed to influence governmental decision aaking. • Verba, Nie & Kim: Political participation refers to those legal activities of private citizens that is designed to affect governmental decision making.
- 4. Meaning • Political participation includes a broad range of activities through which people develop and express their opinions on the world and how it is governed, and try to take part in and shape the decisions that affect their lives. • Voluntary activities by which members of a society share selection of their rulers directly or indirectly in the formation of public policy. • Involvement of the individual at various levels in the political system. • Active involvement - in a real manner influences the decision-making activity of the government. • This activity shapes, affects, or involves the political
- 5. The most active part of political participation is • to enroll as member of political parties., • canvassing and registering votes, • speech- writing and speech making, • working in campaigns and • competing for public and party offices
- 6. Activities/Methods of Political participation • Voting • Membership • Personal contacting • Seeking help from influential political persons • Mobilising groups • Filing a lawsuit • Sending gifts to officials or hosting meals • Campaign activity • Co-operative activity • Demonstrations and strikes
- 7. Activities/Methods of Political participation • Consumer boycotts • Use of labeling schemes • Economic support to parties and groups • Civil disobedience or riots • Wearing of buttons, t-shirts, etc that market a political cause • Signing of petitions • Writing of letters to political actors or newspapers • Culture jamming • Constructing a home page for a political cause • Involvement with Internet political chat sites. Twitter
- 8. Woodward and Roper • The political activities are “(1) voting at the polls, (2) supporting possible pressure groups by being a member of them, (3) personality communicating directly with legislators, (4) participating in political party activity and thus acquiring a claim on legislators and (5) engaging in habitual dissemination of political opinion through word-of-mouth communications to other citizens.”
- 9. Level of Political Participation
- 10. Gladiotorial Actiyities • (A) Holding public and party office • (B) Being a candidate for the office. • (C) Soliciting political funds • (D) Attending a caucus or a strategy meeting. • (E) Becoming an active member in a political party. • (F) Contributing time in a political campaign.
- 11. Transitional Activities • (a) Attending a political meeting or a rally. • (b) Making a monetary contribution to a party or a candidate. • (c) Contacting a political official or a political leader
- 12. Spectator Activities • (a) wearing a button or putting a sticker on the car. (b) Attempting to talk to another to voting in a certain way. • (c) Initiating a political discussion • (d) Voting. • (e) Exposing oneself to political stimuli. Participation increases as it goes to lower hierarchy.
- 13. Types of Political Participation 1. Voting - the right of adult franchise. -In the absence of this right democracy is not possible. -The age of participation varies in different states from 18 to 21 years.
- 14. 2. Protesting • Constitutional Right • actions will influence or initiate change in a particular area of politics.
- 15. 3. Public Consutlation • Town hall gatherings • Ordnary cirtizens meeting political leaders
- 16. 4. Jury duty • It ensures that people who are charged with a crime are judged by people like them
- 17. Realignment & Dealignment • Affiliation with a political party is known as Alignment. Choosing a Side • A massive shift in party affiliation- abandon one political party and join the other. • Dealignment : Abandoning all political parties. Leave the affiliated party but don't affiliate with any other party. • Eg: NOTA, Independent voters
- 18. How Is New Media Affecting Political Participation • Inernet & SM-main source of political participation • Provides an opportunity for political discussion through various online groups, pages, and accounts. • Enhances awareness about voting and campaigning • Research: Cantijoch and his colleagues studied the use of Internet, political engagement, and the impact of e-discussion, e-information, and e-political campaigning. Their findings claimed that e- campaigning directly connects and engages Internet users before and after elections.
- 19. • 39% of adults in the US used social media • 1/8 adults used social media for civic and political purposes. • Social media generated new trends for political participation. • “Facebook use, and political interest positively correlates with online political participation” (Abdu, Mohamad, & Muda, 2017, p. 1) • Chan and Guo (2013) “social media use among youth can facilitate greater political and civic engagement, particularly for those who perceive that they have limited ability to participate and understand political affairs.
- 20. Bill Clinton’s presidential campaign in 1992, • Used sites with interactive features, discussion boards, blogs, online fundraising platforms, volunteer recruitment sites, and meet-ups. • The public became more involved with the actual production and distribution of political content. • Citizen journalists were eyewitnesses to events that professional journalists did not cover. • Non-elites offered their perspectives on political affairs to politicians and peers. • Members of the public also were responsible for recording and posting videos that could go viral and influence the course of events
- 21. Barack Obama’s groundbreaking digital campaign strategy in the 2008 • Revolutionized the use of social media • Use of advanced digital media features that capitalized on the networking, collaboration, and community-building potential of social media to create a political movement. • The Obama campaign website -a full-service, multimedia center where voters not only could access information, they also could watch and share videos, view and distribute campaign ads, post comments, and blog. • Supporters could donate, volunteer, and purchase campaign logo items, like tee shirts and caps. • The campaign was active on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube • The campaign pioneered digital microtargeting tactics. • It used social media to collect data
- 22. Conclusion • Without participation there is no politics. • Online media has an important role in political participation.
- 23. References • Axford, Barrie. (1997). Politics : an introduction. London ; New York : Routledge • Herbert Mc'Closkey, "Political Participation" in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vo.l..11, Macmillan Company and the Free Press, USA, 1968' p. 23. • Carole Jean Uhlaner, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015 • Khasnabis C, Heinicke Motsch K, Achu K, et al., editors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. • T Ahmad, A Alvi, M Ittefaq .The Use of Social Media on Political Participation Among University Students: An Analysis of Survey Results From Rural Pakistan, SAGE Open 9 (3).
Editor's Notes
- Participation at the top of the hierarchy is enjoyed only by those who hold various types of offices within the political system.
- this typology has been developed on the basis of the studies made on the involvement of the American citizens in politics.
- Voting: In a democracy, voting is the single most important form of political participation that a person can take part in because it ensures that politicians are elected by the people, rather than being assigned to their position of power by someone else.
- Protest: Whether or not it is a constitutional right, public protests are another important form of political participation because you are making your opinions known in a very obvious way, with the hope that your actions will influence or initiate change in a particular area of politics.
- Public consultations: Like voting, public consultations (which are more commonly known as town hall meetings) offer ordinary citizens the chance to get together in a group with a politician or elected official in order to make their opinions and feelings known.
- Jury duty: Although most people shudder at the thought of having to attend jury duty, it is an important type of political participation because it ensures that people who are charged with a crime are judged by people like them, rather than allowing the outcome to depend entirely on a single person, such as a judge.
- The Internet has become vital for political discussions and political participation. In the beginning, Internet was used as a one-way communication tool for political parties to inform the public through their websites. However, new media and technology have changed communication patterns in two-way communication
- Chan and Guo (2013) investigated Facebook use in political activities and concluded that “social media use among youth can facilitate greater political and civic engagement, particularly for those who perceive that they have limited ability to participate and understand political affairs
- Barack Obama’s groundbreaking digital campaign strategy in the 2008 presidential election. Obama’s team revolutionized the use of social media in an election they felt was unwinnable using traditional techniques. The campaign made use of advanced digital media features that capitalized on the networking, collaboration, and community-building potential of social media to create a political movement. The Obama campaign website was a full-service, multimedia center where voters not only could access information, they also could watch and share videos, view and distribute campaign ads, post comments, and blog. Supporters could donate, volunteer, and purchase campaign logo items, like tee shirts and caps. The campaign was active on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, as well as a range of other social media platforms that catered to particular constituencies, such as BlackPlanet, AsianAve, and Glee. The campaign pioneered digital microtargeting tactics. It used social media to collect data on people’s political and consumer preferences, and created voter profiles to pursue specific groups, such as young professional voters, with customized messages.