The document discusses several concepts related to international relations theories: 1) Realism assumes that states act in their self-interest and pursue power due to imperfect human nature. There is an inherent conflict of interests between states. 2) Liberalism emerged in response to realism and proposes collective security through international organizations to maintain peace and cooperation between states. 3) The document also discusses the concepts of nation and nation-state, noting that a nation-state combines cultural factors like language, history and religion with political sovereignty within a defined territory. It analyzes whether Pakistan qualifies as a nation-state.

2. BBA-II

3. Approach: Powerful World

4. The theory of Realism built upon from certain assumptions, mentioned below
 Human Nature is imperfect and imperfect able
 Human beings in order to achieve self-interest do not hesitate to destroy others
when and where he gets an opportunity. Likewise countries follows
 The National interest of various countries are sometime conflicting
 Different interests can lead to war and other form of conflicts
 A country’s power is crucial in determining the outcome of conflict and also to
influence other countries.
 Every country tries to increase its power which is fixed doctrine ( Power)
 Thus, there is contest of power going on in the world and this can neither be
controlled nor regulated by international law or any international organization.
 International politics, then, is aimed at increasing power, keeping power or
demonstrating power.

5. Approach: Utopian World

6. Realism is totally oppose to Idealism, the difference can be
measure from assumptions of Idealism.
The Current international system is based on upon power
politics
It is temporary and passing phase of history
When this phase will pass, a new future society will emerge. The
new society will be based on morality, non-violence, harmony
and brotherhood.
In the emerging societies the interest of various groups are likely
to be adjusted in the larger interest of the mankind as a whole.

7. Approach: Peaceful World

8. DEFINITION:
LIBERALISM
Doyle defines four definition to Liberalism
 All citizens are juridically equal and possesses certain
basic rights to education, free press and religious
tolerance etc.
 The Legislative assembly of the state possesses only the
authority invested in it by the people, whose basic rights
it can’t abuse.
 Right to own property and productive forces
 The most effective system of economic exchange is one
largely driven by market forces and subordinated to
bureaucratic control, domestically and internationally

9. Liberal emerged after World War I
The liberalist produced three ideas to oppose Realists
Collective Security/ LON
Legal Procedures
Disarmament ( Washington Naval Conference 1922 and Geneva
Disarmament Conference 1932)
To Maintain Transnational Relations

10.  Human nature is peaceful/ Rational, can think.
 Maintain peace in the world
 progress can be achieve through peace.
 Peace can be achieve through international organizations/ UNO
 To make world Democratic ( Democracy)
 Self Determination
 Collective Security/ NATO
 Diplomacy
 World Organization

11. First Image of Liberalism Second Image of Liberalism Third Image of Liberalism
Intervention by the Governments
domestically and internationally
disturbing the nature order
Undemocratic nature of
international politics, especially
foreign policy and balance of power.
The balance of power system
Individual Liberty, Free Trade,
Prosperity, and interdependence
National self determination, open
governments responsive to public
opinion; collective security
A World Government, with power of
mediate and enforce decisions.

12.  Harmony of interest
 Collective Security
 Self Determination
 Superpowers
 Transnational Actors.
 Interdependence
 Cooperation
 State Autonomy

13. Cooperation is harder to achieve and sustain
 It has failed to replace old balance of power with the rule of law
 America Hegemony has no longer remained support to Liberalism
 Liberal Principle of sovereign equality is under threat
 The division of super power over NATO or US military intervention
 Liberalist have failed to protect environment, poverty reduction, nuclear non-
proliferation, and prevention of human atrocities.
 Global Politics (institution of governance) is no to much liberalism

14.  Standard life/ Quality
 Promotion of trade for peace
 Democratic World
 Set up Liberal Institution
 Modern Welfare States

15.  IT try to maintain justice, liberty and
tolerance.
 Promotion of trade for peace
 Democratic World
 Set up Liberal Institution
 Modern Welfare States

16. Nation in a State

17. WHAT IS A NATION
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
A nation is, “large community of people
usually sharing a common history,
language, etc. and living in a particular
territory under one government.

18. THREE FACTORS
OF NATION
Certain Similarities
 Feeling of community
 Desire to be separate

19. THREE FACTOR OF
NATION
Certain Similarities
Language, race, religion, common historical experience,
regular socio-economic and political interaction.
 Feeling of community
Nation feel as separate nation, nationhood, patriotism etc.
describe the feeling of community.
 Desire to be separate
Nations are formed when they feel themselves as separate,
they want to remain political dominant.

20. WHAT IS A STATE
A state may be defined as a community of
people in a definite territory with an
organized government which is free from
external control. A state has four basic
characters such as population, territory,
independent government and sovereignty.

21. WHAT IS A NATION-
STATE
According to John Rourk
A nation state means political unit that is
sovereign( it does not reorganizes any
higher political authority) and whose
inhabitants identify politically with it and
support it.

22. ORIGIN OF
NATION-STATE
Nation state is modern phenomena which emerged in 17th
century, before this different patterns of political life existed
which slowly progressed and culminated into nation state.
 Roman Empire
 ( Catholic Christian Religion and Feudal System).
 Kingdoms
 Renaissance and Reformation ( 1350-1550)
 Nationalism ( State belongs to people not kind or any
religious authority.

23. EXPANSION OF
NATION-STATE
IT first Appeared in Europe
 After World War 2
 After Decolonization
 Nationalist movements in colonies

24. IS PAKISTAN A NATION-
STATE?
Yes Pakistan is nation state/ no matter
what theory of nation or nationalism is
applied to study of its society.
 Common Religion/ Minority
Common History
 Common values

25. FUTURE OF
NATION-STATE
 Until and unless the pattern of political loyalty is intact ,
there is nor immediate threat to the existence of nation
state.
 Sovereignty and Patriotism
 Military Power/ Defense System
 Globalization is threat to nation state because international
organizations influence the decision making of the nation
state.
 Technology Revolution is also a threat to Nation State
because States are no longer capable to protect citizens from

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