The document discusses traditional and modern approaches to studying political science. The traditional approaches, which were prevalent until World War 2, took a normative approach and focused on describing political structures and institutions. The modern approaches emerged as a reaction and aim to study politics scientifically using empirical data and interdisciplinary methods. Specifically, the behavioralism approach examines uniformities in political behavior, while post-behavioralism believes scientific tools should be used to solve societal problems.
This PPT helps to understand Concept of Sovereignty. This PPT is more useful for Social Science students including Law at Graduate & Post bGrauat elevel .
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
This PPT helps to understand Concept of Sovereignty. This PPT is more useful for Social Science students including Law at Graduate & Post bGrauat elevel .
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
MARXIST,GANDHIAN AND LIBERAL are the major approaches to study Indian politics. This module is about liberal perspective. BPSC 132 INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IGNOU.
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
Introduction to National Interest, it's Nature, Definition, and Types.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics in detail.
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INTEREST.
2. NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
3. VARIOUS DEFINTIONS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
4. NINE MAIN TYPES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
(1. PRIMARY INTERESTS)
(2. SECONDARY INTERESTS)
(3. PERMANENT INTERESTS)
(4. VARIABLE INTERESTS)
(5. GENERAL INTERESTS)
(6. SPECIFIC INTERESTS)
(7. IDENTICAL INTERESTS)
(8. COMPLEMENTARY INTERESTS)
(9. CONFLICTING INTERESTS)
...That's all....
IF SOMEONE NEEDS A CUSTOM PPT PRESENTATION...FEEL FREE TO MESSAGE US ON WHATSAPP (+923104826711)
....Thank you.
MARXIST,GANDHIAN AND LIBERAL are the major approaches to study Indian politics. This module is about liberal perspective. BPSC 132 INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IGNOU.
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
Introduction to National Interest, it's Nature, Definition, and Types.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics in detail.
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INTEREST.
2. NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
3. VARIOUS DEFINTIONS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
4. NINE MAIN TYPES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
(1. PRIMARY INTERESTS)
(2. SECONDARY INTERESTS)
(3. PERMANENT INTERESTS)
(4. VARIABLE INTERESTS)
(5. GENERAL INTERESTS)
(6. SPECIFIC INTERESTS)
(7. IDENTICAL INTERESTS)
(8. COMPLEMENTARY INTERESTS)
(9. CONFLICTING INTERESTS)
...That's all....
IF SOMEONE NEEDS A CUSTOM PPT PRESENTATION...FEEL FREE TO MESSAGE US ON WHATSAPP (+923104826711)
....Thank you.
This presentation was made by Kim Condenuevo.
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Approaches to International Relations
Approach is a way of looking at and then explaining a particular phenomenon. The perspective may be broad enough to cover a vast area like the World as a whole or it may be very small, embracing an aspect of local, regional, national or international politics. Besides, it may cover within its fold every other thing related to the collection and selection of evidence followed by an investigation and analysis of a particular hypothesis for an academic purpose. In this way, an approach consists of a criterion of selection criteria employed in selecting the problems or questions to consider and in selecting the data to bring to bear. It consists of standards governing the inclusion and exclusion of questions and data.
An approach is distinguishable from a theory. An approach is closely related to a theory in view of the fact that it’s a very character determines the way of generalization, explanation and prediction. An approach is transformed into a theory if and when its function extends beyond the selection of problems and data about the subject under study. There are several distinct approaches to the study of International Relations, these include:
Traditional Approach
Scientific Approach
Behavioral Approach
Post Behaviouralist Approaches
Systems Approach
Traditional Approach
In view of the complex variables influencing behavior of states, the traditionalists focus on the observed behavior of governments. They explain observable government behavior on the basis of concepts like balance of power, national interest, diplomacy etc. Traditional realists try to understand and resolve the clashing of interests that inevitably leads to war. This is an approach to international relations that emphasizes the studying of such disciplines as diplomatic history, international law, and philosophy in an attempt to develop better insights.
Traditionalists tend to be skeptical of behaviouralist approaches that are confined to strict scientific standards that include formal hypothesis testing and, usually, the use of statistical analysis. Traditional theorists regard international relations as a sub-discipline of history and political science. There are historical, philosophical and legal variants to the traditional approach Continued ..........
Health Issues in Pakistan, Health condition in Pakistan, Major disease in Pakistan, Health care programs and Government of Pakistan development on health sector
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Traditional And Modern Approaches of Political Science
1. Approaches to the Study of
Political Science
Introduction to Political Science
2. • Political Science:
The Art to run a State is known as Politics. (Leoconk)
The systematic way to study State and Poweris called Politicalscience.
• Branches of Political Science:
Following are the main branches of Political Science;
• Sociology
• Economics
3. • Anthropology
• Psychology
These sub-branches are related with the behavior of a person towards ethics, his
vision and the culture of his region.
• Approaches to the Study of Political Science:
Following are the two basic approaches to the study of Political Science;
• Traditional Approaches
• Modern Approaches
• Traditional Approaches to Political Science:
The Traditional Approaches to Political Science were widely prevalent till the
outbreak of Second World War. These approaches were mainly related to the
traditional view of Politics which emphasized the study of the state and
government. Therefore, traditional approaches are primarily concerned with the
study of Organization and activities of the State.
4. • Characteristics of Traditional Approaches:
• They are largely normative.
• Emphasizes on the study of different Political Structures.
• Made little attempt to relate Theory and Research.
• These approaches believe that studies in Political Science can never be Scientific.
• Sub-Approaches of Traditional Approaches:
Following are the sub-approaches ofTraditional Approaches;
• PhilosophicalApproach
• Historical Approach
• Institutional Approach
• LegalApproach
Philosophical Approach:
The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek philosophia.
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected
with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. This approach
is concerned with the establishment of an ideal society with norms and values.
Historical Approach:
The historical approach believes political theory emerged as a result of socio
economic crisis and the impact they had on great thinkers. For instance, the socio
5. economic conditions of Greece produced Aristotle and Plato while the conditions of
England in the 17th century resulted in theories by Locke and Hobbes. As the name
suggest it is based on the development and evolution in history. It uses knowledge of
history and applies it to the understanding of political life.
Institutional Approach:
This kind of approach came into being in the 19th century due to the reaction to
the historical and legalistic approaches. It is also important to concentrate on the
executive, the legislature and judiciary too. This approach mainly deals with the
formal aspects of government and politics emphasizes the study of the political
institutions and structures.
Legal Approach:
The origin of legalistic approach can be traced back to the 19th century when
the study of politics also included topics like law and legal systems. This approach
idealistic as their concern went beyond how and why political events happen to what
ought to happen.
Similarities between Traditional Approaches
6. Philosophical Historical Institutional Legal
1 These all are traditional approaches and they adopta normative approach.
2 These approaches are old approaches to the study of Political Science.
3 These are also called empirical approaches.
4 These are ideally descriptive modes because they do not elaborate or lay
emphasis on the functions of the political system.
5 These approaches analyze the descriptions of political concepts and the
logical relationships.
6 These are very useful particularly in the examination of major political
institutions like the legislatures, executives, civil-service or the judiciary.
7 These approaches believe that studies in Political Science can never be
Scientific.
Different Between Traditional Approaches
7. Philosophical Historical Institutional Legal
1
This approach
came into being
in the 18th
century.
This approach
came into being in
the 17th century
This approach
came into being
in the 19th
century.
This approach
also came into
being in the
19th century.
2 Not Concerned
with History.
This approach is
concerned with
the history of a
state, nation or
country.
Not Concerned
with History.
Not Concerned
with History.
3
It is not usually
formal.
It involves both
formal and
informal history.
It is concerned
with the formal
institutions of a
state.
It is concerned
with the formal
laws of a
society.
4
This approachis
concerned with
the establishment
of an ideal
society.
Not concerned
with norms and
values.
Not concerned
with norms and
values.
Not concerned
with norms and
values.
8. • Modern Approaches to Political Science:
To minimize the deficiencies of the traditional approaches, various new
approaches have been advocated by the new political thinkers. These approaches
are regarded as the “modern approaches” to the study of Political Science. Many
thinkers regard these approaches as a reaction against the traditional approaches.
These approaches are mainly concerned with scientific study of politics.
• Characteristics of Modern Approaches:
• These approaches try to draw conclusion from empirical data.
• These approaches go beyond the study of political structures and its historical
analysis.
• Modern Approaches believe in inter-disciplinary study.
• They emphasize scientific methods of study and attempt to draw scientific
conclusions in Political Science.
• Sub-Approaches of Modern Approaches:
Following are the sub-approaches ofModern Approaches;
• BehaviouralismApproach
• Post-BehaviouralismApproach
9. Behaviouralism Approach:
David Easton first pointed out the intellectual foundations of
behaviouralism. This approach believes that there are certain uniformities in
political behaviour which can be expressed in generalizations or theories in order
to explain and predict political phenomena. In a particular situation the political
behaviour of individuals may be more or less similar. Such regularities of
behaviour may help the researcher to analyze a political situation as well as to
predict the future political phenomena. Study of such regularities makes Political
Science more scientific with some predictive value.
Post-Behaviouralism Approach:
Post-behaviouralism believed that the use of scientific tools is beneficial if it
can solve the various problems of the society. Behaviouralists gave too much
emphasis on methods and techniques and believed that it was better to be wrong
than vague. Post-behaviouralists on the other hand, believe that it is better to be
vague than non-relevantly precise. The post-behaviouralists criticized
behaviouralism on the ground that the latter had lost touch with the realities of the
society because of over emphasis on techniques. Thus, post-behaviouralists may be
regarded as the reform movement within behaviouralism. This new approach
emphasizes identifying and solving the major issues of political and social life.
According to post-behavioralism, the political scientists should find out different
alternatives and means to solve the social problems. However, it must be
remembered that it is only a continuation of behaviouralism. It does not altogether
reject the ideas of behaviouralism. It acknowledges the achievement of
behavioralism and appreciates its effort to do objective research in Political
Science.
10. Similarities between Modern Approaches
Behaviouralism Post-Behaviouralism
1 Both of these are Modern Approaches.
2 These approaches go beyond the study of political structures and its
historical analysis.
3 Modern Approaches believe in inter-disciplinary study.
4
They emphasize scientific methods of study and attempt to draw scientific
conclusions in Political Science.
5
These approaches try to draw conclusion from empirical data.
Difference between Modern Approaches
11. Behaviouralism Post-Behaviouralism
1
This approach believes that there
are certain uniformities in
political behavior which can be
expressed in generalizations or
theories.
Post-behaviouralism believed that
the use of scientific tools is
beneficial if it can solve the various
problems of the society.
2
In a particular situation the
political behaviour of individuals
may be more or less similar
In a particular situation the political
behaviour of individuals is not
always similar.
3
Behaviouralists gave too much
emphasis on methods and
techniques and believed that it
was better to be wrong than vague
Post-behaviouralists on the other
hand, believe that it is better to be
vague than non-relevantly precise.