Ch 08
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This document discusses circuit switching and telephone networks. It describes different types of circuit switches used in telephone networks like space-division, time-division, and crossbar switches. It also describes the major components of telephone networks including local access and transport areas (LATAs), local exchange carriers, switching offices, and points of presence. It notes how telephone networks have transitioned from analog to digital services over time.
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This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching approaches in computer networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated path but wastes bandwidth when no data is being sent. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and can make more efficient use of bandwidth. The document also describes protocols like X.25 that were used for packet switched networks and Frame Relay, which was designed to reduce overhead and improve performance compared to X.25.
Ch 16
This document discusses connecting LANs, backbone networks, and virtual LANs. It describes different devices for connecting LAN segments such as repeaters, hubs, and bridges. It also discusses using spanning tree protocol to prevent loops when connecting multiple switches. Backbone networks can use a bus or star topology to connect remote LANs. Virtual LANs use software on switches to separate broadcast domains and create multiple logical networks over the same physical infrastructure.
Ch 07
The document discusses different types of transmission media, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. It also discusses unguided media like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared signals. Twisted-pair cable is used for digital LANs up to 600 Mbps. Coaxial cable was used for thick and thin Ethernet. Fiber-optic cable uses glass strands to transmit data using light pulses and has very high bandwidth. Radio waves propagate through sky waves or ground waves and are used for radio, TV, and navigation. Microwaves use line-of-sight propagation for cellular networks and wireless LANs. Infrared can transmit over short ranges in a closed area
Ch 27
HTTP is used to transfer documents over the internet. It uses a client-server model with requests and responses between clients and servers. Requests use methods like GET and HEAD along with URLs. Responses contain status lines and headers to provide information to clients. The World Wide Web uses HTTP and HTML documents that can be static, dynamic using CGI, or active using Java applets. HTML documents contain tags that control formatting and adding images, links, and other content.
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Multiplexing and switching(TDM ,FDM, Data gram, circuit switching)
Multiplexing and switching(TDM ,FDM, Data gram, circuit switching)
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Data Communication and Computer Networks
This document summarizes Chapter 8 of a textbook on switching. It discusses three main topics: circuit-switched networks, packet switching, and the structure of switches. For circuit-switched networks, it describes the three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and teardown. It also discusses efficiency and delay. For packet switching, it explains datagram and virtual circuit networks. Finally, for switch structure, it outlines the components of circuit switches like crossbar and time-division switches, as well as the components of a packet switch.
3c ethernet
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over time from the original Ethernet created in 1976 to modern gigabit Ethernet. It covers the IEEE 802 project to standardize LAN protocols and the development of standard Ethernet, fast Ethernet, and gigabit Ethernet. Key aspects summarized include the purpose of IEEE project 802, the development of Ethernet through four generations to support higher data rates, and summaries of the implementations and encoding for standard, fast, and gigabit Ethernet variants.
Ppt 01 10
This document discusses different types of switched networks including circuit-switched, datagram, and virtual-circuit networks. In circuit switching, resources are reserved during setup and remain dedicated until teardown. Datagram networks allocate resources on demand without setup. Virtual circuits have aspects of both, reserving resources like circuits but packets may arrive out of order. The document also covers switch structures, comparing crossbar, multistage, and packet switches. Packet switches use buffers, queues, and scheduling at input and output ports.
Ch8 Switching.pdf
A switched network consists of interconnected switches that create temporary connections between linked devices. There are three main types of switched networks: circuit-switched networks reserve dedicated resources for the entire data transfer between two stations, datagram networks allocate resources on demand without reservation, and virtual-circuit networks exhibit characteristics of both by reserving resources for packets belonging to the same source and destination but allowing variable delays. Switches can be constructed as single-stage crossbar switches or multistage switches using various designs like Clos networks to reduce the number of crosspoints.
Ch08
A circuit-switched network consists of switches connected by physical links, where each link is divided into channels. A connection uses a dedicated path and channel. In circuit switching, resources are reserved during setup and remain dedicated until teardown. In a packet-switched network, packets are sent without resource reservation and resources are allocated on demand. A virtual-circuit network has characteristics of both, where packets traveling between the same source and destination take the same path but may have different delays.
Ch08
A circuit-switched network consists of switches connected by physical links, where each link is divided into channels. A connection uses a dedicated path and channel. In circuit switching, resources are reserved during setup and remain dedicated until teardown. In a packet-switched network, packets are sent without resource reservation and resources are allocated on demand. A virtual-circuit network has characteristics of both, where packets traveling between the same source and destination take the same path but may have different delays.
Chapter 8 switching -computer_network
A circuit-switched network consists of switches connected by physical links, where each link is divided into channels. A connection uses a dedicated path and channel. In circuit switching, resources are reserved during setup and remain dedicated until teardown. In a packet-switched network, packets are sent without resource reservation and resources are allocated on demand. A virtual-circuit network has characteristics of both, where packets traveling between the same source and destination follow the same dedicated path but resources are allocated on demand.
Lecture-8 Data Communication ~www.fida.com.bd
This document discusses different types of switched networks including circuit-switched, datagram, and virtual-circuit networks. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate key characteristics of each type. The document also describes the structure of switches used in circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, comparing crossbar and multistage switch designs. Specific switching techniques like time-slot interchange, time-space-time, and banyan switches are examined.
heloo mzdnvnjbszdjgfjkhadsgvbxczvznxbvmcxv
popularly known as Akbar the Great,[15] and also as Akbar I (Persian pronunciation: [akbar]),[16] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent.
Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the sectarian tax and appointing them to high civil and military posts.
Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an Indo-Persian culture. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and become known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements into a distinct style of Mughal arts, including painting and architecture. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as elements of Zoroastrianism and Christianity.popularly known as Akbar the Great,[15] and also as Akbar I (Persian pronunciation: [akbar]),[16] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent.
Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the sectarian tax and appointing them to high civil and military posts.
Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an Indo-Persian culture. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and become known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigeno
Ch09
This document discusses various technologies for data transmission over telephone and cable networks, including circuit switching in telephone networks, dial-up modems, digital subscriber line (DSL), and cable modem technologies. It provides an overview of components in telephone networks like local loops and switching offices. It also explains technologies like asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) that provide higher speed data transmission over existing telephone lines. Finally, it covers how cable networks moved from traditional one-way video services to providing two-way high-speed internet access using hybrid fiber-coaxial networks and data transmission standards like DOCSIS.
Chap10
This document discusses serial communication and programming the serial port of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the basics of serial vs parallel communication, synchronous vs asynchronous transmission, and data framing. It also covers connecting the 8051 serial port to RS-232 via a MAX232 chip, programming the baud rate using Timer 1, and using registers like SBUF, SCON, TMOD, and flags to transmit and receive data.
M3488 Application Note
Application Note related to the 256X256 PCM channel SWITCH invented by Piero Belforte (CSELT LABS) in 1979 as ECI (Elemento di Commutazione Integrato). The ECI serves about 27 Million public telephone lines worldwide
Ch08
The document discusses different types of switched networks, including circuit-switched networks, datagram networks, and virtual-circuit networks. It provides examples of how each type can be used and their characteristics. The document also describes the structure of switches used in different network types, including crossbar switches, multistage switches, time-slot interchange switches, and banyan switches. Key aspects like resource reservation, routing, addressing, and delays are compared between the different network types.
Ch08
A circuit-switched network uses dedicated connections between nodes, requiring three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and teardown. Resources are reserved during setup. In contrast, a packet-switched or datagram network divides messages into packets that are routed independently through the network without resource reservation. Each switch uses a routing table to determine the next hop based on the packet's destination address. A virtual-circuit network combines aspects of circuit and datagram switching by establishing virtual circuits with resource reservation but packetizing the data. Switches in these networks use various architectures like crossbar, multistage, time-division, and space-division designs to connect inputs to outputs.
ITFT_Telephone network
The document discusses different technologies for data transmission over telephone and cable networks, including:
1) Telephone networks originally used analog signals and circuit switching to transmit voice over plain old telephone systems. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology was later developed to provide higher speed data transmission over existing telephone lines.
2) Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies between 300-3300 Hz, allowing transmission of voice using modems to transmit data over these lines at bandwidths up to 3000 Hz.
3) Cable TV networks were originally for video services but can also provide high-speed Internet access.
Network switching
A network switch (sometimes known as a switching hub) is a computer networking device that is used to connect devices together on a computer network by performing a form of packet switching. A switch is considered more advanced than a hub because a switch will only send a message to the device that needs or requests it, rather than broadcasting the same message out of each of its ports
Ch09
The document discusses various technologies used for data transmission over telephone and cable networks, including:
1. Telephone networks originally used analog signals and circuit switching to transmit voice over the plain old telephone system (POTS). Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology and dial-up modems using modulation/demodulation allow higher data transmission speeds over existing telephone lines.
2. Cable TV networks were originally unidirectional but evolved to support bidirectional communication over hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) networks. Cable companies now provide high-speed data using bandwidth sharing and Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) technology.
3. Technologies discussed include asynchronous DSL (ADSL), discrete multitone modulation
Chapter 9
The document discusses various technologies used for data transmission over telephone and cable networks, including:
1. Telephone networks originally used analog circuit switching to transmit voice calls but have transitioned to separate digital data transfer and signaling networks.
2. Traditional telephone lines support dial-up modems using modulation/demodulation to transmit data within the 3000Hz bandwidth for voice calls.
3. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies like ADSL provide higher bandwidth internet over existing telephone lines by using frequencies up to 1.1MHz.
4. Cable networks originally provided unidirectional video but now support bidirectional high-speed internet using technologies like DOCSIS to share bandwidth over coaxial and fiber-opt
ch9_1_F-v4.ppt
This document discusses various technologies used for data transmission over telephone and cable networks, including:
1. Telephone networks originally used analog signals and circuit switching to transmit voice calls. Modern networks separate data transfer and signaling functions, with data transfer done by one network and signaling by another.
2. Dial-up modems allowed data transmission over traditional telephone lines, which have a bandwidth of 3000Hz, but newer technologies like DSL and cable networks provide higher speeds.
3. DSL technologies like ADSL, HDSL, and VDSL were developed to provide higher speed internet access over existing telephone lines. Cable networks also evolved from unidirectional television networks to bidirectional systems using fiber and coaxial
Cable TV Network.pptx
Excellent ppt on network. Nobody has ever done such things in life. Better watch it or see it or doenload it or think it. The cable tv described in great manner.
The devices such that is very nicely captured. Allow this to download and cable tv is rocking tv
Similar to Ch 08 (20)
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Ch 31
This document discusses several internet security protocols and technologies. It covers IP security protocols like AH and ESP which provide authentication, integrity, and privacy. It also discusses transport layer security with TLS and application layer security with PGP. Different types of firewalls are examined including packet-filter and proxy firewalls. Finally, it looks at virtual private networks as a technology for achieving privacy over public networks.
Ch 29
This document discusses cryptography and contains sections on symmetric-key cryptography, public-key cryptography, and security protocols on the internet. It includes diagrams of encryption algorithms like DES and RSA, as well as block ciphers, product blocks, substitution ciphers, and encryption modes like ECB and CBC. Key points covered include how symmetric-key cryptography uses the same key for encryption and decryption while public-key uses different keys, and how algorithms like DES are more complex versions of the Caesar cipher.
Ch 28
This document discusses multimedia and interactive audio/video technologies on the internet. It covers topics like digitizing audio and video, compression standards like JPEG and MPEG, streaming stored and live content, and protocols for interactive audio/video like RTP, RTCP, SIP, and H.323. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like frame construction, streaming approaches using web servers or media servers, and protocols for real-time communication and signaling.
Ch 26
The document discusses electronic mail (email) and file transfer protocols.
It provides an overview of email components like mail addresses, user agents, mail transfer agents, and mail access protocols. It also describes the format of emails and common data types in MIME.
For file transfer, it explains that FTP uses TCP connections and ports 20 and 21. It gives examples of transferring files between an FTP client and server by issuing commands over the control connection and transferring data over the data connection. Anonymous FTP is also demonstrated.
Ch 25
The document discusses the domain name system (DNS) which provides a hierarchical and distributed naming system that translates human-friendly domain names to IP addresses. DNS uses a system of name servers that are organized into zones to distribute the mapping of domain names to IP addresses globally. Resolvers use recursive or iterative resolution processes to map names to addresses by querying name servers in the DNS hierarchy.
Ch 24
This document provides an overview of chapters in a book about application layer networking. It discusses the client-server model and socket interface. Chapter 24 focuses on the client-server relationship and model, and how sockets work for connectionless iterative and connection-oriented concurrent servers. The document outlines topics covered in each chapter relating to application layer protocols like DNS, SMTP, FTP, HTTP and multimedia.
Ch 23
This chapter discusses congestion control and quality of service techniques for data networks. It covers topics like traffic profiling, congestion and its effects on network performance, open and closed loop congestion control, examples of TCP and Frame Relay congestion control, flow characteristics and classes, scheduling algorithms, traffic shaping using leaky and token buckets, integrated services and differentiated services quality of service models, and quality of service in Frame Relay and ATM networks. The chapter also includes various figures illustrating related concepts.
Ch 22
The document discusses transport layer protocols, focusing on TCP and UDP. It provides details on:
1) The responsibilities of the transport layer, including process-to-process delivery and the connectionless and connection-oriented nature of UDP and TCP.
2) An overview of UDP, including that it is unreliable and uses port numbers for demultiplexing. Common UDP applications and ports are listed.
3) An overview of TCP, including that it is reliable, uses sequencing, acknowledgments and establish connections. TCP segments, flags, and the three-way and four-way handshakes are described.
4) TCP congestion control using sliding windows, and how timeouts and retransmissions handle lost
Ch 21
The document describes various unicast and multicast routing protocols. It discusses Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS that are used for unicast routing within an autonomous system. It also discusses the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) used for unicast routing between autonomous systems. For multicast routing, it covers protocols like DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, and PIM that utilize concepts like reverse path forwarding, shared trees, and source trees to efficiently deliver packets to multiple receivers. Key multicast protocols like IGMP are also explained which help multicast routers track group memberships.
Ch 20
This document discusses network layer protocols including ARP, IPv4, ICMPv4, IPv6, and ICMPv6. It provides examples of how ARP maps IP addresses to physical addresses, how IPv4 handles packet fragmentation, and the types of ICMP messages. It also covers IPv6 addressing formats, the IPv6 packet format, and methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 such as tunneling and header translation.
Ch 17
The document discusses cellular telephone and satellite networks. It covers cellular systems including analog cellular (AMPS), digital cellular (D-AMPS and GSM), CDMA cellular (IS-95), and 3G cellular. It also discusses satellite networks including different types of orbits (GEO, MEO, LEO), examples of satellite systems (Iridium, Teledesic), and applications of satellite communication. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate key concepts.
Ch 19
The document discusses network layer concepts including addressing, routing, and protocols. It covers IP addressing schemes like classful addressing and subnetting. It also describes routing techniques like next-hop, network-specific, host-specific, and default routing. Examples are provided to illustrate how routers use routing tables to forward packets based on the destination IP address.
Ch 18
This document discusses virtual circuit switching technologies including Frame Relay and ATM. It covers the phases of virtual circuit switching including setup, data transfer, and teardown. Frame Relay architecture is examined including its layers and use of DLCIs to identify virtual circuits. ATM is also summarized, including its use of fixed-size cells, multiplexing techniques, and architecture using virtual paths and connections defined by VPI and VCI numbers. The layers of both Frame Relay and ATM are depicted along with their addressing and encapsulation methods.
Ch 12
The document discusses point-to-point protocol (PPP) which establishes connections over telephone lines and digital subscriber lines. PPP uses a link control protocol (LCP) to establish, configure, and test the data link connection. LCP packets include configure-request, configure-ack and configure-nak. Authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP are used for authentication, and network control protocols like IPCP are used to configure network layer options.
Ch 13
The document discusses multiple access protocols for wireless networks. It describes random access methods like ALOHA, CSMA, and CSMA/CA. It also covers controlled access methods using reservation, polling, and token passing. Finally, it examines channelization techniques for dividing bandwidth like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides examples checking properties of orthogonal codes used in CDMA.
Ch 15
Wireless LANs use the IEEE 802.11 standard which defines the physical and MAC layers. The physical layer uses either frequency hopping spread spectrum or direct sequence spread spectrum to transmit over radio frequencies. The MAC layer uses CSMA/CA for channel access and defines frame formats for addressing between devices in a basic service set or extended service set. Bluetooth uses a piconet topology with a master-slave relationship between devices for communication at the baseband layer, and supports both single-slave and multiple-slave communication through its L2CAP layer.
Ch 10
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used at the data link layer. It covers parity checks, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), checksums, and Hamming codes. Parity checks, CRC, and checksums are used for error detection, while Hamming codes can detect and correct errors. The document provides examples of how these techniques work and compares their abilities to detect single-bit and burst errors.
Ch 11
The document discusses various data link control protocols and HDLC frame formats. It covers topics like flow control, error control using automatic repeat request (ARQ), and different ARQ protocols including stop-and-wait, go-back-N, and selective repeat. It provides examples of how these protocols operate and calculates link utilization for different scenarios. It also discusses HDLC frame structures, types and fields, and the use of bit stuffing to ensure reliable data transmission.
Ch 05
This document discusses various analog and digital modulation techniques used to transmit digital and analog signals. It provides examples of calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes including ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, AM, and FM. Key modulation techniques covered are the modulation of a digital signal using digital-to-analog conversion and modulation of an analog signal using amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation.
Ch 04
The document discusses various topics related to digital transmission including line coding schemes, block coding, pulse amplitude modulation, pulse code modulation, sampling, and transmission modes. It provides examples of calculating bit rates for different line coding schemes. It also explains the Nyquist sampling theorem and gives an example of calculating the necessary sampling rate for a signal. Finally, it describes parallel and serial transmission and the differences between asynchronous and synchronous transmission modes.
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一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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Ch 08
- 1. Chapter 8 Circuit Switching and Telephone Network
- 2. 8.1 Circuit Switching Space-Division Switch Time-Division Switch TDM Bus Combinations
- 3. Figure 8.1 Circuit-switched network
- 4. Figure 8.2 A circuit switch
- 5. Figure 8.3 A folded switch
- 6. Figure 8.4 Crossbar switch
- 7. Figure 8.5 Multistage switch
- 8. Figure 8.6 Switching path
- 9. Figure 8.7 Time-division multiplexing, without and with a time-slot interchange
- 10. Figure 8.8 Time-slot interchange
- 11. Figure 8.9 TDM bus
- 12. Figure 8.10 TST switch
- 13. 8.2 Telephone Network Major Components LATAs Making a Connection Analog Services Digital Services A Brief History
- 14. Figure 8.11 A telephone system
- 15. Intra-LATA services are provided by local exchange carriers. Since 1996, there are two types of LECs: incumbent local exchange carriers and competitive local exchange carriers. Note :
- 16. Figure 8.12 Switching offices in a LATA
- 17. Figure 8.13 POPs
- 18. Figure 8.14 Rotary and touch-tone dialing
- 19. Voice communication used analog signals in the past, but is now moving to digital signals. On the other hand, dialing started with digital signals (rotary) and is now moving to analog signals (touch-tone). Note :