This document provides an overview of radiographic cephalometry. It begins with definitions of cephalometry and cephalograms. It describes the history and development of cephalometry from early craniometry to modern standardized techniques. It outlines the key components of cephalometric analysis including landmarks, tracings, and various analyses such as Downs, Steiner, and Tweed. The document provides details on cephalometric techniques, landmarks, and measurements used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
This document discusses the increasing use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in orthodontics. It notes that CBCT provides 3D imaging and is safer and more affordable than traditional CT. The advantages of CBCT over 2D imaging include improved treatment planning, assessment of airway size, and mixed dentition guidance. The document reviews the components and technical parameters of CBCT imaging, including radiation dose considerations. It emphasizes the importance of evidence-based guidelines for CBCT use and identifies scenarios where CBCT may be clinically indicated, such as for impacted or transposed teeth or cleft lip and palate cases.
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
This document contains information about Holdaway's soft tissue analysis. It lists various soft tissue landmarks and measurements used to analyze the facial profile, including the facial angle, nose prominence, lip thickness, H-angle, and chin thickness. The table compares the patient's measurements to normal ranges and indicates inferences, such as a slightly retrognathic lower jaw and increased upper lip thickness. An ideal facial profile according to Holdaway is described, with measurements within normal ranges and no lip strain on closure. The document sources are listed as papers by Holdaway and Athanasiou on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.
Ricketts analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
- Cephalometrics involves analyzing and measuring radiographic images of the head called cephalograms. Key landmarks are identified and linear and angular measurements are made between landmarks to assess craniofacial structures.
- There are several commonly used analyses in orthodontics including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, Tweed analysis, and the Wits appraisal. These analyses establish norms for skeletal and dental relationships and angles that can be used to diagnose malocclusions.
- Landmarks, reference planes like the Frankfort horizontal and mandibular planes, and angular and linear measurements between them allow for evaluation of the positions of jaws, teeth, and soft tissues to develop treatment plans. Serial cephalograms also enable
This document discusses cephalometric analysis and the Downs analysis in particular. It provides details on the following:
- Cephalometric analysis involves measuring skeletal and dental relationships on lateral cephalograms using landmarks and reference planes.
- The Downs analysis, published in 1948, uses 10 parameters (5 skeletal, 5 dental) measured based on a sample of patients with excellent occlusion.
- It describes each of the 10 measurements used in the Downs analysis, including facial angle, N-A to point A-Pg, mandibular plane angle, and others.
- The document emphasizes that the Downs analysis was one of the first comprehensive analyses and is still widely used today.
This document provides information on various model analysis techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Ponts analysis, Linder Harth index, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, Bolton's analysis, Ashley Howe's analysis, Peck and Peck index, and several mixed dentition analyses including Moyer's, Huckba's, Hixon and Oldfather's, and Nance Carey's. For each technique, it outlines the key measurements taken and how to interpret the results to assess dental arch relationships and tooth size discrepancies. Model analysis is presented as an essential diagnostic tool in orthodontics to visualize the occlusion and make precise measurements of teeth and arches.
This document discusses the cranial base angle and its relationship to malocclusion. It begins with an anatomy section describing the cranial base. It then discusses how the cranial base functions to support the brain and provide passageways. Growth of the cranial base is attributed to displacement from brain growth and synchondroses like the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. The cranial base angle is defined and factors like an increased or decreased angle or length are associated with Class II or III skeletal patterns. Larger cranial base angles tend to position jaws in a Class II relationship while smaller angles a Class III relationship.
This document discusses the increasing use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in orthodontics. It notes that CBCT provides 3D imaging and is safer and more affordable than traditional CT. The advantages of CBCT over 2D imaging include improved treatment planning, assessment of airway size, and mixed dentition guidance. The document reviews the components and technical parameters of CBCT imaging, including radiation dose considerations. It emphasizes the importance of evidence-based guidelines for CBCT use and identifies scenarios where CBCT may be clinically indicated, such as for impacted or transposed teeth or cleft lip and palate cases.
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
This document contains information about Holdaway's soft tissue analysis. It lists various soft tissue landmarks and measurements used to analyze the facial profile, including the facial angle, nose prominence, lip thickness, H-angle, and chin thickness. The table compares the patient's measurements to normal ranges and indicates inferences, such as a slightly retrognathic lower jaw and increased upper lip thickness. An ideal facial profile according to Holdaway is described, with measurements within normal ranges and no lip strain on closure. The document sources are listed as papers by Holdaway and Athanasiou on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.
Ricketts analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
- Cephalometrics involves analyzing and measuring radiographic images of the head called cephalograms. Key landmarks are identified and linear and angular measurements are made between landmarks to assess craniofacial structures.
- There are several commonly used analyses in orthodontics including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, Tweed analysis, and the Wits appraisal. These analyses establish norms for skeletal and dental relationships and angles that can be used to diagnose malocclusions.
- Landmarks, reference planes like the Frankfort horizontal and mandibular planes, and angular and linear measurements between them allow for evaluation of the positions of jaws, teeth, and soft tissues to develop treatment plans. Serial cephalograms also enable
This document discusses cephalometric analysis and the Downs analysis in particular. It provides details on the following:
- Cephalometric analysis involves measuring skeletal and dental relationships on lateral cephalograms using landmarks and reference planes.
- The Downs analysis, published in 1948, uses 10 parameters (5 skeletal, 5 dental) measured based on a sample of patients with excellent occlusion.
- It describes each of the 10 measurements used in the Downs analysis, including facial angle, N-A to point A-Pg, mandibular plane angle, and others.
- The document emphasizes that the Downs analysis was one of the first comprehensive analyses and is still widely used today.
This document provides information on various model analysis techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Ponts analysis, Linder Harth index, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, Bolton's analysis, Ashley Howe's analysis, Peck and Peck index, and several mixed dentition analyses including Moyer's, Huckba's, Hixon and Oldfather's, and Nance Carey's. For each technique, it outlines the key measurements taken and how to interpret the results to assess dental arch relationships and tooth size discrepancies. Model analysis is presented as an essential diagnostic tool in orthodontics to visualize the occlusion and make precise measurements of teeth and arches.
This document discusses the cranial base angle and its relationship to malocclusion. It begins with an anatomy section describing the cranial base. It then discusses how the cranial base functions to support the brain and provide passageways. Growth of the cranial base is attributed to displacement from brain growth and synchondroses like the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. The cranial base angle is defined and factors like an increased or decreased angle or length are associated with Class II or III skeletal patterns. Larger cranial base angles tend to position jaws in a Class II relationship while smaller angles a Class III relationship.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometrics involves taking X-ray measurements of the head and skull to analyze facial structure and dental relationships. Key aspects include:
- Cephalometrics originated from measuring shadows of bony landmarks on X-ray images.
- Standardized head positions and planes like the Frankfort Horizontal are used for reproducible measurements.
- Analyses like Steiner and Downs involve measuring angles and distances between landmarks to assess skeletal and dental relationships compared to norms.
- Measurements are used for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating outcomes.
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described, including landmarks, planes, and measurements used in Downs, Steiner, Tweed, and Ricketts analyses to evaluate the skeletal and dental relationships of the craniofacial structures. Limitations of cephalometric analysis are also discussed.
Rakosi's analysis is an important diagnostic tool for planning functional appliance therapy. It involves analyzing three divisions: 1) the facial skeleton, 2) the jaw bones, and 3) the dentoalveolar relationship. Key measurements of the facial skeleton include saddle, articular, and gonial angles which provide information about cranial base orientation and mandibular positioning. Measurements of the jaw bones like SNA, SNB, and inclination angle describe the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. Dentoalveolar measurements such as upper and lower incisor angles indicate incisor inclinations. Rakosi's analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures for orthodontic
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometric radiography provides valuable spatial information but has limitations. It produces a two-dimensional image from a three-dimensional object, leading to structure superimposition. Landmark identification can be ambiguous and measurements unreliable without standardized procedures. Radiation exposure is a risk but minimized by modern techniques. Overall, cephalometry remains useful when its limitations are considered.
The document discusses various methods for assessing skeletal maturity and growth, including hand-wrist radiographs. It describes the bones seen in hand-wrist radiographs and several methods for analyzing skeletal maturity based on stages of ossification, including the Greulich and Pyle atlas method, Bjork method, Fishman method, and Hagg and Taranger method. The document also discusses other indicators of skeletal maturity such as cervical vertebrae and their relationship to skeletal age assessment.
The document discusses the Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for assessing optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. CVM uses the shape of cervical vertebrae on lateral cephalograms to determine skeletal maturity. There are 6 stages from pre-pubertal to post-pubertal. Treatment effects are greater if timed around pubertal growth spurts - class II treatment works best in CS3-CS4, class III works best before puberty, and vertical issues work best at CS3. Maxillary effects are greater before puberty while mandibular effects are greater during puberty.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on various methods for analyzing dental models and casts, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth index, Chadda index, Korkhaus analysis, Korbitz estimate, Ashley Howe's analysis, Nance and Carey's analysis, Lundstorm segmental analysis, and Peck and Peck index. It describes how each method is used to assess characteristics like arch width, length, symmetry, tooth size, relationships, and space analysis to aid in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Mixed dentition analysis is also summarized as a way to evaluate space for permanent teeth.
This document provides an overview of posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. It defines the setup and landmarks used in PA cephalometry. It then summarizes several common PA cephalometric analyses including Ricketts analysis, Grummons analysis, and Grayson analysis. Ricketts analysis measures dental, skeletal, and jaw relationships. Grummons analysis uses planes, volumes, asymmetries, and ratios to compare sides. Grayson analysis constructs midlines in different frontal planes to analyze asymmetry in 3 dimensions.
CBCT has many uses in orthodontics including for impacted teeth, root resorption, and boundary conditions. It provides more accurate 3D information than 2D imaging. CBCT is particularly useful for impacted or transposed teeth to localize them, for root resorption diagnosis, and to understand boundary conditions that may impact treatment planning. CBCT also has applications for craniofacial anomalies, TMJ assessment, and orthognathic surgery planning by providing detailed 3D visualization of structures.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
- Definitions of cephalometrics as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs.
- The goals of cephalometrics which are to evaluate relationships between the five major facial components.
- Types of cephalometric landmarks including anatomical, derived, hard tissue, and soft tissue landmarks.
- Examples of important cephalometric landmarks such as nasion, orbitale, pogonion, sella, point A, and point B.
- Classification of cephalometric lines and planes as horizontal or vertical including planes such as the SN plane, Frankfort horizontal, and mandibular plane.
This document summarizes Dr. Pratik Yadav's journal club presentation on Downs WB Analysis of the dento-facial profile. It discusses the 10 parameters in Downs analysis, which includes 5 skeletal and 5 dental measurements. The parameters are measured based on landmarks and reference planes on lateral cephalograms. Downs analysis is one of the most commonly used cephalometric analyses originally developed based on Caucasian patients with excellent occlusion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various techniques for superimposing cephalometric radiographs to assess dentofacial changes over time. It describes methods for evaluating overall facial changes, as well as changes specific to the maxilla, mandible, and individual teeth. Stable reference structures are identified for different regions. Ricketts' Eleven Factor Analysis and Four Position Analysis are also introduced as methods to differentiate skeletal growth changes from those resulting from orthodontic treatment.
The document discusses posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms, which provide an effective tool for evaluating craniofacial structures. Key information that can be assessed from PA cephalograms includes facial asymmetries, widths of dental arches, and cant of the occlusal plane. Landmarks are identified and traced on the radiograph to perform analyses. The Grummons analysis is a quantitative method using planes and volumes to assess asymmetries. Overall, PA cephalograms allow for detailed evaluation of the dentofacial and craniofacial structures in the transverse and vertical dimensions.
BURSTONE ANALYSIS : C.O.G.S ( HARD & SOFT TISSUE) DrFirdoshRozy
This document summarizes various cephalometric analyses used to evaluate hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial structures. It describes key landmarks, reference planes, linear and angular measurements taken, along with their clinical significance. The analyses described include horizontal skeletal analysis, vertical skeletal analysis, dental analysis, soft tissue facial form analysis, and lip position/form analysis. Standard values are provided for each measurement for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometrics involves taking X-ray measurements of the head and skull to analyze facial structure and dental relationships. Key aspects include:
- Cephalometrics originated from measuring shadows of bony landmarks on X-ray images.
- Standardized head positions and planes like the Frankfort Horizontal are used for reproducible measurements.
- Analyses like Steiner and Downs involve measuring angles and distances between landmarks to assess skeletal and dental relationships compared to norms.
- Measurements are used for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating outcomes.
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described, including landmarks, planes, and measurements used in Downs, Steiner, Tweed, and Ricketts analyses to evaluate the skeletal and dental relationships of the craniofacial structures. Limitations of cephalometric analysis are also discussed.
Rakosi's analysis is an important diagnostic tool for planning functional appliance therapy. It involves analyzing three divisions: 1) the facial skeleton, 2) the jaw bones, and 3) the dentoalveolar relationship. Key measurements of the facial skeleton include saddle, articular, and gonial angles which provide information about cranial base orientation and mandibular positioning. Measurements of the jaw bones like SNA, SNB, and inclination angle describe the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. Dentoalveolar measurements such as upper and lower incisor angles indicate incisor inclinations. Rakosi's analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures for orthodontic
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometric radiography provides valuable spatial information but has limitations. It produces a two-dimensional image from a three-dimensional object, leading to structure superimposition. Landmark identification can be ambiguous and measurements unreliable without standardized procedures. Radiation exposure is a risk but minimized by modern techniques. Overall, cephalometry remains useful when its limitations are considered.
The document discusses various methods for assessing skeletal maturity and growth, including hand-wrist radiographs. It describes the bones seen in hand-wrist radiographs and several methods for analyzing skeletal maturity based on stages of ossification, including the Greulich and Pyle atlas method, Bjork method, Fishman method, and Hagg and Taranger method. The document also discusses other indicators of skeletal maturity such as cervical vertebrae and their relationship to skeletal age assessment.
The document discusses the Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for assessing optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. CVM uses the shape of cervical vertebrae on lateral cephalograms to determine skeletal maturity. There are 6 stages from pre-pubertal to post-pubertal. Treatment effects are greater if timed around pubertal growth spurts - class II treatment works best in CS3-CS4, class III works best before puberty, and vertical issues work best at CS3. Maxillary effects are greater before puberty while mandibular effects are greater during puberty.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on various methods for analyzing dental models and casts, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth index, Chadda index, Korkhaus analysis, Korbitz estimate, Ashley Howe's analysis, Nance and Carey's analysis, Lundstorm segmental analysis, and Peck and Peck index. It describes how each method is used to assess characteristics like arch width, length, symmetry, tooth size, relationships, and space analysis to aid in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Mixed dentition analysis is also summarized as a way to evaluate space for permanent teeth.
This document provides an overview of posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. It defines the setup and landmarks used in PA cephalometry. It then summarizes several common PA cephalometric analyses including Ricketts analysis, Grummons analysis, and Grayson analysis. Ricketts analysis measures dental, skeletal, and jaw relationships. Grummons analysis uses planes, volumes, asymmetries, and ratios to compare sides. Grayson analysis constructs midlines in different frontal planes to analyze asymmetry in 3 dimensions.
CBCT has many uses in orthodontics including for impacted teeth, root resorption, and boundary conditions. It provides more accurate 3D information than 2D imaging. CBCT is particularly useful for impacted or transposed teeth to localize them, for root resorption diagnosis, and to understand boundary conditions that may impact treatment planning. CBCT also has applications for craniofacial anomalies, TMJ assessment, and orthognathic surgery planning by providing detailed 3D visualization of structures.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
- Definitions of cephalometrics as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs.
- The goals of cephalometrics which are to evaluate relationships between the five major facial components.
- Types of cephalometric landmarks including anatomical, derived, hard tissue, and soft tissue landmarks.
- Examples of important cephalometric landmarks such as nasion, orbitale, pogonion, sella, point A, and point B.
- Classification of cephalometric lines and planes as horizontal or vertical including planes such as the SN plane, Frankfort horizontal, and mandibular plane.
This document summarizes Dr. Pratik Yadav's journal club presentation on Downs WB Analysis of the dento-facial profile. It discusses the 10 parameters in Downs analysis, which includes 5 skeletal and 5 dental measurements. The parameters are measured based on landmarks and reference planes on lateral cephalograms. Downs analysis is one of the most commonly used cephalometric analyses originally developed based on Caucasian patients with excellent occlusion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various techniques for superimposing cephalometric radiographs to assess dentofacial changes over time. It describes methods for evaluating overall facial changes, as well as changes specific to the maxilla, mandible, and individual teeth. Stable reference structures are identified for different regions. Ricketts' Eleven Factor Analysis and Four Position Analysis are also introduced as methods to differentiate skeletal growth changes from those resulting from orthodontic treatment.
The document discusses posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms, which provide an effective tool for evaluating craniofacial structures. Key information that can be assessed from PA cephalograms includes facial asymmetries, widths of dental arches, and cant of the occlusal plane. Landmarks are identified and traced on the radiograph to perform analyses. The Grummons analysis is a quantitative method using planes and volumes to assess asymmetries. Overall, PA cephalograms allow for detailed evaluation of the dentofacial and craniofacial structures in the transverse and vertical dimensions.
BURSTONE ANALYSIS : C.O.G.S ( HARD & SOFT TISSUE) DrFirdoshRozy
This document summarizes various cephalometric analyses used to evaluate hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial structures. It describes key landmarks, reference planes, linear and angular measurements taken, along with their clinical significance. The analyses described include horizontal skeletal analysis, vertical skeletal analysis, dental analysis, soft tissue facial form analysis, and lip position/form analysis. Standard values are provided for each measurement for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Cephalometric analysis involves taking x-rays of the skull from different angles and measuring anatomical landmarks and relationships to assess skeletal patterns, dental patterns, and soft tissue profiles. Various instruments and techniques were developed over time to standardize cephalometric x-rays. Key developments included the cephalostat to orient the head in the same position, and advances like digital scans and 3D modeling to capture three-dimensional anatomy. Cephalometric analysis is used for diagnosis, treatment planning, evaluating treatment outcomes, and studying craniofacial growth and relapse.
Cephalometrics is the analysis of cephalometric radiographs to evaluate craniofacial structures and relationships. It is important for pediatric dentists to diagnose and treat developing malocclusions. Cephalometric landmarks are points on radiographs that guide measurements and plane construction. Common landmarks include nasion, sella, point A, point B, and pogonion. Tracings are made on acetate paper over radiographs using a sharp pencil to mark landmarks and assess skeletal and dental measurements and proportions.
Cephalometrics is the analysis and measurements made on cephalometric radiographs, which are standardized x-rays of the head used in orthodontics. Cephalometrics involves identifying anatomical landmarks, tracing radiographs, and analyzing relationships between craniofacial structures using reference planes and angular and linear measurements. It is an important diagnostic tool for orthodontists to evaluate dental and skeletal abnormalities, plan treatment, and assess treatment outcomes.
This document provides information about cephalometry and lateral cephalometric radiography. It discusses the history of cephalometry from its origins in craniometry to its modern use of x-rays and lateral head films. The document outlines the standard equipment used in cephalometry including x-ray machines, cephalostats to position the head, and films. It also describes techniques for tracing cephalograms including landmarks, reference lines and angles. Different methods of cephalometric analysis are classified including those based on angles, distances, norms, and areas of analysis like dentoskeletal or soft tissues. Downs analysis is discussed as an example using angular and linear measurements to define normal skeletal and dental patterns.
This document describes a new soft tissue cephalometric analysis tool developed from Arnett and Bergman's facial analysis philosophy. Forty-six adult models were used to create a cephalometric database. Key midface structures are marked using metallic beads on lateral cephalograms. Measurements are made of soft tissue and hard tissue landmarks relative to the True Vertical Line (TVL) to diagnose dentoskeletal factors, soft tissue components, facial lengths, TVL projections, and harmony of facial parts. Cephalometric treatment planning uses the soft tissue analysis to optimize occlusal and facial results through positioning of the incisors, moving the mandible, defining the maxillary occlusal plane, and assessing chin projection.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
CEPHALOMETRICS.ppt A Scientific approach to the scrutiny of human craniofacia...SadhuAbhijeet
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics, which is the scientific measurement and analysis of the human craniofacial structures through radiographs. It discusses the history and development of cephalometrics beginning with measurements of dry skulls and its application to living subjects. The key components and technical aspects of producing lateral cephalograms are described, including the x-ray apparatus, image receptor system, cephalostat, and landmarks. The process of tracing cephalograms and developing cephalometric analyses is also outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometrics (3) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
This document provides information about cephalometrics, which is the measurement of the head and face using radiographs. It discusses the history and development of cephalometrics beginning with the measurement of dry skulls by anthropologists. The discovery of x-rays allowed for the measurement of living subjects. Broadbent is credited with standardizing the cephalometric technique using a cephalostat and high-powered x-ray machine in the 1930s. The document outlines the technical aspects of producing lateral cephalograms including the x-ray apparatus, image receptor system, and cephalostat. It also discusses cephalometric analysis, landmark identification, and tracing techniques.
Cephalometrics involves the scientific measurement of the living head using lateral cephalometric radiographs. It allows orthodontists to analyze skeletal, dental, and soft tissue relationships and compare measurements to norms to diagnose orthodontic issues. Key aspects include standardized positioning of patients using a cephalostat to obtain reproducible lateral x-rays. Tracings of these x-rays are then made and landmarks identified to perform measurements of angles and distances. Common landmarks include nasion, sella, orbitale, and pogonion. Measurements are compared to norms for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation.
transverse dentoskeletal features of anterior open bite in the mixed dentitio...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Types of cephalogram, uses of cephalogram, technical aspects, cephaometric- soft tissue, hard tissue & PA landmark, lines and panes in cephalometrics, Analysis- Downs, Steiner,Tweed. Wits appraisal, computerized cephalometric system, errors in cephalometry, cephalometric superimposition.
Similar to Radiographic cephalometry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
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+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
5. The assessment of craniofacial structures forms a part of
orthodontics diagnosis. Cephalometric analysis of skeletal ,dental
& soft tissues are merely aids in determining the diagnosis.
For an accurate interpretation,the various readings must not be
assessed independently. To interpret the data, all readings must
be co-related with other clinical & diagnostic criteria before
arriving at the diagnosis & treatment planning.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. The earliest method used to asses facial proportions was by
artistic standards with harmony, symmetry and beauty as key
points.
Craniometry said to be forerunner of cephlometry. Craniometry
involved measurement of craniofacial dimensions of skulls of
dead persons.
The discovery of X- rays in 1895 by Roentgen revolutionized
dentistry.The value of radiography as a diagnostic aid in
orthodontics was proclaimed by W. A. Price in 1900
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. In 1922 Paccini standardized the radiographic head images by
positioning subject against film cassette at a distance of 2 m
from X-ray tube.
In 1931 Broadbent in USA and Hofrath in Germany
simultaneously presented a standardized cephalometric
technique using high powered X ray machine and a head
holder called cephalostat.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Cephalograms can of two types
a) Lateral cephalogramsThis provides lateral view of skull. Also referred to as
lateral “cephs”, have become virtually indispensable to
the orthodontists in treatment of patients.
They are important in orthodontic growth analysis,
diagnosis, treatment planning, monitoring of therapy and
evaluation of final treatment out come.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. b) Postroanterior cephalograms (PA)
They provide additional radiographic information
mediolaterally which is particularly useful for presurgical
and asymmetric growth pattern.
The basic equipment required to obtain both lateral and PA
cephlometric view consists of an X-Ray source ,an
adujustable cephlostat, a film cassete with radigraphic
itensifying screens, and film cassette holder.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Uses of cephalograms –
Cephlometric has established itself as one of pillars of
comprehensive orthodontic diagnosis.
It is also valuable tool in treatment planning and follow of
patient undergoing orthodontic treatment.
a)
Ceplometrics helps in orthodontic diagnosis by enabling
the study of skeletal, dental and soft structures of the
cranio-facial region.
b)
It helps in classification of the skeletal dental
abnormalities and also helps in establishing facial type.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. c) Cephlometrics helps in planning treatment for an
individual.
d) It helps in evaluation of the treatment results by
quantifying the changes brought by treatment.
e) Cephlometrics helps predicting the growth related changes
and changes brought by treatment.
f) Cephlometrics is a valuable aid research work involving
the cranio-dento-facial region.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Equipment:
The cephalometric radiographs are taken using an
apparatus that consists of an x-ray source and a head
holding device called cephalostat. The cephalostat consists
of two ear rods that prevent the movement of the head in
the horizontal plane. Vertical stabilization of the head is
brought about by an orbital pointer that contacts the lower
border of the left orbit.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. The upper part of the face is supported by the forehead
clamp positioned above the region of the nasal bridge. The
distance between X–ray source and the mid-sagittal plane
of the patient is fixed at 5 feet (152.4 cm). Thus the
equipment helps in standardizing the radiographs by use of
constant head position and source film distance so that
serial radiographs can be compared.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. CEPHLOMETRIC LANDMARKS
Cephalometric makes use of certain landmarks or points on
the skull which are used for quantitative analysis and
measurements.
Cephalometric landmarks can of two types :
ANATOMIC LANDMARKS
These landmarks represent actual anatomic structures of the
skull
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. DERIVED LANDMARKS
These are landmarks that have been obtained secondarily
from anatomic structures in a cephalogram.
REQUIREMENTS FOR LANDMARKS:
a) It should be easily seen in a radiograph.
b) It should be uniform in outline and should be
reproducible.
c) The landmarks should permit valid quntitative
measurements of lines and angles projected from them.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Cephalometric landmarks:
Nasion:
The most anterior point midway between the frontal and nasal
bones on the fronto-nasal suture.
Orbitale :
The lowest point on the inferior bony margin of the orbit.
Porion:
The highest bony point on the upper margin of external auditory
meatus.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Sella :
The point representing the midpoint of the pituitary fossa or
sella turcica. It is a constructed point in the mid-sagittal
plane.
Point A:
It is the deepest point in the midline between the anterior
nasal spine and alveolar crest between the two central
incisors. It is also called subspinale.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Point B:
It is the deepest point in the midline between the alveolar
crest of mandible and the mental process. It is also called
supramentale.
Basion:
It is the median point of the anterior margin of the foramen
magnum.
Bolton point :
The highest point at the post condylar notch of the occipital
bone.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Anterior nasal spine:
It is the anterior tip of the sharp bony process of the maxilla in
the midline of the lower margin of anterior nasal opening.
Gonion:
It is a constructed point at the junction of ramal plane and the
mandibular plane.
Pogonion:
It is the most anterior point of the bony chin in the median
plane.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Menton:
It is the most inferior midline point on the mandibular
symphysis.
Gnathion :
It is the most antero-inferior point on the symphysis of the
chin. It is constructed by intersecting a line drawn
perpendicular to the line connecting menton and pogonion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Articulare :
It is a point at the junction of the posterior border of ramus
and the inferior border of the basilar part of the occipital
bone.
Condylion:
The most superior point on the head of the condyle.
Prosthion :
The lowest and most anterior point on the alveolar bone in the
midline, between the upper central incisors. It is also called
supradentale.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Infradentale:
The highest and most anterior point on the alveolar process,
in the median plane between the mandibular central incisors.
The key ridge :
The lower most point on the contour of the anterior wall of
the infratemporal fossa.
Posterior nasal spine:
The inter-section of a continuation of the anterior wall of the
pterygo-palatine fossa and the floor of the nose, marking the
distal limit of the maxilla.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Broadbent registration point :
It is the midpoint of the perpendicular from the center of sella
tursica to the Bolton plane.
Ptm point :
It is the intersection of the inferior border of the foraman
rotundum with the posterior wall of the pterygo-maxillary
fissure.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Tracing technique:
The following items are recommended for tracing a head film:
1)
A lateral cephalogram, the usual dimensions of which are
8 x 10 inches (patients with facial asymmetry often require a
frontal anteroposterior headfilm).
2)
Acetate matte tracing paper (0.003 inches thick, 8 x 10
inches).
3)
A sharp 3H drawing pencil or a very fine felt-tipped pen.
4)
Masking tape
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. 5)
A few sheets of cardboard (preferably black),
measuring approximately 6 x 12 inches, and a hollow
cardboard tube.
6)
A protractor and tooth symbol tracing template for
drawing the teeth (optional). Most templates have round
holes for tracing the outline of the ear rods.
7)
Dental casts trimmed to maximal intercuspidation of
the teeth in occlusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. 8)
9)
View box (variable rheostat desirable, but no essential).
Pencil sharpener and an eraser.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. General considerations for tracing:
Start by placing the cephalogram on the view box with
the patient’s image facing to the right. Tape the four
corners of the radiograph to the view box.
With a fine felt-tipped black pen, draw three crosses on
the radiograph, two within the cranium and one over the
area of the cervical vertebrae.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. These registration crosses allow for reorienting the acetate
tracing on the film for later verification or in the event the
film becomes displaced during the tracing procedure, a not
infrequent occurrence.
Next, place the matte acetate film over the radiograph and
tape it securely to the radiograph and the view box. After
firmly affixing the acetate film, trace the three registration
crosses.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. . Use smooth continuous pressure on the pencil; whenever
possible, trace image lines without stopping and/or lifting
the pencil from the acetate film. Avoid erasures.
Consult dental casts when outlining molar and incisor
teeth, taking care to depict left and right teeth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Down’s analysis
Down elected to use FH (Frankfurt Horizontal plane) as a
reference base to determine the degree of retrognathism,
orthognathism or prognathism of lower jaw.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. Facial angle : (FH plane) to (N-Pog)
·
It is used to measure the degree of retrusion or protrusion
of the lower jaw
·
It can be defined as the inferior inside angle in which the
facial line (N-Pog) intersects the FH plane.
·
Mean value is 87.80 (SD = 3.6)
·
Increased angle = protrusive chin; Decreased angle =
retrusive chin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Angle of convexity:
· It is used to measure the degree of maxillary basal arch at its
anterior limit (Point A) in relative to the total facial profile
(N-Pog).
· It is formed by the intersection of the line (N-Point A) to
(Point A-Pog)
·
Mean value is 00 (SD = 5.10)
·
If the line (Point A-Pog) is located anterior to (N-point A),
the angle is +ve. Suggesting protrusive maxilla in relation to
mandible. Negative angle suggests retrusive maxilla.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. A-B plane:
·
This is used to measure the relation of anterior limit of apical
bases to each other relation to facial line.
· Angle formed by intersection of line (Point A - Point B) to
(N-Pog).
·
Mean value is –4.60 (SD = 3.60)
Since point B is located behind point A, the angle is usually
–ve. Only in class III it is +ve.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Mandibular plane angle:
Relationship of the mandible to cranial base.
Angle formed by intersection of line (M-Go) to FH plane.
Mean value is 21.90 (SD = 3.2)
High mandibular plane angles occur in both protrusive and
retrusive faces which complicate treatment and prognosis.
High and low mandibular plane angles suggest unfavourable
growth patterns.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. ·
·
Y-axis:
Y-axis indicate the degree of forward, backward and
downward position of the chin in relation to upper face.
Acute angle formed by the intersection of line (S-Gn) to FH
plane.
·
Mean value is 59.40 (3.80)
·
An increase in Y-axis- Vertical growth, decrease in Y-axis Horizontal growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. Dental parameters:
Cant of occlusal plane:
·
It is the measure of the slope of occlusal plane to the FH
plane.
·
Defined occlusal plane as that line bisecting the
overlapping cusps of the first molars and the incisal overbite.
When the occlusal plane is intersected to the FH plane, angle
is formed.
·
Mean value is 9.30 (SD = 3.80)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. Interincisal angle:
· Used to measure the relation of maxillary and mandibular
central incisors to denture base.
·
The angle is formed by passing a line through the incisal
edge and apex of the root of the maxillary and mandibular
central incisor.
·
Mean value is 135.40 (SD = 5.80)
·
Angle is small if incisors are tipped forward.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Incisor occlusal plane angle:
·
It relates the lower incisors to their functioning surface at
the occlusal plane.
·
Mean value is 14.50 (SD = 3.50)
Angle increase as teeth forward.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. Incisor mandibular plane angle:
· Angle is formed by intersection of mandibular plane with a
•
line passing through incisal edge and the apex of the root of
the lower incisor.
· Mean value is 1.40 (SD = 3.80)
· Angle increase as teeth forward.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Protrusion of maxillary incisors:
·
It is measured as the distance between the incisal edge
of the maxillary central incisor to the line (Point A-Pog)
·
Mean value is 2.7 mm (SD = 1.8 mm)
· Distance is +ve if incisal edge of maxillary central
incisor is ahead of the line (Point A-Pog). This indicates
protrusion of maxillary central incisor. Negative
indicates retrusion of maxillary central incisor.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. STEINER ANALYSIS
Steiner selected most meaningful parameters and evolved a
composite analysis.
The skeletal analysis entails relating the upper and lower
jaw to the skull and to each other.
The dental analysis relates the upper and lower incisor
teeth to their respective jaws and to each other.
Soft – tissue analysis provides a means of assessing the
balance and harmony of the lower facial profile
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. Dental
Soft tissue
Maxillary incisor position
Mandibular incisor position
Inter-incisal angle
Lower incisor to chin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
S-line
63. Skeletal analysis:
Since landmarks such as porion and orbitale are not always
easily identified, Steiner elected to use the anterior cranial
base (Sella-Nasion) as reference line to which jaws are
related.
The advantage of using these two midline points (Sella
and Nasion) is that they are moved only a minimal amount
whenever head deviates from true profile position and
even if the head is rotated in the cephalostat.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. Skeletal analysis:
Maxilla (SNA angle):
· It is used to measure the degree of protrusion or
retrusion of maxilla to the cranial base.
· SNA angle is formed by intersection of (S-N) line
with (N-point A) line.
· Mean SNA angle is 820.
·
Increase in angle Forward positioning of
maxilla
· Decrease in anglewww.indiandentalacademy.com
Backward positioning of
66. Mandible (SNB angle):
·
It is used to measure the degree of protrusion or retrusion of
mandible to the cranial base.
·
SNB angle is formed by intersection of (S-N) line with (Npoint B) line.
·
Mean value is 800
·
Increase in angle Forward positioning of mandible
Decrease in angle Backward positioning of mandible
www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. Maxilla to mandible (ANB angle)
ANB angle provides information on the relative position of
maxillary and mandible to each other.
Angle formed by joining AN and NB (SNA-SNB)
Mean value is 20.
Increase in SNA (More than 20) suggests protrusive maxilla
Decrease in SNA (less than 20) suggests retrusive maxilla and
protrusive mandible
www.indiandentalacademy.com
70. Occlusal plane:
· It shows significance of the teeth in occlusion to the
cranial base and face.
· Occlusal plane is drawn through the region of the
overlapping cusps of the first premolars and the
molars.
Angle formed by S-N plane to occlusal plane.
·
Mean reading for normal occlusion is 140.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
72. Mandibular plane (Go-Gn)
It shows the growth pattern.
·
It is drawn between gonion (Go) and gnathion (Gn)
·
Mean reading is 320.
Excessive low or high mandibular plane angle suggests
unfavourable growth pattern
www.indiandentalacademy.com
74. Dental analysis:
Maxillary incisor position:
To know the relative location and axial inclination of the
upper incisors by relating the teeth to N-A line.
· Axial inclination: The upper incisor to N-A reading indicates
the axial inclination of the upper incisor in degrees (Mean
220)
· Location: Distance between most anteriorly placed point on
the maxillary central incisor to the N-A line in millimeters
(Mean 4 mm).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
77. Mandibular incisor position:
To know the relative anteroposterior location and axial
inclination of the lower incisors by relating the lower
incisors to N-B line.
· Axial inclination: Angle formed between the long axis of
the lower incisor and the N-B line indicates axial
inclination of lower incisor (Mean = 250)
·
Location: Distance between most anteriorly placed point
on mandibular incisor to N-B line (Mean = 4 mm).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
79. Inter-incisal angle:
·
To know the relative position of the upper incisor to that
of lower incisor.
·
Angle formed by passing through long axis of upper
central incisor and lower central incisor.
·
Mean value is 1300
www.indiandentalacademy.com
81. Soft-tissue analysis (S-line):
· According to Steiner, Lips in well balanced faces should
touch a line extending from soft-tissue contour of the chin to
the middle of an S formed by lower border of the nose. This
line is referred to as S-line.
· Lips located beyond S-line tend to be procumbency and
need orthodontic treatment.
Lips located behind S-line, patient profile is generally
“concave” and needs treatment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
83. Wits appraisal
The Wits appraisal is a linear measurement and not an
analysis.
The purpose of Wits appraisal is to determine the severity
of jaw disharmony that is not reflected in the conventional
ANB angle (Steiners analysis).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
84. ANB as a measure of jaw dysplasia:
ANB angle in normal occlusions is 20. Angle greater
indicates class II disharmony. Negative angle indicates
class III disharmony.
This is an acceptable generalization, there are many
instances in which this (ANB angle) does not apply.
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86. Therefore variations from the accepted (ANB=20) assume
importance
when
attempting
to
appraise
craniofacial skeletal disharmony.
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degree
of
87. Method of Wits appraisal :
The purpose of Wits appraisal is to determine the severity
of jaw disharmony that is not reflected in the conventional
ANB angle.
·
It is a measure of the extent to which the jaws are related
to each other anteroposteriorly.
·
Here, first the occlusal plane is drawn through the region
of overlapping cusps of first premolars and first molars
(Steiner analysis).
· Then, perpendicular lines are drawn from point A and
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point B to the occlusal planes.
89. The points of contact on the occlusal plane from A and B are
labeled as Ao and Bo respectively.
Normal occlusion: Point Bo is 1 mm anterior to Ao
·
Class II: Point Ao is located anterior to Bo.
·
Class III: Point Bo is located anterior to Ao.
Normal-For men - -1mm
For women – 0mm (range,-2 to 4mm).
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91. Therefore wits appraisal is intended not as single
diagnostic criteria but as an additional measurement to
SNA angle (Steiner’s) which aids in assessing the degree
of anteroposterior jaw disharmony.
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92. Tweed analysis:
The Tweed analysis makes use of three plane that form a
diagnostic triangle. The planes used are;
·
Frankfort horizontal plane
·
Mandibular plane
Long axis of lower incisor
The objectives of the analysis include;
·
Determination of the position of the lower incisor
Evaluation of prognosis
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94. The angles formed by these three planes are;
Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMPA):
It is the angle formed by the intersection of the Frankfort
horizontal plane with the mandibular plane. The mean
value is 250
Incisor mandibular plane angle (IMPA):
It is angle formed by the intersection of the long axis of the
lower incisor with the mandibular plane. It indicates the
relative inclination of the lower incisor. The mean value is
900.
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95. Frankfort mandibular incisor angle (FMIA):
It is the angle formed by the intersection of the lower
incisor with the FH plane. The mean value is 650.
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