Portland cement is one of the most widely used construction materials and is made through a series of steps. It is produced using a wet or dry process. The wet process involves mixing raw materials like limestone, clay, and iron ore with water to form a slurry before burning in a kiln. The dry process uses dried raw materials that are ground and heated without water. The manufactured clinker is then ground with gypsum and packaged for use. Portland cement has various properties that depend on its chemical composition and production methods.
This document discusses the cement manufacturing process. It describes how cement is made by quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, grinding them into a slurry, and firing the slurry in a rotary kiln to form clinkers. The clinkers are then cooled, ground into a powder, and packaged. It also mentions cement industries located in Nagpur, India and concludes that cement is a key construction material used worldwide in structures.
Joseph Aspedin introduced Portland cement in 1824 by mixing limestone and clay. There are various types of cement produced through different manufacturing processes and chemical compositions. Cement is made up of calcium compounds like calcium oxide and calcium silicates that set and bind aggregate materials when mixed with water. The most common type is ordinary Portland cement, used in general construction. Other types include rapid hardening cement, sulfate resisting cement, and low heat cement, each suited to specific conditions.
This document provides information on cement, including its composition, types, and testing methods. It discusses that cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. There are different types of cement used for various purposes, such as rapid hardening cement, which sets faster. Cement is tested for properties like setting time, compressive strength, and tensile strength using methods like the Vicat apparatus and compressive testing machine. The document also covers cement hydration and how strength develops over time through the hydration process.
Cement hydration is the chemical reaction between cement and water. When cement compounds are mixed with water, they dissolve and form a supersaturated solution. Hydrated compounds then precipitate out of the solution. The main hydrated compounds have low solubility and are responsible for the setting and hardening of cement. The quality, quantity, and rate of formation of these hydrated compounds affect the properties of the hardened cement.
This document provides an overview of the cement industry, including the raw materials, manufacturing process, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of cement. It discusses the key raw materials used like limestone and clay. The manufacturing process involves crushing, mixing, heating in a kiln to form clinkers, grinding the clinkers with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction for applications like concrete, mortar, roads. It has advantages of durability, fire resistance but can crack and has low tensile strength.
Cement is produced through a process involving mixing and crushing raw materials like limestone and clay, burning the materials in a kiln, and grinding the resulting clinker. The main raw materials are limestone, silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The wet process involves grinding materials into a slurry while the dry process uses powdered materials. The slurry or powder is burned at high temperatures to produce clinker, which is then ground into cement powder. Different types of cement include ordinary Portland cement, sulfate resisting cement, and rapid hardening cement. Cement quality is tested through fineness, setting time, and compressive strength tests.
Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
This document discusses the cement manufacturing process. It describes how cement is made by quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, grinding them into a slurry, and firing the slurry in a rotary kiln to form clinkers. The clinkers are then cooled, ground into a powder, and packaged. It also mentions cement industries located in Nagpur, India and concludes that cement is a key construction material used worldwide in structures.
Joseph Aspedin introduced Portland cement in 1824 by mixing limestone and clay. There are various types of cement produced through different manufacturing processes and chemical compositions. Cement is made up of calcium compounds like calcium oxide and calcium silicates that set and bind aggregate materials when mixed with water. The most common type is ordinary Portland cement, used in general construction. Other types include rapid hardening cement, sulfate resisting cement, and low heat cement, each suited to specific conditions.
This document provides information on cement, including its composition, types, and testing methods. It discusses that cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. There are different types of cement used for various purposes, such as rapid hardening cement, which sets faster. Cement is tested for properties like setting time, compressive strength, and tensile strength using methods like the Vicat apparatus and compressive testing machine. The document also covers cement hydration and how strength develops over time through the hydration process.
Cement hydration is the chemical reaction between cement and water. When cement compounds are mixed with water, they dissolve and form a supersaturated solution. Hydrated compounds then precipitate out of the solution. The main hydrated compounds have low solubility and are responsible for the setting and hardening of cement. The quality, quantity, and rate of formation of these hydrated compounds affect the properties of the hardened cement.
This document provides an overview of the cement industry, including the raw materials, manufacturing process, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of cement. It discusses the key raw materials used like limestone and clay. The manufacturing process involves crushing, mixing, heating in a kiln to form clinkers, grinding the clinkers with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction for applications like concrete, mortar, roads. It has advantages of durability, fire resistance but can crack and has low tensile strength.
Cement is produced through a process involving mixing and crushing raw materials like limestone and clay, burning the materials in a kiln, and grinding the resulting clinker. The main raw materials are limestone, silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The wet process involves grinding materials into a slurry while the dry process uses powdered materials. The slurry or powder is burned at high temperatures to produce clinker, which is then ground into cement powder. Different types of cement include ordinary Portland cement, sulfate resisting cement, and rapid hardening cement. Cement quality is tested through fineness, setting time, and compressive strength tests.
Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
Cement is a binding agent used in construction that hardens when mixed with water. It is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures, forming clinker which is then finely ground with gypsum. The key compounds formed are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. Different types of cement include rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement containing calcium chloride, and sulphate resisting cement for use where sulphates are present. Cement is tested for fineness, consistency, setting time, strength and soundness to ensure quality for construction projects.
This document provides an overview of building materials and cement construction. It begins with an introduction to cement, including its history and composition. It then discusses the raw materials used to make cement, the manufacturing process, and the properties of cement compounds. Key points covered include the hydration, heat of hydration, setting and hardening of cement. It also outlines different types of cement such as ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, and sulphate resisting cement. The document provides detailed information on the production and characteristics of cement.
Cement is a powdery material that binds other materials together when mixed with water. It is made through a process of crushing raw materials like limestone, mixing them into a slurry or powder, burning the mixture in a kiln, and finely grinding the resulting clinker. The most common type is Portland cement, which is a finely ground powder that sets and hardens through chemical reactions with water. Cement is widely used in construction for buildings, infrastructure, and other applications due to its ability to form strong structures and conform to various shapes.
Here are the steps to solve this nominal mix design problem based on mass:
1) Given: Cement mass = 150 kg
Mix ratio = 1:2:4
Densities:
Cement = 1440 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 1640 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1390 kg/m3
2) Calculate cement volume:
Cement mass / Cement density = Volume
150 kg / 1440 kg/m3 = 0.104 m3
3) Calculate fine aggregate volume based on mix ratio:
Cement volume x Fine aggregate ratio = Fine aggregate volume
0.104 m3 x 2 = 0.208 m3
Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. The key compounds formed are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When mixed with water, cement undergoes hydration reactions that cause it to harden over time. Tricalcium silicate reacts rapidly and contributes to early strength, while dicalcium silicate reacts slowly and provides later strength. Tricalcium aluminate also reacts quickly but is retarded by gypsum addition. The reactions are exothermic and generate heat.
This document discusses special concretes and defects in concrete. It describes 8 types of special concrete - lightweight, high strength, fiber reinforced, ferrocement, shotcrete, polymer, high performance, and geopolymer concrete. Lightweight concrete has a density of 300-1850kg/m3 and is used to reduce weight while maintaining load capacity. Special concreting techniques for underwater, cold weather, and hot weather conditions are also outlined. Common concrete defects include permeability, freezing/thawing, sulfate attack, carbonation, creep/shrinkage, leaching, and corrosion of reinforcement.
The document is notes written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student in Peshawar, Pakistan, about cement and cement testing. It contains information on:
- The difference between cement and concrete (cement is a dry powder ingredient in concrete)
- A flow chart of the cement manufacturing process
- Details on what makes portland cement "portland"
- The importance of cement fineness on hydration rate and strength development
- Different types of cement and their common uses
- The differences between the wet and dry cement manufacturing processes
- High alumina cement and its advantages, disadvantages, and applications
This document discusses the materials and processes used to manufacture different types of cement. The key points are:
Cement is manufactured by grinding limestone, clay, and other materials together at high temperatures in a kiln, forming clinker. The clinker is then ground into a powder and gypsum is added to create Portland cement. There are wet and dry manufacturing processes.
The main chemical compounds in cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When cement hydrates, it forms compounds that harden and provide strength.
There are various types of cements used for different purposes, including ordinary Portland cement
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
Damian Trevor is well known as a respected founder of Team Sun Construction Company which is based in Rancho Mirage, California.
According to Damian Trevor -
Homogeneous and perfect mixture of portland cement concrete and water gives strength and durability. Water quality must be good for that. Curing is also must homogeneous.
Concrete is the most widely used building material and consists of a mixture of binding material (cement or lime), aggregates (fine and coarse), water, and admixtures. There are several types of concrete classified based on binding material, mix proportions, performance specifications, strength grade, density, and whether cast in-situ or precast. Cement is the most common binding material and is produced through dry or wet manufacturing processes using limestone, clay, and other materials. The properties of cement depend on its chemical composition and manufacturing process. Testing includes evaluating fineness, soundness, strength, and setting time.
The document discusses the various stages of concrete manufacturing including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing and finishing. It describes the importance of proper batching using weighing methods for accuracy. Mixing ensures homogeneity and uniformity in concrete. Compaction removes air and increases density, while curing creates suitable conditions for hydration and prevents cracking. Key factors like workability, bleeding, consistency and compactability that determine concrete quality are also explained.
Concrete Technology Introduction By DR. Vishwanath KantheBhavesh Bagul
The document discusses the key ingredients of concrete including cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. It provides details on the properties and testing of cement and aggregates.
Cement is the most important ingredient and is made by grinding raw materials like limestone and clay and burning them in a kiln. The chemical composition and hydration process of cement are described. Different types of cement like ordinary Portland cement and sulfate resisting cement are also mentioned.
The properties of aggregates like size, shape, texture and strength are outlined. Tests for properties like specific gravity, water absorption and sieve analysis are noted. The effect of aggregate size and shape on concrete properties is summarized.
This document provides information on the key ingredients and composition of concrete. It discusses the main components of concrete including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes the function of each component and how they contribute to the properties of hardened concrete. It also summarizes the manufacturing process of cement and discusses Bogue's compounds which form due to chemical reactions during cement production.
This document provides an overview of cement, including its history, main chemical compounds, properties, hydration process, setting, and types. It discusses how Joseph Aspdin first produced Portland cement in 1824 and how cement production has expanded globally. The four main compounds in Portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. The document also examines cement's physical properties like fineness and strength, as well as the hydration and setting processes. Different cement types include ASTM Types I-V as well as masonry cement and natural cement.
you would be aware about the different types of special concrete being used in india.All these types of concrete are being produced by ultratech concrete, for more details visit www.ultratechconcrete.com/concrete_types.html
This document discusses concrete technology and testing methods. It defines concrete as a hard building material formed from a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water through hydration. It categorizes concrete based on compressive strength and lists its typical components and properties. Several types of Portland cement are described based on their chemical compounds and intended uses. Finally, various AASHTO test methods are outlined for evaluating properties of fresh and hardened concrete such as slump, density, air content, temperature, consistency, compressive strength, and flexural strength.
The document provides information on a presentation about different types of cement. It discusses the definition and constituents of cement. It then covers the history of cement use in Nepal. The main types of cement discussed include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement, Rapid Hardening Cement, Extra Rapid Hardening Cement, Sulphate Resisting Cement, and others. For each type, the document outlines their manufacturing process, properties, and common uses.
1. Concrete is the most widely used man-made material on Earth and is composed of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water.
2. When water reacts with cement through a process called hydration, it causes the cement to harden and bind the other components together to form concrete.
3. Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum into a powder to create cement.
Cement is a binding material that was first used by ancient Egyptians. Portland cement was developed in England in the early 1800s and resembles natural stone from Portland. Cement properties include consistency, setting time, soundness, fineness, compressive strength, heat of hydration, and specific gravity. The cement manufacturing process involves quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, crushing and grinding them, preheating the raw mix in a kiln at 1500°C to form clinker, and grinding the clinker with gypsum to produce cement. There are various types of cement used for different purposes.
The document discusses several areas in Dire Dawa that could be improved or developed, including:
1. The Juma Mosque which is an important historic and religious site that serves the local Muslim community.
2. The Konele Konele and Chat Tera areas which are busy markets and transportation hubs but also have issues with drugs, poor sanitation, and deterioration.
3. Indigenous housing, the Addis Ababa Hotel, and the Kefira market which were once prominent landmarks but have lost their glory and deteriorated over time. Upgrades and developments are proposed for these areas.
4. The Dechatu area which currently has many bars and residences mixed together.
The document provides background information on a client named Linda, a 32-year old recently divorced woman who is seeking counseling for relationship problems. It details her family history, educational and employment backgrounds, hobbies and social factors. Linda reveals feelings of aimlessness, anxiety and depression since her divorce and has contemplated ending her life, though doubts she would act on it.
Cement is a binding agent used in construction that hardens when mixed with water. It is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures, forming clinker which is then finely ground with gypsum. The key compounds formed are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. Different types of cement include rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement containing calcium chloride, and sulphate resisting cement for use where sulphates are present. Cement is tested for fineness, consistency, setting time, strength and soundness to ensure quality for construction projects.
This document provides an overview of building materials and cement construction. It begins with an introduction to cement, including its history and composition. It then discusses the raw materials used to make cement, the manufacturing process, and the properties of cement compounds. Key points covered include the hydration, heat of hydration, setting and hardening of cement. It also outlines different types of cement such as ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, and sulphate resisting cement. The document provides detailed information on the production and characteristics of cement.
Cement is a powdery material that binds other materials together when mixed with water. It is made through a process of crushing raw materials like limestone, mixing them into a slurry or powder, burning the mixture in a kiln, and finely grinding the resulting clinker. The most common type is Portland cement, which is a finely ground powder that sets and hardens through chemical reactions with water. Cement is widely used in construction for buildings, infrastructure, and other applications due to its ability to form strong structures and conform to various shapes.
Here are the steps to solve this nominal mix design problem based on mass:
1) Given: Cement mass = 150 kg
Mix ratio = 1:2:4
Densities:
Cement = 1440 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 1640 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1390 kg/m3
2) Calculate cement volume:
Cement mass / Cement density = Volume
150 kg / 1440 kg/m3 = 0.104 m3
3) Calculate fine aggregate volume based on mix ratio:
Cement volume x Fine aggregate ratio = Fine aggregate volume
0.104 m3 x 2 = 0.208 m3
Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. The key compounds formed are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When mixed with water, cement undergoes hydration reactions that cause it to harden over time. Tricalcium silicate reacts rapidly and contributes to early strength, while dicalcium silicate reacts slowly and provides later strength. Tricalcium aluminate also reacts quickly but is retarded by gypsum addition. The reactions are exothermic and generate heat.
This document discusses special concretes and defects in concrete. It describes 8 types of special concrete - lightweight, high strength, fiber reinforced, ferrocement, shotcrete, polymer, high performance, and geopolymer concrete. Lightweight concrete has a density of 300-1850kg/m3 and is used to reduce weight while maintaining load capacity. Special concreting techniques for underwater, cold weather, and hot weather conditions are also outlined. Common concrete defects include permeability, freezing/thawing, sulfate attack, carbonation, creep/shrinkage, leaching, and corrosion of reinforcement.
The document is notes written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student in Peshawar, Pakistan, about cement and cement testing. It contains information on:
- The difference between cement and concrete (cement is a dry powder ingredient in concrete)
- A flow chart of the cement manufacturing process
- Details on what makes portland cement "portland"
- The importance of cement fineness on hydration rate and strength development
- Different types of cement and their common uses
- The differences between the wet and dry cement manufacturing processes
- High alumina cement and its advantages, disadvantages, and applications
This document discusses the materials and processes used to manufacture different types of cement. The key points are:
Cement is manufactured by grinding limestone, clay, and other materials together at high temperatures in a kiln, forming clinker. The clinker is then ground into a powder and gypsum is added to create Portland cement. There are wet and dry manufacturing processes.
The main chemical compounds in cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When cement hydrates, it forms compounds that harden and provide strength.
There are various types of cements used for different purposes, including ordinary Portland cement
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
Damian Trevor is well known as a respected founder of Team Sun Construction Company which is based in Rancho Mirage, California.
According to Damian Trevor -
Homogeneous and perfect mixture of portland cement concrete and water gives strength and durability. Water quality must be good for that. Curing is also must homogeneous.
Concrete is the most widely used building material and consists of a mixture of binding material (cement or lime), aggregates (fine and coarse), water, and admixtures. There are several types of concrete classified based on binding material, mix proportions, performance specifications, strength grade, density, and whether cast in-situ or precast. Cement is the most common binding material and is produced through dry or wet manufacturing processes using limestone, clay, and other materials. The properties of cement depend on its chemical composition and manufacturing process. Testing includes evaluating fineness, soundness, strength, and setting time.
The document discusses the various stages of concrete manufacturing including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing and finishing. It describes the importance of proper batching using weighing methods for accuracy. Mixing ensures homogeneity and uniformity in concrete. Compaction removes air and increases density, while curing creates suitable conditions for hydration and prevents cracking. Key factors like workability, bleeding, consistency and compactability that determine concrete quality are also explained.
Concrete Technology Introduction By DR. Vishwanath KantheBhavesh Bagul
The document discusses the key ingredients of concrete including cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. It provides details on the properties and testing of cement and aggregates.
Cement is the most important ingredient and is made by grinding raw materials like limestone and clay and burning them in a kiln. The chemical composition and hydration process of cement are described. Different types of cement like ordinary Portland cement and sulfate resisting cement are also mentioned.
The properties of aggregates like size, shape, texture and strength are outlined. Tests for properties like specific gravity, water absorption and sieve analysis are noted. The effect of aggregate size and shape on concrete properties is summarized.
This document provides information on the key ingredients and composition of concrete. It discusses the main components of concrete including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes the function of each component and how they contribute to the properties of hardened concrete. It also summarizes the manufacturing process of cement and discusses Bogue's compounds which form due to chemical reactions during cement production.
This document provides an overview of cement, including its history, main chemical compounds, properties, hydration process, setting, and types. It discusses how Joseph Aspdin first produced Portland cement in 1824 and how cement production has expanded globally. The four main compounds in Portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. The document also examines cement's physical properties like fineness and strength, as well as the hydration and setting processes. Different cement types include ASTM Types I-V as well as masonry cement and natural cement.
you would be aware about the different types of special concrete being used in india.All these types of concrete are being produced by ultratech concrete, for more details visit www.ultratechconcrete.com/concrete_types.html
This document discusses concrete technology and testing methods. It defines concrete as a hard building material formed from a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water through hydration. It categorizes concrete based on compressive strength and lists its typical components and properties. Several types of Portland cement are described based on their chemical compounds and intended uses. Finally, various AASHTO test methods are outlined for evaluating properties of fresh and hardened concrete such as slump, density, air content, temperature, consistency, compressive strength, and flexural strength.
The document provides information on a presentation about different types of cement. It discusses the definition and constituents of cement. It then covers the history of cement use in Nepal. The main types of cement discussed include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement, Rapid Hardening Cement, Extra Rapid Hardening Cement, Sulphate Resisting Cement, and others. For each type, the document outlines their manufacturing process, properties, and common uses.
1. Concrete is the most widely used man-made material on Earth and is composed of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water.
2. When water reacts with cement through a process called hydration, it causes the cement to harden and bind the other components together to form concrete.
3. Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum into a powder to create cement.
Cement is a binding material that was first used by ancient Egyptians. Portland cement was developed in England in the early 1800s and resembles natural stone from Portland. Cement properties include consistency, setting time, soundness, fineness, compressive strength, heat of hydration, and specific gravity. The cement manufacturing process involves quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, crushing and grinding them, preheating the raw mix in a kiln at 1500°C to form clinker, and grinding the clinker with gypsum to produce cement. There are various types of cement used for different purposes.
The document discusses several areas in Dire Dawa that could be improved or developed, including:
1. The Juma Mosque which is an important historic and religious site that serves the local Muslim community.
2. The Konele Konele and Chat Tera areas which are busy markets and transportation hubs but also have issues with drugs, poor sanitation, and deterioration.
3. Indigenous housing, the Addis Ababa Hotel, and the Kefira market which were once prominent landmarks but have lost their glory and deteriorated over time. Upgrades and developments are proposed for these areas.
4. The Dechatu area which currently has many bars and residences mixed together.
The document provides background information on a client named Linda, a 32-year old recently divorced woman who is seeking counseling for relationship problems. It details her family history, educational and employment backgrounds, hobbies and social factors. Linda reveals feelings of aimlessness, anxiety and depression since her divorce and has contemplated ending her life, though doubts she would act on it.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of shaping sustainable built environments through site planning and design. It discusses how human populations have historically modified landscapes but are now exceeding the earth's capacity to mitigate environmental impacts. The functions of nature that are essential to human welfare are organized into four categories: production, regulation, carrier, and information. However, human activities are degrading these functions and negatively impacting air and water quality. Sustainable design aims to balance human needs with environmental carrying capacity by minimizing impacts, resource use, and waste generation.
1. Metals are classified as ferrous, containing iron as the main constituent like steel and cast iron, or non-ferrous without iron.
2. Iron ore, limestone, and coke are used to produce pig iron in a blast furnace. Pig iron is then processed to produce wrought iron or steel.
3. Steel has a variety of uses in construction and manufacturing due to its high strength, ductility, and ability to be cast and formed into different shapes. Its properties can be altered through adjusting carbon content, adding alloys, and heat treatment.
1. Wood can be classified as softwood or hardwood. Softwoods are lighter, weaker woods from coniferous trees while hardwoods are heavier, stronger woods from deciduous trees.
2. Many factors affect the properties and uses of wood, including moisture content, grain direction, density, and defects from growth or processing. Proper drying and treatment can improve wood's strength, durability, and resistance to decay or fire.
3. Wood products are produced through several steps including logging, sawing, drying, grading, and optional treatment or surfacing. New engineered wood products like plywood, LVL, and OSB combine wood elements for consistent structural properties.
Concrete is a composite material made of aggregates, sand, cement, and water. It has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper mixing and compaction are required to produce durable concrete. Mixing involves blending the ingredients into a uniform mass and coating aggregates with cement paste. Compaction removes air pockets and achieves maximum density. It is done through tamping, rodding, or vibrating the fresh concrete. Vibration uses internal or external vibrators to penetrate and settle the concrete mixture.
This document discusses the requirements and types of stone used for building materials. It outlines that stone must be hard, workable, durable, aesthetically pleasing, and able to be quarried and transported easily. It then describes the common processes for quarrying dimension stone, quarry stone, and crushed stone production. Finally, it lists the most common types of stone used in Ethiopia - basalt, trachyte, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, ignimbrite, pumice, and scoria - and their typical uses in construction.
This document discusses four common soil-based building materials: rammed earth, adobe bricks, cob, and stabilized cement bricks (hydraform). Rammed earth is a mixture of soil, sand, cement and additives that is compacted into walls. Adobe bricks use clay, sand, straw and water molded into bricks and dried in the sun. Cob uses a wet mixture of soil, sand, straw and water applied by hand to form thick walls. Hydraform blocks are made by compressing a mixture of soil/fly ash and cement into blocks with interlocking grooves. The materials and basic construction techniques of each are described.
This document outlines the syllabus for a construction management course. It provides the instructor's contact information, course details including objectives, topics, assignments, exams and policies. The course will cover construction industry overview, the architect's role, project lifecycles, emerging technologies and more. Students will complete individual assignments, a group project, quizzes, a midterm and final exam throughout the semester.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
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3. General
Portland cement is one of
the most widely used
construction material and is
the most important
hydraulic cement.
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4. Raw Materials
Portland cement is made from materials
which must contain the proper proportions
of:
lime (CaO),
silica (SiO2),
alumina (Al2O3),
iron (Fe2O3)
with miner amounts of magnesia and
sulfur trioxide.
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5. Methods used in Portland
cement production
There are two basic methods used in Portland
cement production:
Dry process
Dry materials are proportioned, ground to a
powder, blended and fed into the kiln.
Wet process
Involves adding water to the proportioned raw
materials and completing the grinding and
blending operations in slurry form.
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6. The manufacture of Portland cement occurs
through a series of steps:
Quarrying
Crushing
Grinding Treatment of Raw Materials
Mixing
Calcining
Addition of retarder
Packing
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11. Dry Process
The four main steps in this process are:
•Treatment of raw materials
•Burning of the dry mix
•Grinding of the clinker
•Packing and storage
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12. Treatment of Raw Materials
The raw materials are subjected to such
processes as: crushing, drying, grinding,
proportioning and blending or mixing
before they are fed into the kiln for
burning.
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13. Burning or Calcinations
The well-proportioned finely
powdered mixture (raw meal) is
charged into long steel cylinder,
called rotary kiln.
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15. Grinding of the Clinker
The completely burnt or calcined raw
materials of cement are converted to
lump-shaped product called clinker,
which is drawn out from the lower end of
the rotary kiln.
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16. Packing and storage of cement
Cement is most commonly stored after its
manufacture in specially designed
concrete storage tanks called silos where
from it is drawn off mechanically for the
market.
For convenience, the cement comes to the
customer in bags.
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17. Wet process
Wet process is considered a better and
convenient process for the manufacture of
cement, specifically where limestone of
soft variety is available in abundance.
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18. Steps in wet process are:
1.Preparation of slurry
2.Burning or calcinations and
3.Grinding of Clinker
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19. 1. Preparation of Slurry
Raw materials are supplied to the kiln in the
form of an intimate mixture with a lot of
water in it. This is called slurry
1. The raw materials are first crushed
separately.
2. The crushed materials are stored in separate
tanks or silos
3. The crushed materials are drawn from the
silos in prefixed proportions in to the wet
grinding mills
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20. Cont’d
4. In the presence of a lot of water, thus
ground to a fine thin paste
5. The slurry is stored in a silo
6. The composition of the slurry is tested
once again and corrected by adding
limestone slurry in required proportions
7. Such corrected slurry is then fed into the
rotary kiln
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21. 2. Burning
In burning of slurry:
• Rotary kiln of almost similar type is used as
described under dry process.
• All the moisture is driven off the slurry as it
passes through the drying zone.
• In the subsequent zones, it undergoes
some transformation as mentioned under
dry process.
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22. 3. Grinding of Clinker
As the lump-shaped clinker comes out from
the kiln, it is extremely hot. It is, therefore,
passed through cooling rotary cylinders.
There after it is mixed with 3-5 percent of
gypsum and ground to a very fine powder as
in dry process. The fine cement obtained is
stored and packed in paper bags.
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25. Compounds of cement clinker
The temperature in the kiln
reaches about 1200-1500oc.
This drives off water and gases
and produces new chemical
compositions in particles called
clinker.
10/27/2023 25
26. Cont’d
The relative amounts of these four
chemicals in the final product depend on
the desired properties such as:
• Rate of hydration( hardening)
• Strength - early and ultimate
• Rate and amount of heat given off
• Resistance to chemical attack
10/27/2023 26
27. Cont’d
• If gypsum is added it acts as a retarder,
and the heat of evolution is less and the
setting occurs more slowly.
10/27/2023 27
28. TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Even if the raw materials and the
manufacturing process are the same ;
different types of cement are in use today.
The difference in properties of the various
kinds of cement arises from the relative
proportions of the four major compounds.
10/27/2023 28
29. Cont’d
The Ethiopian standard ESC.DS.201
classifies Portland cement into:
• Ordinary Portland cement (Type O) and
• Rapid-hardening Portland cement (Type R)
10/27/2023 29
30. Cont’d
• Type I or Normal Portland cement
• Type II or Moderate Portland cement
• Type III or High-Early-Strength Portland cement
• Type IV or Low - Heat of Hydration Portland
Cement
• Type V or Sulfate - Resisting Portland cement
• Types IA, IIA, IIIA or air-entraining cements
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31. Type I or Normal Portland cement
• Is a general-purpose cement
• Is used when the special properties specified for
any other type are not required
• Is used where there would be no severe climate
changes
• Is used where there is no severe exposure to
sulfate attack from water or soil
• Its uses include reinforced-concrete buildings,
bridges, reservoirs, floors, and retaining walls
• In general, it is used in nearly all situations
calling for Portland cement.
10/27/2023 31
32. Type II or Moderate Portland cement
• Used when moderate sulfate resistance or
moderate heat of hydration is desired
• It is used in structures of considerable
mass, such as abutments and pier and
retaining walls.
• Its use also minimizes temperature rise
when concrete is placed in warm weather.
10/27/2023 32
33. Type III or High-Early-Strength Portland cement
• Is used when high early strength is
desired, usually less than one week
• It is usually used when a structure must
be put into service as quickly as possible
• This cement is made by changing the
proportions of raw materials, by fine
grinding, and by better burning
• Contains less di-calcium silicate and the
tri-calcium silicate is greater
10/27/2023 33
34. Type IV or Low - Heat of Hydration Portland Cement
• Is used when a low heat of hydration is
required
• Develops strength at a slower rate than
does than Type I
• It is intended for mass structures such as
large gravity dams where the temperature
rise on a continuous pour is great
10/27/2023 34
35. Type V or Sulfate - Resisting Portland cement
• Is used when high sulfate resistance is
desired
• It is used when concrete is to be exposed
to severe sulfate action by soil or water
• Contains less C3A
10/27/2023 35
36. Types IA, IIA, IIIA
• Are used in concrete for improved resistance to
freezing and thawing action and the action of
salt scaling and chemical attack
• Disintegration due to freezing and thawing is
caused by the expansion of the water, as it
freezes. The pressure caused by this expansion
forces the pore open after thawing, the large
pore is re saturated with water and subsequent
freezing increase the pore volume again
10/27/2023 36
37. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
• The term pozzolana is used to describe
naturally occurring and artificial siliceous
materials, which in themselves possess
little or no cementations value, but will, in
finely divided form and in the presence of
moisture, chemically react with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to
form compounds possessing cementations
properties.
10/27/2023 37
38. Cont’d
• Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) is
manufactured by blending 20-30% by
weight of pozzolanic material with
ordinary Portland cement (OPC); either by
simple mixing or by inter -grinding with
cement clinker.
10/27/2023 38
39. Cont’d
• The calcium hydroxide librated during the
process of hydration of the cement
combines slowly with the pozzolana to
give it cementations properties, thereby
contributing to water tightness and long
continued gain in strength of the concrete.
10/27/2023 39
40. Cont’d
The most important effects accompanying
the use of PPC in Concrete Construction
Work are:
Improved workability
No increase in dry shrinkage
Improved resistance to sulfate attack etc.
10/27/2023 40
42. PROPERTIES
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
Fineness
Setting time
Soundness
Compressive strength
Heat of hydration
Specific gravity
Lime Saturation Factor (LSF)
Alumina Ratio
Magnesia
Sulfur trioxide
Loss on ignition
Insoluble residue
10/27/2023 42
43. Fineness
• The fineness of the cement has an important
effect on the rate of hydration
• The finer the cement the quicker the rate of
hardening and the greater is the heat evolution
at early ages.
• A finely ground cement is more liable to suffer
from shrinkage cracking than a coarser cement
(for cement of the same composition)
10/27/2023 43
44. Cont’d
• The fineness of grinding does not
affect the total heat evolved but only
the rate at which that heat is evolved
• Extremely fine size does not improve
the ultimate strength of the cement
10/27/2023 44
45. Cont’d
The fineness of cement can be measured
in a number of ways:
• The sieve test
• Specific surface test by :
– Wagner Turbid meter method
– Blaine air permeability method
10/27/2023 45
46. Cont’d
The Ethiopian Standard specifies the
fineness of grinding should not be
less than 2250 cm2/gm for OPC
cement by Blaine air permeability
method.
10/27/2023 46
47. Setting time
• Setting is the stiffening of the cement
paste
• Broadly speaking, setting refers to a
change from a fluid to a rigid state
• During setting, the paste acquires some
strength
• Hardening, refers to the gain of strength
of a set cement paste
10/27/2023 47
48. Cont’d
Setting is not an abrupt process, which
may complete immediately after its start;
it is rather a progressive phenomenon,
which has:
beginning,
full development and
an end.
10/27/2023 48
49. Cont’d
•It is on this latter basis, setting is
distinguished into:
Initial setting time
Final setting time
qualified by the time required in
each case.
10/27/2023 49
50. Cont’d
• Initial setting time is the duration of cement paste
of standard consistency related to 25 mm
penetration of the Vicat needle into the paste in
30 seconds after it is released.
• Final setting time is that related to zero
penetration of the Vicat needle into the paste.
Ethiopian standard recommends that the initial
setting time for cement not be less than 45
minutes and the final setting time not to exceed
10 hours.
10/27/2023 50
51. Cont’d
• The setting times of
cement are measured
using the Vicat
apparatus with
different penetration
attachments. The test
is performed at
standard conditions of
temperature and
humidity and on
cement pastes of
standard consistency.
10/27/2023 51
52. Time required for setting is influenced by:
1. Temperature: the setting time of cement
decreases with a rise in temperature.
2. Water content: less water result in
incomplete hydration, extra quantity will
bleed out after cement is set.
3. Humidity: the humidity of the atmosphere in
which setting is allowed to take place acts
through temperature and moisture conditions.
10/27/2023 52
53. Cont’d
4. Fineness of the Cement: the greater the
cement fineness the greater the rate of
hydration and hence the shorter the
setting time.
5. Chemical Composition: Setting is caused
by a selective hydration of cement
compounds: the first to react are C3A
and C3S.
10/27/2023 53
54. Soundness
• Incomplete combination of the lime with other
raw constituents, through under burning
of clinker, results in free or uncombined lime
(CaO) in the finished cement.
• If this is present in excess amount expansion
and disruption of concrete may eventually
occur. This phenomenon is known as soundness.
• Cement exhibiting this property is termed as
unsound cement. (unsoundness -slow expansion
of cement)
10/27/2023 54
55. Cont’d
• Cement can be unsound due to:
1. Insufficient burning
2. The presence of excess CaO
3. The presence of excess MgO
4. Addition of excess gypsum
In order to determine the soundness of
cement the Le Chatelie’r test is used.
10/27/2023 55
57. • Measurement of expansion of cement
after being kept at 100°C for 3 hours in
boiling water.
• Expansion should not exceed 10mm.
10/27/2023 57
58. Heat of Hydration
Heat of hydration is the quantity of heat in
joules/gram generated when cement and
water react.
For practical purpose, it is not necessarily
the total heat of hydration that matters
but the rate of heat evolution.
10/27/2023 58
59. Cont’d
The amount of heat generated depends on:
The chemical composition
– In the early stages of hydration the different
compounds hydrate at different rates, the rate
of heat evolution, as well as the total heat,
depends on the compound composition of the
cement
– By reducing the proportions of the
compounds that hydrate most rapidly (C3A&
C3S) the high rate of heat evolution in the
early life of concrete can be lowered.
10/27/2023 59
60. Cont’d
The fineness of the cement
The early rate of hydration of each
compound in cement is proportional
to the surface area of the
cement. However, at later stages,
the effect of the surface area is
negligible and the total amount of
heat evolved is not affected by the
fineness of cement.
10/27/2023 60
61. Compressive strength
• The mechanical strength of hardened
cement is the property of the material
that is perhaps most obviously required
for structural use.
• Strength tests are not made on a neat
cement paste because of difficulties of
molding and testing with a consequent
large variability of test results.
10/27/2023 61
62. Cont’d
• Strength of cement can be determined by two
methods i.e. mortar test and concrete test.
• In the mortar test,
A mortar mix with 1:3 cement- standard sand
with W/C ratio of 0.4 by mass is prepared.
Following mixing, and 70.7mm cubes are made
using a vibrating table with a frequency of
200Hz applied for two minutes. The cubes are
demolded after 24 hours and further cured in
water until tested in a wet-surface condition.
10/27/2023 62
63. Cont’d
• The compressive strength of mortar &
concrete cubes has to confirm to the
following according to Ethiopian standard.
For Ordinary Portland cement:
3 days: not less than 8N/mm2 (8MPa)
7 days : not less than 14N/mm2 (14MPa)
10/27/2023 63
67. FIELD TESTING OF CEMENT
• Cement is manufactured in factories under
controlled conditions, but during its transit and
storage there are chances of its deterioration
or being adulterated. quality
• The quality of cement at site can be judged by
the following methods:
1.Visual inspection
A sample of cement taken from the bag showing
bright gray color (as specified by the
manufacturer) gives an indication of freshness &
purity of cement. The color of the cement should
be uniform.
10/27/2023 67
68. 2.Adulteration
• Place about 100 grams of cement on a
steel plate and heat it for about 20
minutes. No change in color is again an
indication of unadulterated cement.
• Shake a small quantity of cement in glass
jar ½ full of water and allow it to settle.
Adulterated particles (coal, ash etc) if any
shall float on the surface.
10/27/2023 68
69. 3. Presence of lumps:
The cement should be free from any hard lumps.
4) Hand feeling:
If hand is inserted in a bag or heap of cement, it should
feel cool.
5) Water float test:
If a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of
water, the particles should float for some time before it
sinks if the cement is of good quality.
10/27/2023 69
70. STORAGE OF CEMENT
• At all stages up to the time of use, cement
must be kept dry so as to prevent or minimize
deterioration from the effects of moisture,
atmospheric humidity and carbonation
• Airtight drums and internally coated bulk
silos are ideal storages.
• Cement in multi wall paper bags should be
stored in a waterproof building with close-
fitting doors, which should be kept closed as
much as possible.
10/27/2023 70
71. Cont’d
• The bagged cement should be stacked
on pallets or on a dry board platform;
some 150mm clear of the surface kept
150-300mm clear of the walls.
• Bags of cement should be stacked close
together, so as to restrict the circulation
of air around them.
10/27/2023 71
72. SPECIAL TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
(Assignment 02)
Write the properties and uses of the following cements.
Varieties of special cements exist that are
limited for specific uses and purposes.
The following are few examples:
• White Portland Cement
• Colored Cements
• Waterproof Cement
• Hydrophobic cement
• Antibacterial cements
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