an introduction to cell organelles and chromosomes with an brief introductory quiz

1. Cells and Chromosomes
Reported by: Marvin B. Gonzaga

2. The Cellular
Environment

3. SPELL IT QUIZ!
1.This is the inside of a cell
Cytoplasm

4. The Inside of a Cell
▪ Hydrophilic substances
– Salt
– Sugars
– amino acids
– Certain vitamins
▪ Hydrophobic substances

5. SPELL IT QUIZ!
2. _____ such as starch and glycogen store
chemical energy for work within cells.
Carbohydrates

6. Carbohydrates
▪ Composed of glucose, a
simple sugar.
▪ The glucose subunits are
attached one to another to
form long chains, or
polymers.

7. SPELL IT QUIZ!
3.These molecules are formed by chemical interactions between glycerol,
a small organic compound, and larger organic compounds called fatty
acids.
Lipids

8. SPELL IT QUIZ!
4. Each ______consists of one or more
polypeptides, which are chains of amino acids.
Protein

9. Proteins
▪ Often a protein consists of
two polypeptides—that is, it
is a dimer
▪ sometimes a protein consists
of many polypeptides—that
is, it is a multimer.
▪ They also catalyze chemical
reactions.We call these
catalytic proteins enzymes.

10. SPELL IT QUIZ!
5. Plant cell walls are composed of ______ , a
complex carbohydrate.
Cellulose

11. Cell Membranes
▪ Internal membranes
may divide a cell into
compartments, or they
may help to form
specialized structures
called organelles.
▪ Bacterial cell walls are
composed of a different
kind of material called
murein.

12. Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

13. Prokaryotic Cells
▪ usually less than a
thousandth of a millimetre
long.
▪ typically lack a complicated
system of internal
membranes and
membranous organelles.
▪ Their hereditary material—
that is, the DNA—is not
isolated in a special
subcellular compartment.
▪ Includes bacteria and
archaea

14. Eukaryotic Cells
▪ usually at least 10 times
bigger than prokaryotic
cells.
▪ possess complicated
systems of internal
membranes, some of
which are associated
with conspicuous, well-
organized organelles.
▪ Includes the cells of
plants, animals, protists,
and fungi

15. Parts of A Cell
▪ Found In Both Plant and Animal Cells
1. Mitochondria - dedicated to the recruitment of
energy
2. Ribosomes - involved in the synthesis of
proteins
3. Golgi complex - set of membranous sacs and
vesicles that are involved in the chemical
modification and transport of substances
4. Lysosomes - contain different kinds of
digestive enzymes that would harm the cell if
they were released into the cytoplasm.

16. Parts of A Cell
▪ Found In Both Plant and Animal Cells
5. Perioxisomes- dedicated to the metabolism of
substances such as fats and amino acids
6. Nucleus - provide a safe haven for the DNA
7. Cytoskeleton - give form to cells and enable
some types of cells to move through their
environment.
▪ Found Only In Plant Cells
1. Chloroplast - captures solar energy and
converts it into chemical energy

19. Chromosomes: Where
Genes Are Located

20. ▪ Each chromosome consists of one double-stranded
DNA molecule plus an assortment of proteins
▪ RNA may also be associated with chromosomes.
▪ Prokaryotic cells typically contain only one
chromosome, although sometimes they also possess
many smaller DNA molecules called plasmids.
▪ The DNA molecules in prokaryotic chromosomes and
plasmids are circular, as are most of the DNA
molecules found in the mitochondria and
chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells.
▪ The DNA molecules found in the chromosomes in the
nuclei of eukaryotic cells are linear.

21. Bacterial Chromosome

22. Human Chromosomes During Cell Division

23. Cell Division

25. G1 → S → G2 → M
▪ S is the period in which the chromosomes are
duplicated—an event that requires DNA synthesis
▪ M phase in the cell cycle is the time when the
mother cell actually divides
1. mitosis, which is the process that distributes
the duplicated chromosomes equally and exactly
to the daughter cells
2. cytokinesis, which is the process that
physically separates the two daughter cells
from each other.

26. Thank You!