This document provides an outline and overview of a biology lecture on fruits given by Halala Rahman Qadir. The objectives are to define fruit, understand its structure, advantages, and types. Fruits are defined botanically as the seed-bearing part of a flowering plant derived from ovaries. There are two main types - culinary vegetables and botanical fruits. Fruits are nutritious and important for plant reproduction, carrying seeds. The development of fruit involves pollination, fertilization, and growth. Examples of fruit types discussed are berries, drupes, legumes, and achenes. Homework questions and references are also included.

1. University of Salahaddin
College of Education
Biology department
Preparated by: Halala Rahman Qadir
M.Sc. Plant physiology
11/11/2013
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2. Outline
Objectives
Fruit
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Definition of fruit
Two main Types of fruit
Important of fruit
Nutritional value of fruit
Development of fruit
Types of fruit
Home work
Next lecture
Reference
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3. The objects are:
Definition of fruit
Advantages of fruit
Understanding the structure of fruit
Learning about some types of fruit
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4. Definition of fruit
• In botany, a fruit is a part of a flowering
plant that derives from specific tissues of
the flower, one or more ovaries, and in
some cases accessory tissues.
Fruit
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5. Meaning of fruit
Fruit is an old French word that is derived from the
Latin word fructus, which roughly means a profit
.
In scientific terms, a fruit is the seed-bearing part
of the plant that important to plant and other
organisms.
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6. Tow main types of fruit
Two main types of fruit
Culinary vegetables
Botanical fruits
This diagram representing the relationship
between (culinary) vegetables and botanical fruits
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7. The important of fruit
1- Protect Your Health which contain mineral, fiber and
vitamin.
2Fruits
are
Powerful
of
Phytochemicals:
photochemical that help "fight" to protect your health.
3-Fruits are Weight Management
Because low in calories, can help you control your
weight by eating more fruits and fewer high-calorie
foods.
4- For producing plant, Fruits carry the seeds of the
plant.
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8. Nutritional values of fruit
Fiber
Total
carbohydrates
Protein
Nutritional value
Potassium
Sodium
Total fat
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9. Development of fruit
1-Growth of flower (development male and
female part).
2-Pollination process (travel pollen to the
female).
3-Fertilization process Fused the pollen with the
female(ovum) to form embryo
4-Seed formation.
5-Development of fruit (exocarp, mesocarp and
endocarp).
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10. Fig(1): The structure of the flower
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11. FIGURE (2): THE STRUCTURE OF FRUIT
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12. Types of fruit
1-Fleshy Simple Fruits
1-1-Berries: These fruit types have a soft exocarp
,the mesocarp and endocarp is fleshly, such as
Tomato
Tomato
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13. Types of fruit
1-2-Drupe: exocarp is soft, the mesocarp is fleshy and
the endocarp is hard and stony that fits closely around
the seed, such as plum.
plum
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14. Types of fruit
2-Dry fruit
2-1-Dry Dehiscent Fruits
2-1-1-Legume: These fruit types are dry dehiscent fruits
that have pods that split on two sides. The list of fruits
under legumes are Bean
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Bean
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15. Type of fruits
2-2-Dry Indehiscent Fruits
2-2-1-Achene:The pericarp is easily separable from the seed
coat. The fruits of buckwheat and sunflower family come
under this type of fruit.
buckwheat
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sunflower
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16. Home work
Q/ What is the type fruit in Cucumber?
Q/ Write the factors that effect on the fruit
formation?
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17. Next lecture
• We will talk about the stem of the plant
and its types.
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18. References
1-Mauseth, James. D. (2003).Botany An Introduction
to Plant Biology. Jones and Bartlett. pp. 271–272.
2-Schlegel, Rolf H. J. ( 2003).Encyclopedic Dictionary
of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects. Haworth
Press. p. 177
3-Lewis, Robert. A. ( 2002).CRC Dictionary of
Agricultural Sciences.
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