the way of communication cell to cell or cell to their environment. they produce some stimuli to correspond to surroundings for survival. Cell signalling helps to defend, survive, production of chemicals and lots of other things. signalling can external and internal. in this presentation, paths are elaborated externally and internally.
Hope it will help to understand cell signal in better way.
This document discusses intracellular and extracellular cell signaling. It defines cell signaling as communication between cells using chemical signals or ligands. Extracellular signaling occurs between cells and can be contact-dependent, paracrine, synaptic, or endocrine. Intracellular signaling involves signal transduction across the cell membrane and secondary messengers that activate intracellular signaling pathways involving protein phosphorylation or GTP-binding proteins. Key signaling pathways include G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases that activate intracellular cascades to regulate processes like gene expression, cell growth, and metabolism.
This Presentation provides an outline knowledge about Cellular Communication, Steps involved, Its Types, Signal Transduction, Secondary Messenger , Receptors with some Interesting Facts and Current Trends. An assignment for the subject, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Cells communicate through signaling molecules that are detected by receptors on other cells. Signals are transmitted across the cell membrane by signal transduction pathways and cause changes in cell function. Signals may target nearby (paracrine), distant (endocrine), or adjacent (juxtacrine) cells. Ion channels in the cell membrane are important for signal transduction and are classified by their method of gating, such as ligand-gated channels that open in response to neurotransmitters.
General principles of cell communicationGoutam Mallik
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their functions. There are several forms of cell signaling, including endocrine signaling where hormones travel through the bloodstream, paracrine signaling between neighboring cells, contact-dependent signaling through cell junctions, and synaptic signaling across nerve cell junctions. In intracellular signaling, receptor activation leads to the production of second messengers that transmit signals within the cell by activating intracellular signaling pathways, ultimately triggering responses like transcription, survival, movement, or metabolic changes.
Intercellular and intracellular cell signaling pathwaySachinGulia12
This document summarizes intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways. It describes four types of intercellular signaling: autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine. Intracellular signaling pathways involve signal transduction after a ligand binds to a cell surface receptor. Examples of intracellular pathways discussed are G protein-coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, and second messenger pathways like cyclic AMP. The document provides details on the mechanisms and key steps in several of these signaling pathways.
Cells communicate with each other through chemical and mechanical signals. In multicellular organisms, cell signaling allows cells to specialize and coordinate their functions from distant organs. Cells communicate through chemical messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters that act as signals between cells. Cell communication guides processes like development, homeostasis, and cell migration. There are several types of cell signaling including endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and direct cell junctions through gap junctions and desmosomes. Contact inhibition is a process where normal cell growth stops upon contact with other cells.
Cell signaling occurs through four main categories: paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and direct contact. Paracrine signaling involves short-range signals between nearby cells, such as synaptic signaling between neurons. Autocrine signaling allows cells to signal to themselves. Endocrine signaling uses the circulatory system to transmit long-range hormones from endocrine glands. Direct contact signaling transfers small molecules through gap junctions between cells. Intracellular signaling pathways transmit extracellular signals through phosphorylation cascades like the MAPK, JNK, p38, and PI3K pathways, ultimately influencing cell behavior.
Assignment on Need of cell signaling, Steps in cell signaling, Intercellular signaling pathways, Types of intercellular signaling pathways, Intracellular signaling pathways, Receptors, Intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways. Classification of receptor family and molecular structure ligand gated ion channels; Gprotein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors and nuclear receptors.
This document discusses intracellular and extracellular cell signaling. It defines cell signaling as communication between cells using chemical signals or ligands. Extracellular signaling occurs between cells and can be contact-dependent, paracrine, synaptic, or endocrine. Intracellular signaling involves signal transduction across the cell membrane and secondary messengers that activate intracellular signaling pathways involving protein phosphorylation or GTP-binding proteins. Key signaling pathways include G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases that activate intracellular cascades to regulate processes like gene expression, cell growth, and metabolism.
This Presentation provides an outline knowledge about Cellular Communication, Steps involved, Its Types, Signal Transduction, Secondary Messenger , Receptors with some Interesting Facts and Current Trends. An assignment for the subject, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Cells communicate through signaling molecules that are detected by receptors on other cells. Signals are transmitted across the cell membrane by signal transduction pathways and cause changes in cell function. Signals may target nearby (paracrine), distant (endocrine), or adjacent (juxtacrine) cells. Ion channels in the cell membrane are important for signal transduction and are classified by their method of gating, such as ligand-gated channels that open in response to neurotransmitters.
General principles of cell communicationGoutam Mallik
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their functions. There are several forms of cell signaling, including endocrine signaling where hormones travel through the bloodstream, paracrine signaling between neighboring cells, contact-dependent signaling through cell junctions, and synaptic signaling across nerve cell junctions. In intracellular signaling, receptor activation leads to the production of second messengers that transmit signals within the cell by activating intracellular signaling pathways, ultimately triggering responses like transcription, survival, movement, or metabolic changes.
Intercellular and intracellular cell signaling pathwaySachinGulia12
This document summarizes intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways. It describes four types of intercellular signaling: autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine. Intracellular signaling pathways involve signal transduction after a ligand binds to a cell surface receptor. Examples of intracellular pathways discussed are G protein-coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, and second messenger pathways like cyclic AMP. The document provides details on the mechanisms and key steps in several of these signaling pathways.
Cells communicate with each other through chemical and mechanical signals. In multicellular organisms, cell signaling allows cells to specialize and coordinate their functions from distant organs. Cells communicate through chemical messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters that act as signals between cells. Cell communication guides processes like development, homeostasis, and cell migration. There are several types of cell signaling including endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and direct cell junctions through gap junctions and desmosomes. Contact inhibition is a process where normal cell growth stops upon contact with other cells.
Cell signaling occurs through four main categories: paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and direct contact. Paracrine signaling involves short-range signals between nearby cells, such as synaptic signaling between neurons. Autocrine signaling allows cells to signal to themselves. Endocrine signaling uses the circulatory system to transmit long-range hormones from endocrine glands. Direct contact signaling transfers small molecules through gap junctions between cells. Intracellular signaling pathways transmit extracellular signals through phosphorylation cascades like the MAPK, JNK, p38, and PI3K pathways, ultimately influencing cell behavior.
Assignment on Need of cell signaling, Steps in cell signaling, Intercellular signaling pathways, Types of intercellular signaling pathways, Intracellular signaling pathways, Receptors, Intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways. Classification of receptor family and molecular structure ligand gated ion channels; Gprotein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors and nuclear receptors.
Ion channels are membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through their pore, regulating ion flow and electrical signals. There are two main types of gated ion channels: ligand-gated channels, which open when neurotransmitters bind, and voltage-gated channels, which open in response to changes in membrane potential. Ligand-gated channels allow sodium influx upon acetylcholine binding, depolarizing the membrane and triggering action potentials. Voltage-gated channels maintain the resting potential and enable action potential propagation along axons by selectively transporting sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions in response to changes in voltage.
Cell-to-cell communication involves signaling molecules called ligands binding to receptor proteins on the surface or inside of cells. There are five basic mechanisms of cellular communication including direct contact, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and intracellular receptors. Signal transduction involves the reception of an extracellular signal, transduction of the signal inside the cell through multi-step pathways, and cellular responses that often involve changing protein function through phosphorylation. Common types of receptors include membrane receptors, intracellular receptors, receptor kinases, and G-protein coupled receptors which activate second messengers to produce cellular responses. Cells interact and identify each other through surface markers and cell junctions that connect cells.
Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that amplify signals received at cell surface receptors and help transmit them to target molecules inside the cell. The document discusses four main classes of second messengers - cyclic nucleotides, membrane lipid derivatives, calcium ions, and gases like nitric oxide. It provides details on several important second messengers, including cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, and calcium ions, and how they mediate intracellular signaling pathways and cellular responses.
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. They amplify and propagate intracellular signals. Examples include cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), inositol trisphosphate, and calcium. cAMP and cGMP are produced from ATP and GTP by adenylate and guanylate cyclases, respectively. They activate downstream effector proteins like protein kinase A and G. This leads to phosphorylation of various target proteins and physiological responses like metabolism, gene expression, cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. The document discusses the mechanisms, targets, functions and therapeutic applications of cAMP and cGMP second messenger systems in detail.
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway transmits signals from extracellular chemical signals to the cell nucleus, which leads to DNA transcription and cellular activity. It consists of receptors, Janus kinases (JAKs), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). When ligands bind to receptors, JAKs phosphorylate themselves and STATs, causing STAT dimers to enter the nucleus and promote transcription. Disrupted JAK-STAT signaling can cause immune deficiency and cancer. Drugs targeting JAK-STAT are used to reduce immune response and treat disorders like cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.
1. Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that transmit signals within cells after extracellular signaling molecules (hormones or neurotransmitters) bind to cell surface receptors.
2. There are three main types of second messenger systems: cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)/diacylglycerol (DAG). These systems activate protein kinases or trigger the release of calcium ions to produce a physiological response.
3. Second messengers amplify and diversify extracellular signals, allowing for precise regulation of multiple cellular processes. Their roles are important for understanding cell signaling, disease mechanisms, and potential drug targets.
This Presentation Deals With What Is A Cell Signalling, The Components, Its Stages, Main Events Involved, Autocrine Signalling, Paracrine Signalling, Endocrine Signalling And The References Respectively.
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that selectively transport ions across cell membranes. They are classified based on their gating mechanism (voltage-gated or ligand-gated), the type of ion transported, and their localization. Voltage-gated channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, while ligand-gated channels open when specific ligands bind. Dysfunctions in ion channels can cause diseases. Ion channels are important drug targets, and several drugs like tetrodotoxin, ziconotide, benzodiazepines, and lidocaine act by modulating specific ion channels.
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and respond to their environment. Extracellular signaling molecules bind to receptors on cells, which then activate intracellular responses. Prokaryotes use quorum sensing to coordinate behaviors based on population density. Eukaryotic signaling is more complex, with over 1500 receptor types in humans. Signaling pathways are classified by the signaling molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter, cytokine) and can cause changes like gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell movement. Defects in signaling can lead to diseases, making cell signaling an important area of research.
This document discusses the different types of receptors:
1) Ligand-gated ion channels directly open ion channels in response to neurotransmitters.
2) G-protein coupled receptors activate intracellular second messenger systems through G-proteins.
3) Kinase-linked receptors activate intracellular protein kinases.
4) Nuclear receptors regulate gene transcription by binding to DNA response elements as dimers.
Signal transduction begins with ligand binding to a receptor on the cell surface. This triggers a series of molecular events within the cell through second messengers like cAMP or IP3. These second messengers activate intracellular pathways that ultimately result in changes in cell function or gene expression. The two major pathways are the cAMP pathway which activates protein kinase A, and the phosphatidylinositol pathway which activates protein kinase C through IP3 and calcium release. These second messenger systems allow cells to respond appropriately to signals from other cells.
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. discovered cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger that allows hormones like epinephrine to trigger physiological responses in cells. cAMP is produced from ATP by adenylate cyclase in response to hormone binding and activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A then phosphorylates other proteins to initiate downstream cellular effects. The actions of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterase breaking it down and by dephosphorylation of proteins. cAMP mediates many important processes like glycogen breakdown and gene transcription.
This document defines receptors and classifies them as either internal or cell surface receptors. It describes the three main types of cell surface receptors: ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. It also discusses the forces affecting drug-receptor binding, how binding affects drug action, and the differences between agonists and antagonists. Additionally, it covers how receptor malfunctions can cause diseases and how understanding receptor structure enables new drug design by targeting receptors.
This document discusses different types of cell signaling: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine. Autocrine signaling involves cells responding to substances they release, like tumor cells promoting their own growth. Paracrine signaling involves local signaling between nearby cells, like neurotransmitters. Endocrine signaling involves hormones carried by the bloodstream to distant target cells, like epinephrine released from the adrenal glands acting on liver and muscle cells to increase blood glucose and energy during the fight-or-flight response. Examples of each type are provided along with brief histories of cell signaling research.
Cells need to communicate both within multicellular organisms and between unicellular organisms. Communication allows cells to respond to their environment and coordinate behaviors. Cell communication involves three main steps: reception of a signal molecule by a receptor, transduction of the signal through intracellular pathways, and response through activities in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Pathways amplify signals and allow for specific responses in different cell types through varied protein expression. Termination mechanisms inactivate signaling to end the cellular response.
Cyclic AMP is a second messenger that mediates hormone signaling in cells. It is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase in response to hormones like epinephrine and glucagon. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A, which causes effects like glycogenolysis, lipolysis, modulation of gene transcription, hormone secretion, increased gastric acid secretion, and regulation of cell permeability to water.
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors that are linked to intracellular effector proteins via G-protein activation. There are several classes of GPCRs classified based on sequence homology. All GPCRs have seven transmembrane domains and signal through heterotrimeric G proteins. When a ligand binds a GPCR, it activates an associated G protein which then regulates downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These pathways mediate many physiological processes such as vision, smell, immune response, and neuronal signaling.
Cells need to communicate both within multicellular organisms and between unicellular organisms. Communication involves signals being received by cell surface or intracellular receptors and transmitted via signal transduction pathways. Reception involves signal binding to receptors, transduction moves the signal through a phosphorylation cascade, and response regulates cellular activities like gene expression. Pathways amplify signals and allow for specificity between cell types through different protein components. Termination ensures signals are turned off through reversal of ligand binding or receptor inactivation.
This document summarizes cell signaling and signal transduction. It discusses extracellular signaling molecules that transmit information to target cells via paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, or direct contact signaling. Signal transduction involves reception of signals by cell surface or intracellular receptors, transduction through a signal cascade, and cellular response. Secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, and calcium ions amplify and carry intracellular signals.
Ion channels are membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through their pore, regulating ion flow and electrical signals. There are two main types of gated ion channels: ligand-gated channels, which open when neurotransmitters bind, and voltage-gated channels, which open in response to changes in membrane potential. Ligand-gated channels allow sodium influx upon acetylcholine binding, depolarizing the membrane and triggering action potentials. Voltage-gated channels maintain the resting potential and enable action potential propagation along axons by selectively transporting sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions in response to changes in voltage.
Cell-to-cell communication involves signaling molecules called ligands binding to receptor proteins on the surface or inside of cells. There are five basic mechanisms of cellular communication including direct contact, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and intracellular receptors. Signal transduction involves the reception of an extracellular signal, transduction of the signal inside the cell through multi-step pathways, and cellular responses that often involve changing protein function through phosphorylation. Common types of receptors include membrane receptors, intracellular receptors, receptor kinases, and G-protein coupled receptors which activate second messengers to produce cellular responses. Cells interact and identify each other through surface markers and cell junctions that connect cells.
Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that amplify signals received at cell surface receptors and help transmit them to target molecules inside the cell. The document discusses four main classes of second messengers - cyclic nucleotides, membrane lipid derivatives, calcium ions, and gases like nitric oxide. It provides details on several important second messengers, including cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, and calcium ions, and how they mediate intracellular signaling pathways and cellular responses.
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. They amplify and propagate intracellular signals. Examples include cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), inositol trisphosphate, and calcium. cAMP and cGMP are produced from ATP and GTP by adenylate and guanylate cyclases, respectively. They activate downstream effector proteins like protein kinase A and G. This leads to phosphorylation of various target proteins and physiological responses like metabolism, gene expression, cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. The document discusses the mechanisms, targets, functions and therapeutic applications of cAMP and cGMP second messenger systems in detail.
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway transmits signals from extracellular chemical signals to the cell nucleus, which leads to DNA transcription and cellular activity. It consists of receptors, Janus kinases (JAKs), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). When ligands bind to receptors, JAKs phosphorylate themselves and STATs, causing STAT dimers to enter the nucleus and promote transcription. Disrupted JAK-STAT signaling can cause immune deficiency and cancer. Drugs targeting JAK-STAT are used to reduce immune response and treat disorders like cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.
1. Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that transmit signals within cells after extracellular signaling molecules (hormones or neurotransmitters) bind to cell surface receptors.
2. There are three main types of second messenger systems: cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)/diacylglycerol (DAG). These systems activate protein kinases or trigger the release of calcium ions to produce a physiological response.
3. Second messengers amplify and diversify extracellular signals, allowing for precise regulation of multiple cellular processes. Their roles are important for understanding cell signaling, disease mechanisms, and potential drug targets.
This Presentation Deals With What Is A Cell Signalling, The Components, Its Stages, Main Events Involved, Autocrine Signalling, Paracrine Signalling, Endocrine Signalling And The References Respectively.
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that selectively transport ions across cell membranes. They are classified based on their gating mechanism (voltage-gated or ligand-gated), the type of ion transported, and their localization. Voltage-gated channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, while ligand-gated channels open when specific ligands bind. Dysfunctions in ion channels can cause diseases. Ion channels are important drug targets, and several drugs like tetrodotoxin, ziconotide, benzodiazepines, and lidocaine act by modulating specific ion channels.
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and respond to their environment. Extracellular signaling molecules bind to receptors on cells, which then activate intracellular responses. Prokaryotes use quorum sensing to coordinate behaviors based on population density. Eukaryotic signaling is more complex, with over 1500 receptor types in humans. Signaling pathways are classified by the signaling molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter, cytokine) and can cause changes like gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell movement. Defects in signaling can lead to diseases, making cell signaling an important area of research.
This document discusses the different types of receptors:
1) Ligand-gated ion channels directly open ion channels in response to neurotransmitters.
2) G-protein coupled receptors activate intracellular second messenger systems through G-proteins.
3) Kinase-linked receptors activate intracellular protein kinases.
4) Nuclear receptors regulate gene transcription by binding to DNA response elements as dimers.
Signal transduction begins with ligand binding to a receptor on the cell surface. This triggers a series of molecular events within the cell through second messengers like cAMP or IP3. These second messengers activate intracellular pathways that ultimately result in changes in cell function or gene expression. The two major pathways are the cAMP pathway which activates protein kinase A, and the phosphatidylinositol pathway which activates protein kinase C through IP3 and calcium release. These second messenger systems allow cells to respond appropriately to signals from other cells.
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. discovered cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger that allows hormones like epinephrine to trigger physiological responses in cells. cAMP is produced from ATP by adenylate cyclase in response to hormone binding and activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A then phosphorylates other proteins to initiate downstream cellular effects. The actions of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterase breaking it down and by dephosphorylation of proteins. cAMP mediates many important processes like glycogen breakdown and gene transcription.
This document defines receptors and classifies them as either internal or cell surface receptors. It describes the three main types of cell surface receptors: ion channel-linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. It also discusses the forces affecting drug-receptor binding, how binding affects drug action, and the differences between agonists and antagonists. Additionally, it covers how receptor malfunctions can cause diseases and how understanding receptor structure enables new drug design by targeting receptors.
This document discusses different types of cell signaling: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine. Autocrine signaling involves cells responding to substances they release, like tumor cells promoting their own growth. Paracrine signaling involves local signaling between nearby cells, like neurotransmitters. Endocrine signaling involves hormones carried by the bloodstream to distant target cells, like epinephrine released from the adrenal glands acting on liver and muscle cells to increase blood glucose and energy during the fight-or-flight response. Examples of each type are provided along with brief histories of cell signaling research.
Cells need to communicate both within multicellular organisms and between unicellular organisms. Communication allows cells to respond to their environment and coordinate behaviors. Cell communication involves three main steps: reception of a signal molecule by a receptor, transduction of the signal through intracellular pathways, and response through activities in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Pathways amplify signals and allow for specific responses in different cell types through varied protein expression. Termination mechanisms inactivate signaling to end the cellular response.
Cyclic AMP is a second messenger that mediates hormone signaling in cells. It is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase in response to hormones like epinephrine and glucagon. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A, which causes effects like glycogenolysis, lipolysis, modulation of gene transcription, hormone secretion, increased gastric acid secretion, and regulation of cell permeability to water.
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors that are linked to intracellular effector proteins via G-protein activation. There are several classes of GPCRs classified based on sequence homology. All GPCRs have seven transmembrane domains and signal through heterotrimeric G proteins. When a ligand binds a GPCR, it activates an associated G protein which then regulates downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These pathways mediate many physiological processes such as vision, smell, immune response, and neuronal signaling.
Cells need to communicate both within multicellular organisms and between unicellular organisms. Communication involves signals being received by cell surface or intracellular receptors and transmitted via signal transduction pathways. Reception involves signal binding to receptors, transduction moves the signal through a phosphorylation cascade, and response regulates cellular activities like gene expression. Pathways amplify signals and allow for specificity between cell types through different protein components. Termination ensures signals are turned off through reversal of ligand binding or receptor inactivation.
This document summarizes cell signaling and signal transduction. It discusses extracellular signaling molecules that transmit information to target cells via paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, or direct contact signaling. Signal transduction involves reception of signals by cell surface or intracellular receptors, transduction through a signal cascade, and cellular response. Secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, and calcium ions amplify and carry intracellular signals.
This document provides an overview of cell signalling. It discusses how cells communicate using chemical signals or ligands that are secreted from sending cells and bind to receptors on receiving cells. This triggers intracellular signalling pathways that result in changes within the target cell. The document outlines different types of cell signalling including autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and juxtacrine signalling. It also describes the key components of cell signalling pathways, including the synthesis and release of signalling molecules, transport to target cells, receptor detection and binding, signal transduction through the cell, and ultimately a cellular response. Common intracellular signalling pathways like MAPK pathways are discussed as examples.
The presentation illustrates the basic modes of cell signalling pathways for undergraduate students. It mentions variety of examples of cell signalling with different receptors, ligands and target molecules
Cell signaling occurs through various mechanisms including cell surface receptors, second messengers, and MAP kinase pathways. Signaling mechanisms evolved over 2.5 billion years to enable cells to collaborate, coordinate behavior, specialize, and sacrifice self-survival for the organism. The same signal molecule can induce different responses depending on cell type due to differences in effector molecules and intracellular machinery. Response time ranges from milliseconds to hours depending on the signaling mechanism, such as electric potential or protein synthesis.
Cell signaling involves communication between cells through signaling molecules called ligands. Ligands bind to receptors on target cells and initiate cellular responses. There are several types of cell signaling depending on the location of the signaling and target cells. These include paracrine signaling between nearby cells, endocrine signaling between distant cells via the bloodstream, and autocrine signaling where cells signal themselves. The signaling molecules can be membrane-bound or secreted. Receptors are generally intracellular or cell surface proteins that receive signals and transmit them into the cell. Common signaling pathways involve G protein-coupled receptors activating intracellular secondary messengers like cyclic AMP.
Cell signaling involves communication between cells through signaling molecules called ligands. Ligands bind to receptors on target cells and initiate cellular responses. There are several types of cell signaling including paracrine, endocrine, autocrine, and juxtacrine signaling which differ based on the distance between signaling and target cells. Key aspects of cell signaling include ligands, receptors, and second messengers. cAMP is a common intracellular second messenger that is involved in many signaling pathways.
This document summarizes cell signaling and the different types of extracellular signaling. It describes the key steps in extracellular signaling which involve synthesis and release of signaling molecules, transport to target cells, binding of signals to receptors, and signal transduction. Extracellular signaling can be classified as endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, or juxtacrine depending on the location of signal production and target cells. Receptor proteins play an important role in transmitting signals to cells and are classified as G protein-coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, or enzyme-linked receptors.
Cell surface and intrcellular receptorsEstherShoba1
Cell surface and intracellular receptors play important roles in signal transduction. There are two main types of receptors - internal receptors located in the cytoplasm that directly influence gene expression, and cell surface receptors that span the plasma membrane and convert extracellular signals into intracellular signals. Cell surface receptors include enzyme-linked receptors with intracellular enzyme domains, ion channel-linked receptors that open channels for ion flow, and G-protein-linked receptors that activate intracellular G-proteins to transmit signals. Defects in cell surface receptors can cause diseases.
Cells use signalling mechanisms to respond to environmental changes. Receptors detect stimuli and transmit chemical signals inside the cell via second messengers like calcium ions and cyclic nucleotides. This allows cells to adapt behaviors through processes like gene expression, metabolism, motility and secretion. Receptors are proteins that interact with stimuli, converting the signal and amplifying it via G-proteins and second messengers. Second messengers then activate effector proteins to regulate various cellular functions. Calcium signalling in particular regulates many processes by calcium ions entering or leaving the cytoplasm through membrane pumps and channels opened by stimuli.
1. The document discusses cell signaling and communication between cells through signaling molecules. It describes different types of cell signaling including paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic signaling.
2. Key components of cell signaling pathways are described such as receptors, ligands, second messengers, and protein phosphorylation. Different classes of receptors - intracellular receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinases - are summarized.
3. Common second messengers like calcium ions, cyclic AMP, and inositol phosphates are explained. The roles and mechanisms of hormone receptors and different types of ligands are also outlined.
Cellular signaling allows cells to communicate with each other and coordinate functions through signal transduction pathways. Environmental stimuli can initiate these pathways, transmitting signals from one cell to another via extracellular signaling molecules like hormones or direct cell contact. There are several types of cellular receptors that receive these signals, including cell surface receptors which span the membrane and contain extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular domains to transmit the signal inside the cell. Binding of ligands to different types of receptors can have varied effects through mechanisms like activating intracellular enzymes or changing receptor conformation.
This document discusses cell signaling via cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathways. It begins by explaining primary and secondary messengers, with an emphasis on the role of cAMP as a secondary messenger. It then describes the steps of the cAMP pathway in detail, including the G protein-coupled receptor, activation of adenylyl cyclase and conversion of ATP to cAMP, activation of protein kinase A by cAMP, and regulation of glycogen metabolism. The document discusses mechanisms of feedback regulation of the cAMP pathway to terminate the cellular response, such as receptor desensitization and degradation of cAMP by phosphodiesterase.
Cell signaling involves communication between cells through signaling molecules called ligands. Ligands can be proteins, peptides, hormones, or other molecules. They are released by signal-producing cells and bind to receptors on target cells to initiate responses. Signaling can occur through several methods - paracrine signaling involves local cell-to-cell communication, endocrine signaling uses hormones to target distant cells, and autocrine signaling allows cells to stimulate themselves. Receptors are proteins that receive signals, and can be intracellular or cell-surface receptors. Intracellular receptors interact with hydrophobic ligands that enter the cell, while cell-surface receptors have an extracellular ligand-binding domain and transduce signals across the membrane.
1. Cell signaling involves the release and reception of molecules that allow cells to communicate with each other and their environment.
2. There are several modes of cell signaling including paracrine, endocrine, autocrine, neuronal, and juxtacrine signaling.
3. Cell signaling pathways involve the binding of ligands to receptors which activates intracellular signaling cascades through second messengers and protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation to induce downstream cellular responses.
This document discusses cellular signalling mechanisms. It notes that cells use receptor proteins to detect chemical and physical stimuli from the environment. When a stimulus binds to a receptor, it causes a change in the receptor's structure that initiates a signalling pathway. This involves the receptor interacting with cytoplasmic proteins to generate a second messenger inside the cell. Common second messengers include calcium ions, cyclic nucleotides, lipids, gases, and proteins. They go on to activate downstream effector proteins that regulate processes like metabolism, gene expression, secretion and muscle contraction. The document provides calcium ion signalling as an example and notes techniques like using agonists and antagonists to study biochemical pathways.
Cellular communication (signal transduction)Hara O.
Cellular communication relies on signal transduction pathways where signaling molecules bind to receptors to transmit information between cells. This involves three main steps: 1) A signaling molecule or ligand binds to a receptor on the target cell. 2) This triggers a series of intracellular events, often involving secondary messengers and protein kinases, that amplify the signal. 3) The signal is translated into a specific cellular response such as metabolism, proliferation, or gene expression changes. Key components of these pathways include G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, ion channels, and intracellular signaling proteins. Together, these pathways allow cells to coordinate complex behaviors through intercellular communication networks.
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3. General principle of cell
communication
• Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both communicate through
signals.
• Budding yeast: it secretes a peptide mating factor
that signals cells of the opposite mating type to stop
proliferating and prepare to mate. diploid cell which
generating haploid cells with new assortments of
genes
4. A) cells are normally spherical).B) in response to
mating factor they put out a protrusion towards
the source of mating
5. Extracellular Signal Molecules Bind to
Specific Receptors
• These include proteins, small peptides, amino
acids, nucleotides, steroids, retinoid, fatty acid
derivatives, and even dissolved gases such as
nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.
• Diffusion,exocytosis,displaying on extracellular
membrane
• Target cells respond by mean of proteins on their
surface the “receptor”
6.
7. Extracellular Signal Molecules Can Act Over
Either Short or Long Distances
• Contact dependent signaling
• paracrine signaling: for short distance other wise it would
be destroyed by neighboring target cells .
• Synaptic cleft: between neurons of specialized organisms
for far away target by axons nerve impulse is send that
releases the neurotransmitters
• Endocrine cell :that control the behavior of a cell
here signaling molecules releases the hormones in blood
stream, is relatively slow and is diluted
8.
9. Autocrine Signaling Can Coordinate Decisions by
Groups of Identical Cells
• Development decision signals to cell of same
type .
• used to encourage groups of identical cells to
make the same developmental decisions.
• during which a group of identical cells can
respond to a differentiation-inducing signal but
a single isolated cell of the same type cannot.
• cancer cells often use autocrine signaling
10. A group of identical cells produces a higher concentration
of a secreted signal than does a single cell. When this signal
binds back to a receptor on the same cell type, it
encourages the cells to respond coordinately as a group
11. Gap Junctions
• Gap Junctions Allow Signaling Information to Be Shared by
Neighboring Cells
• specialized cell-cell junctions
• Ca2 + and cyclic AMP
• electrically, with intracellular electrodes, or visually, after the
microinjection of small water-soluble dyes
12. Each Cell Is Programmed to Respond to Specific
Combinations of Extracellular Signal Molecules
• Typical cell expose to different signals
• signals can be soluble, bound to the extracellular matrix, or bound
to the surface of a neighboring cell
• deprived of these signals apoptosis
13. Different Cells Can Respond Differently to
the Same Extracellular Signal Molecule
• varies according to the set of receptor proteins the cell possesses
• varies according to the intracellular machinery by which the cell
integrates and interprets the signals it receives
• , a single signal molecule often has different effects on different
target cells.
• Example: neurotransmitter acetylcholine
stimulates the contraction of skeletal muscle cells
decreases the rate and force of contraction in heart muscle cells
14. Nitric Oxide Gas Signals by Binding Directly to
an Enzyme Inside the Target Cell
• Extracellular signals hydrophilic molecules binds to the receptor
Hydrophobic plasma membrane
• Example :
Regulate smooth muscle contraction
Acetylcholine autonomic nerves walls of blood vessels cause
relaxation of smooth muscles indirectly act on the endothelial cell
release of NO mechanism of action of nitroglycerine angina
nitroglycerine converted into no relaxation
• Example in animals
Carbon monoxide (CO) stimulating guanylyl cyclase across the
target-cell plasma membrane regulate gene transcription
15.
16. • Nuclear Receptors As Ligand-activated Gene Regulatory Proteins
• The Three Largest Classes of Cell Surface Receptor Proteins
• Most Activated Cell Surface Receptors spread Signals Through Small
Molecules and a Network of Intracellular Signaling Proteins
17. Nuclear Receptors As Ligand-activated Gene
Regulatory Proteins:
• Diffusion and binding to intracellular receptor proteins by
hydrophobic signal molecules.
• Binding to receptor proteins Activation bind to DNA
regulate transcription.
• Receptors are structurally related
18. The hormones functioning as signaling
molecules:
• Steroid hormones, made of cholesterol.
• Cortisol, in the cortex of the adrenal glands, effects metabolism.
• steroid sex hormones.
• Vitamin D, regulates Ca2+ metabolism, Ca2+ uptake in gut, reduce
excretion in kidneys.
• Thyroid hormones, amino acid tyrosine, ˂ metabolic rate.
• These signal molecules are insoluble in water
19. The intracellular receptors for different
hormones:
• Receptors bind to DNA sequences adjacent to genes of ligands.
• Transcriptional response;
• Activation of a small number of specific genes primary
response, protein activate other genes secondary response.
20. The Three Largest Classes of Cell Surface Receptor
Proteins:
• Water-soluble signal molecules bind to receptor proteins on surface of
target cells.
Ion channel linked receptors: e.g; active transport
23. Most Activated Cell Surface Receptors spread
Signals Through Small Molecules and a
Network of Intracellular Signaling Proteins:
• Signals received, spread into cell interior by small and large Intracellular
signaling molecules.
• Small intracellular signaling molecules, second messengers.
• Cyclic AMP and Ca2+, water-soluble, diffuse in the cytosol.
• Diacylglycerol, lipid-soluble, diffuse in the plane of the cell membrane
• large intracellular signaling molecules
• Activate next signaling protein in chain or produce small intracellular
mediators.
25. Other types of intracellular proteins:
• Anchoring proteins
• Scaffold proteins
26. Some Intracellular Signaling Proteins Act as
Molecular Switches
• Molecular switches
• Another process switch off
• Switching off is very important
• Two classes
28. Phosphorylation
• Gain/lose phosphate group
• Largest class; phosphorylation
• Protein kinase/protein phosphatase
• Phosphorylation cascade
• Types of protein kinase
• Distinct types of protein kinase
38. Cells Can Respond Abruptly to a Gradually
Increasing Concentration of an Extracellular Signal
• Many responses to extracellular signal molecules, however, begin
more shortly as the concentration of the molecule increases. (Ghosh
& Greenberg, 1995).
• Steroid hormone-induced responses (Ghosh & Greenberg, 1995).
• All-or-none threshold responses (Ghosh & Greenberg, 1995).
39. A Cell Can Remember the Effect of Some
Signals
• After the signal has disappeared, the effect of an extracellular signal
on a target cell can, in some cases, continue well. For example
(Gotthardt et al., 2000)
• Autophosphorylation (Gotthardt et al., 2000)
• Turn on a series of muscle-specific gene regulatory proteins (Gotthardt
et al., 2000)
40. Cells Can Adjust Their Sensitivity to a Signal
• In responding to many types of stimuli, cells and organisms are
able to detect the same percentage of change in a signal over a
very wide range of stimulus intensities (Ahmad & Xiang, 2011).
41. Conclusion
• Each cell respond to a specific set of extracellular signals produced by
other cells.
• These signals act in various combinations to regulate the behavior of the
cell.
• Ion-channel-linked receptors.
• G-protein.
• Enzyme-linked receptors
• Cell can respond abruptly to a gradually increasing concentration of an
extracellular signal
• A Cell Can Remember the Effect of Some Signals
• Cells Can Adjust Their Sensitivity to a Signal
42. References
• Ahmed, K. A., & Xiang, J. (2011). Mechanisms of cellular communication
through intercellular protein transfer. Journal of cellular and molecular
medicine, 15(7), 1458-1473.
• Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P.
(2002). Molecular biology of the cell, (4th ed.). New York: Garland
Science.
• Ghosh, A., & Greenberg, M. E. (1995). Calcium signaling in neurons:
molecular mechanisms andcellular consequences. Science, 268(5208),
239.
• Gotthardt, M., Trommsdorff, M., Nevitt, M. F., Shelton, J., Richardson, J.
A., Stockinger, W., ... & Herz, J. (2000). Interactions of the low density
lipoprotein receptor gene family with cytosolic
• adaptor and scaffold proteins suggest diverse biological functions in
cellular communication and signal transduction. Journal of Biological
Chemistry, 275(33), 25616-25624
43. • .Lee, T. H., D’Asti, E., Magnus, N., Al-Nedawi, K., Meehan, B., & Rak, J.
(2011). Microvesicles
• as mediators of intercellular communication in cancer, the emerging
science of cellular ‘debris’.
• Seminars in immunopathology, 33 (5), 455-467.
• Mayer, M. P., & Bukau, B. (2005). Hsp70 chaperones: cellular functions
and molecular
• mechanism. Cellular and molecular life sciences, 62(6), 670.
• Preissner, K. T., Kanse, S. M., & May, A. E. (2000). Urokinase receptor: a
molecular organizer in
• cellular communication. Current opinion in cell biology, 12(5), 621-628