Tissue level of organisation - Various groups of cells and microscopic organisation Tissue & it's types Origin Histology Function Location

1. TISSUES LEVEL OF
ORGANIZATION
Created by –
MADHURI PANDIT

2. INDEX –
1) Introduction
2) Epithelial tissue
3) Connective tissue
4) Muscular tissue
5) Nervous tissue

3. INTRODUCTION
TISSUE – Groups of cells which are
similar in structure (due to their
common embryonic structure)
and also functions.
HISTOLOGY – Microscopic structure of
the tissues.

4. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 ORIGIN – All three germ layers i.e.
ectoderm, mesoderm,
endoderm.
 CHARACTERISTICS –
1) Closely packed together
2) Arranged in continuous
sheet in either single or
multiple layers.
3) Avascular (no vessels)
4) Regenerate capacity

5.  Locations –
1) Covers the body surface.
2) Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and
blood vessels.
3) Composed of endocrine & exocrine
glands.
 Functions –
1) Protection
2) Absorption
3) Secretion
4) Filtration
5) Sensory reception

6. TYPES – Depend on number of cell layers
1) Simple – formed by single layer and all
contact with basement membrane.
2) Stratified – formed by two or more layers
and only one layer contact with
basement membrane.
3) Pseudostratified – Actually formed by
single layer but appears several
layers.

7. SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TYPES –
Depend on shape of cells
 1) Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Description – flat cells,
appears as thin sheet.
Functions – filtration,
diffusion.
Location – lining of
blood vessels, alveoli &
glomerular capsule of
nephron.

8.  2) Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
Description – Cube
like cells.
Function – Secretion,
absorption.
Location – Surface of ovaries, lining of
nephron, respiratory track,
wall of renal tubule, parts of eye &
thyroid.

9.  3) Simple columnar epithelial tissue
Description – Tall &
slender shaped or
rectangular shaped cells.
Functions – Secretion,
absorption.
Location – lining of G.I. track, ducts of mammary
glands.
Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
- Hair like projection on apical surface called cilia.
Location – lines of upper respiratory
track, uterine tubes, central
canal of spinal cord.

10. STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUE -
 1) Stratified squamous epithelium
Description – Several layers,
near basement membrane
cuboidal, upward columnar
& finally flat cells.
Functions – Protection
Location – Lines of mouth cavity,
vagina & oesophagus.

11.  2) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Description – Two or more layers
of cube shaped cells.
Functions – Protection
Location – Ducts of sweat glands,
male & female urethra.

12.  3) Stratified columnar epithelium
Description – Apical (surface layer)
cells are columnar in
shape.
Functions – Protection &
secretion
Location – Pharynx, anus
and male urethra

13.  4) Transitional epithelium
Description – Lines all hollow
organ that can change
size.
Functions – Contraction &
distention
Location – Lines of urinary
bladder, ureter, upper part of
urethra.

14.  5) Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
Description – All cells contact
with basement membrane
but some are shorter &
some longer.
Functions – Secretion &
movement of mucous by
ciliary action.
Location – Large ducts of glands &
in male urethra

15. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 ORIGIN – Develop from mesoderm.
Develop from embryonic
tissue known as mesenchyma.
 FUNCTION –
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Transport & repair activities
of body
4) Act as stored reserve food

16. CLASSIFICATION -
1) Loose connective tissue – a) Areolar
b) Adipose
c) Reticular
2) Dense connective tissue – a) Dense regular
b) Dense irregular
c) Elastic
3) Cartilage – a) Hyaline cartilage
b) Elastic cartilage
c) Fibro cartilage
4) Bone
5) Blood

17. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 AREOLAR TISSUE
Function – Carries nutrients
to and waste product
away from cells.
Location – Under skin,
between muscles,
blood vessels &
nerves.

18.  ADIPOSE TISSUE
Function – Reserve food,
helps to retain body
heat, support &
protect delicate organ.
Location – Support organ
such as kidney, eyes,
between bundle of
muscle, under skin.
RETICULAR TISSUE –
Forms stroma of liver, spleen &
lymph node.

19. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Location – Tendons, muscles
& ligaments of joints.
Dense Regular connective tissue -

20. DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
Location – Dermis layer of
skin.
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Location – Walls of arteries,
trachea & vocal cords.

21. CARTILAGES
 HYALINE CARTILAGE
Location – Surface of cells of bones,
coastal cartilage, forms part of larynx,
trachea & bronchioles.

22.  ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Location – Epiglottis, external ear,
Eustachian tube.

23.  FIBRO CARTILAGE
Location – As intervertibral discs between
bodies of vertebrae, surface of bone of
knee joints, bony sockets of hip &
shoulder joints.

24.  BONES TISSUES

25.  BLOOD (VASCULAR TISSUE)

26. MUSCULAR TISSUE
 STRIATED MUSCLE Also known as
Skeletal muscle.
Description - Voluntary control,
attached to bone.

27.  SMOOTH MUSCLE
Location – Walls of blood vessel,
lymph vessel, alimentary canal,
respiratory track, urinary bladder, &
uterus.

28.  CARDIAC MUSCLE
Description - Involuntary, branched
cells joined end to end.
Location - Heart

29. NERVOUS TISSUE
Functions - Receive stimuli,
Transmit info,
Control action of muscle and glands.