This document discusses timber as a construction material. It provides details on the history and properties of timber, how trees grow and their structure, classification of trees, defects in timber, seasoning and preservation of timber, and common timber products. The document covers the basics of timber as a natural building material that has been used for thousands of years due to its strength, availability, and renewability.
This document discusses different types of trees. It describes two main groups: coniferous and deciduous trees. Coniferous trees are softwoods that have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round, while deciduous trees are hardwoods that lose their broad leaves in autumn. Several deciduous trees are then outlined, including oak, ash, birch, and beech, along with their features and common uses for their wood. Coniferous trees such as Scots pine, Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce are also described. The document concludes with a brief overview of timber regions around the world.
The document summarizes information about wood, including its properties, uses, and processing. It discusses how wood is obtained from trees and processed. Key steps include felling trees, removing branches and bark, cutting the wood, and drying it. Wood has properties like being hygroscopic, a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and varying in hardness between species. Derivatives like plywood, chipboard, and fiberboard are also mentioned. Common woodworking tools are outlined for cutting, fixing, measuring, smoothing, drilling, splitting, and finishing wood.
This document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber. It describes felling timber and transporting logs. It then explains four methods for converting logs: horizontal bandsaw, through and through sawing, quarter sawing, and tangential sawing. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. An exam question is included that asks the reader to name the conversion methods shown in diagrams, state the advantages and disadvantages of each, and determine which board shown is most likely to cup and why.
Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
Timber conversion involves turning felled trees into usable lumber through sawing. There are two main conversion methods: plain sawing, which is fastest but produces wood more prone to warping; and quarter sawing, which shows the grain beautifully but is more complex and wasteful. Proper conversion allows wood to be dried, shaped, and graded for its quality before being sold as lumber.
This document provides information on various types of industrial timber, including veneers, plywood, fibreboards, impregnated boards, compressed boards, block boards, and laminated boards. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of each type of industrial timber. The key types discussed are used to make furniture, construction materials, and other wood products.
This document provides an overview of wood, including its classification, properties, and common types. It discusses that wood is a porous, fibrous material found in trees and plants. Wood is classified as either natural wood or engineered wood. Natural wood includes softwoods and hardwoods. Softwoods grow more quickly and are less dense, while hardwoods have a more complex structure and are denser. Common softwood types include pine, cedar, and redwood, while common hardwood types include oak, maple, mahogany, cherry, and rubber wood. The document outlines characteristics and uses of different wood types.
This document discusses different types of trees. It describes two main groups: coniferous and deciduous trees. Coniferous trees are softwoods that have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round, while deciduous trees are hardwoods that lose their broad leaves in autumn. Several deciduous trees are then outlined, including oak, ash, birch, and beech, along with their features and common uses for their wood. Coniferous trees such as Scots pine, Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce are also described. The document concludes with a brief overview of timber regions around the world.
The document summarizes information about wood, including its properties, uses, and processing. It discusses how wood is obtained from trees and processed. Key steps include felling trees, removing branches and bark, cutting the wood, and drying it. Wood has properties like being hygroscopic, a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and varying in hardness between species. Derivatives like plywood, chipboard, and fiberboard are also mentioned. Common woodworking tools are outlined for cutting, fixing, measuring, smoothing, drilling, splitting, and finishing wood.
This document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber. It describes felling timber and transporting logs. It then explains four methods for converting logs: horizontal bandsaw, through and through sawing, quarter sawing, and tangential sawing. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. An exam question is included that asks the reader to name the conversion methods shown in diagrams, state the advantages and disadvantages of each, and determine which board shown is most likely to cup and why.
Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
Timber conversion involves turning felled trees into usable lumber through sawing. There are two main conversion methods: plain sawing, which is fastest but produces wood more prone to warping; and quarter sawing, which shows the grain beautifully but is more complex and wasteful. Proper conversion allows wood to be dried, shaped, and graded for its quality before being sold as lumber.
This document provides information on various types of industrial timber, including veneers, plywood, fibreboards, impregnated boards, compressed boards, block boards, and laminated boards. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of each type of industrial timber. The key types discussed are used to make furniture, construction materials, and other wood products.
This document provides an overview of wood, including its classification, properties, and common types. It discusses that wood is a porous, fibrous material found in trees and plants. Wood is classified as either natural wood or engineered wood. Natural wood includes softwoods and hardwoods. Softwoods grow more quickly and are less dense, while hardwoods have a more complex structure and are denser. Common softwood types include pine, cedar, and redwood, while common hardwood types include oak, maple, mahogany, cherry, and rubber wood. The document outlines characteristics and uses of different wood types.
Does specifying wood seem like a foreign language? Then this presentation is for you. You'll receive an overview of wood terminology, applications of wood materials, production of wood, characteristics of wood and relationship with properties, grading, durability, specification and handling as well as an overview of manufactured wood products such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
This document provides information about various types of wood and timber. It discusses hardwoods which come from broad-leaf deciduous trees like oak. It also discusses softwoods which come from coniferous trees that do not lose their leaves. Softwood is used widely in construction. Manufactured boards like plywood and MDF are also described, which are made from gluing wood layers or fibers together. The document also covers wood properties, classifications, elements of a tree, defects in timber, and uses of different wood types.
The process of removal of moisture content from wood, so as to make it useful for construction and other uses, is called drying of wood or seasoning of wood.
types of seasoning in wood
artificial seasoning of wood
how to season firewood quickly
chemical seasoning of timber
seasoning of timber
wood seasoning process
types of seasoning of timber
different types of seasoning wood
water seasoning of timber
seasoning of timber pdf
natural seasoning timber
chemical seasoning of timber
reasons for seasoning timber
kiln seasoning of timber
seasoning defects in timber
air seasoning wood
types of seasoning in wood
seasoning of timber pdf
natural seasoning timber
chemical seasoning of timber
reasons for seasoning timber
kiln seasoning of timber
seasoning defects in timber
natural seasoning timber
water seasoning of timber
seasoning of timber pdf
chemical seasoning of timber
reasons for seasoning timber
disadvantages of artificial seasoning
seasoning defects in timber
kiln seasoning of timber
water seasoning of timber
seasoning of timber pdf
natural seasoning timber
methods of seasoning timber
reasons for seasoning timber
kiln seasoning of timber
seasoning defects in timber
louisiana shrimp boil seasoning
seafood boil seasoning ingredients
seafood boil seasoning mix recipe
homemade seafood boil seasoning recipe
seafood boil seasoning
shrimp boil seasoning mix recipe
louisiana crawfish boil seasoning recipe
homemade crab boil seasoning
types of seasoning in wood
air seasoning wood
wood seasoning process
seasoning wood for burning
seasoning ash wood
artificial seasoning of wood
seasoning wood for woodworking
different types of seasoning wood
slide share
slideshare ppt
This document discusses various defects that can occur in timber. It describes defects due to conversion processes like sawing, defects caused by fungi like blue stain and dry rot, defects from insects such as beetles and termites, natural defects including knots and shakes, and defects that can arise during seasoning like bowing, cupping, and honeycombing. In total, it outlines over 20 different types of defects that may be present in timber.
This document discusses defects and diseases that can occur in wood. It describes natural defects like knots, resin pockets, shakes and waney edges that form during tree growth. It also covers artificial defects such as cupping, bowing, twisting and end splitting caused by improper drying. Fungal diseases and insect pests that damage wood are also examined, along with conditions needed for decay. The life cycles of fungi and boring insects are detailed.
This document provides an overview of wood as a construction material, including its properties, types of wood, lumber production processes, engineered wood products, and fasteners. It discusses the qualities and composition of wood, softwoods and hardwoods, lumber grading and sizing, drying and surfacing methods, and common uses of wood in construction such as framing, sheathing, and trim. Engineered wood products like glulam, I-joists, and wood trusses are also summarized.
Timber refers to wood suitable for building or engineering purposes. It is used to make furniture, packaging, tools, toys and other wood products. Timber comes from the trunks of trees and is composed of heartwood, sapwood, and bark. Softwoods and hardwoods have different characteristics like weight, color, strength properties. For timber to be of good quality, it needs properties like being free from defects, uniform color, and clear ringing sound. Seasoning reduces the moisture content in wood to prevent warping. Preservation methods like painting, tarring and chemical treatment protect timber from fire, fungi and insect attacks. Common wood products include veneer, plywood and other composite wood materials.
La madera está compuesta principalmente de celulosa, lignina y agua. Sus principales propiedades incluyen dureza, flexibilidad, capacidad de absorber humedad, facilidad de pulido, color, resistencia mecánica y capacidad de hendidura. La dureza de la madera depende del tipo de árbol, y va desde muy blanda como el pino hasta durísima como el ébano. Las propiedades de la madera pueden variar dependiendo de factores externos e internos.
This document discusses various manufactured boards that are used as substitutes for solid wood. It describes how plywood is made by gluing thin wood veneers together in alternating 90 degree layers. Other manufactured boards mentioned include blockboard, pineboard/lamwood, oriented strand board (OSB), chipboard, medium density fibreboard (MDF), and hardboard. The document provides details on their manufacturing processes and advantages such as helping conserve forests, being economical alternatives that come in large uniform sizes and are stable.
This document discusses how trees grow. It describes the key parts of a tree including leaves, branches, trunk and roots. It then explains the functions of these parts, such as roots absorbing water and minerals from the soil. It details the processes of photosynthesis, where leaves use sunlight to produce food, and transpiration, where leaves release water vapor. It outlines the stages of growth from a seed germinating to becoming a sapling. Annual growth rings are formed that show the tree's age. The internal structure of the trunk is also described including the bark, cambium layer, sapwood and heartwood.
This document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on wood. It describes natural wood, classifying it as hardwood or softwood and providing examples of each with their characteristics and common uses. It then discusses problems with overexploitation of natural wood resources and introduces engineered wood as an alternative, describing types like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particleboard, medium-density fiberboard, and high-density fiberboard.
Este documento habla sobre la madera, describiendo sus características, composición, clasificaciones, tipos de maderas como las blandas, duras, exóticas y artificiales. Explica que la madera es una sustancia fibrosa y dura que constituye el tronco de los árboles, compuesta principalmente de carbono, oxígeno e hidrógeno. Describe las propiedades de la madera como su color, peso, estabilidad, olor y resistencia.
This document discusses timber materials used in construction. It defines various timber terminology and describes the nature, growth, and classification of timber. The document outlines the production process of wood and explains how properties vary between species and growth conditions. Various timber products are introduced, along with advantages and disadvantages of using timber. Traditional and current usages of timber in construction are also summarized.
Timber, also known as wood, can be used for many structural and engineering purposes. Some key points covered in the document include:
- Timber has advantages such as availability, salvage value, ease of transport and joining.
- It has many uses including for railway sleepers, roof trusses, furniture, formwork, and packaging.
- Timber comes in various market forms depending on its size, including battens, logs, planks, boards, and poles.
- Veneers are thin wood sheets used to make plywood, which layers veneers with perpendicular grain directions to increase strength.
- Different types of timber have varying properties making some more suitable for uses like construction
The document discusses defects in timber due to insects and seasoning. It identifies three main insects that cause decay: beetles, marine borers, and termites. Beetles cause rapid decay through pin-sized holes and tunnels, converting wood to powder. Marine borers live in salt water and make shelter holes up to 25mm in diameter and 60mm long. Termites, also called white ants, make internal tunnels without disturbing the outer shell. Only teak and sal wood can resist termite attacks due to natural chemicals. Seasoning defects include bow, case-hardening, check, collapse, cupping, splitting, honeycombing, radial shakes, twisting, and warping.
This document discusses the characteristics of good timber and defects in timber. Characteristics of good timber include having a sweet smell and shiny surface, darkness indicating durability, hardness, strength, elasticity, and durability. It should be free from defects and have straight fibers and regular annual rings. Defects in timber include knots, shakes that separate fibers, twisted fibers, and stains or rot from fungi, insects or moisture. Common defects are described such as pin knots, dead knots, and heart shakes.
1. Wood is a natural material composed mainly of cellulose that is used widely in building, tools, vehicles, and decorative objects. It is composed of fibers that transport water and provide mechanical strength.
2. There are various terms used to describe wood depending on its application, such as carpentry, timbering, joinery, and cabinetry. Knots will affect the properties of sawn wood.
3. The density, strength, and other properties of wood vary depending on factors like species, moisture content, and processing. Both hardwoods and softwoods have distinct characteristics and applications.
The document discusses wood construction, including the types, characteristics, uses, and manufacturing process of wood. It describes softwoods and hardwoods, and explains how trees are cut down and milled into lumber. The lumber then undergoes seasoning, either through kiln-drying or air-drying, to reduce moisture content and prevent warping. Proper seasoning is important for dimensional stability of wood.
There are three main methods for converting logs into boards: through and through sawing, tangential sawing, and quarter sawing. Through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain, producing wide boards quickly but with potential for cupping. Tangential sawing cuts logs at an angle to the grain, producing stable boards with a flame figure but is more expensive. Quarter sawing cuts logs at a 45 degree angle to the growth rings, producing narrow boards that are very stable with an attractive grain but is the most expensive method.
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
The document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on natural wood and engineered wood. It describes hardwoods and softwoods, providing examples of common types of wood like oak, maple, pine and cedar. It then discusses how overexploitation of natural wood led to the development of engineered wood products like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particle board, medium density fiberboard, and high density fiberboard. These composite materials are manufactured by binding wood fibers, particles or veneers together under heat and pressure.
Does specifying wood seem like a foreign language? Then this presentation is for you. You'll receive an overview of wood terminology, applications of wood materials, production of wood, characteristics of wood and relationship with properties, grading, durability, specification and handling as well as an overview of manufactured wood products such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
This document provides information about various types of wood and timber. It discusses hardwoods which come from broad-leaf deciduous trees like oak. It also discusses softwoods which come from coniferous trees that do not lose their leaves. Softwood is used widely in construction. Manufactured boards like plywood and MDF are also described, which are made from gluing wood layers or fibers together. The document also covers wood properties, classifications, elements of a tree, defects in timber, and uses of different wood types.
The process of removal of moisture content from wood, so as to make it useful for construction and other uses, is called drying of wood or seasoning of wood.
types of seasoning in wood
artificial seasoning of wood
how to season firewood quickly
chemical seasoning of timber
seasoning of timber
wood seasoning process
types of seasoning of timber
different types of seasoning wood
water seasoning of timber
seasoning of timber pdf
natural seasoning timber
chemical seasoning of timber
reasons for seasoning timber
kiln seasoning of timber
seasoning defects in timber
air seasoning wood
types of seasoning in wood
seasoning of timber pdf
natural seasoning timber
chemical seasoning of timber
reasons for seasoning timber
kiln seasoning of timber
seasoning defects in timber
natural seasoning timber
water seasoning of timber
seasoning of timber pdf
chemical seasoning of timber
reasons for seasoning timber
disadvantages of artificial seasoning
seasoning defects in timber
kiln seasoning of timber
water seasoning of timber
seasoning of timber pdf
natural seasoning timber
methods of seasoning timber
reasons for seasoning timber
kiln seasoning of timber
seasoning defects in timber
louisiana shrimp boil seasoning
seafood boil seasoning ingredients
seafood boil seasoning mix recipe
homemade seafood boil seasoning recipe
seafood boil seasoning
shrimp boil seasoning mix recipe
louisiana crawfish boil seasoning recipe
homemade crab boil seasoning
types of seasoning in wood
air seasoning wood
wood seasoning process
seasoning wood for burning
seasoning ash wood
artificial seasoning of wood
seasoning wood for woodworking
different types of seasoning wood
slide share
slideshare ppt
This document discusses various defects that can occur in timber. It describes defects due to conversion processes like sawing, defects caused by fungi like blue stain and dry rot, defects from insects such as beetles and termites, natural defects including knots and shakes, and defects that can arise during seasoning like bowing, cupping, and honeycombing. In total, it outlines over 20 different types of defects that may be present in timber.
This document discusses defects and diseases that can occur in wood. It describes natural defects like knots, resin pockets, shakes and waney edges that form during tree growth. It also covers artificial defects such as cupping, bowing, twisting and end splitting caused by improper drying. Fungal diseases and insect pests that damage wood are also examined, along with conditions needed for decay. The life cycles of fungi and boring insects are detailed.
This document provides an overview of wood as a construction material, including its properties, types of wood, lumber production processes, engineered wood products, and fasteners. It discusses the qualities and composition of wood, softwoods and hardwoods, lumber grading and sizing, drying and surfacing methods, and common uses of wood in construction such as framing, sheathing, and trim. Engineered wood products like glulam, I-joists, and wood trusses are also summarized.
Timber refers to wood suitable for building or engineering purposes. It is used to make furniture, packaging, tools, toys and other wood products. Timber comes from the trunks of trees and is composed of heartwood, sapwood, and bark. Softwoods and hardwoods have different characteristics like weight, color, strength properties. For timber to be of good quality, it needs properties like being free from defects, uniform color, and clear ringing sound. Seasoning reduces the moisture content in wood to prevent warping. Preservation methods like painting, tarring and chemical treatment protect timber from fire, fungi and insect attacks. Common wood products include veneer, plywood and other composite wood materials.
La madera está compuesta principalmente de celulosa, lignina y agua. Sus principales propiedades incluyen dureza, flexibilidad, capacidad de absorber humedad, facilidad de pulido, color, resistencia mecánica y capacidad de hendidura. La dureza de la madera depende del tipo de árbol, y va desde muy blanda como el pino hasta durísima como el ébano. Las propiedades de la madera pueden variar dependiendo de factores externos e internos.
This document discusses various manufactured boards that are used as substitutes for solid wood. It describes how plywood is made by gluing thin wood veneers together in alternating 90 degree layers. Other manufactured boards mentioned include blockboard, pineboard/lamwood, oriented strand board (OSB), chipboard, medium density fibreboard (MDF), and hardboard. The document provides details on their manufacturing processes and advantages such as helping conserve forests, being economical alternatives that come in large uniform sizes and are stable.
This document discusses how trees grow. It describes the key parts of a tree including leaves, branches, trunk and roots. It then explains the functions of these parts, such as roots absorbing water and minerals from the soil. It details the processes of photosynthesis, where leaves use sunlight to produce food, and transpiration, where leaves release water vapor. It outlines the stages of growth from a seed germinating to becoming a sapling. Annual growth rings are formed that show the tree's age. The internal structure of the trunk is also described including the bark, cambium layer, sapwood and heartwood.
This document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on wood. It describes natural wood, classifying it as hardwood or softwood and providing examples of each with their characteristics and common uses. It then discusses problems with overexploitation of natural wood resources and introduces engineered wood as an alternative, describing types like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particleboard, medium-density fiberboard, and high-density fiberboard.
Este documento habla sobre la madera, describiendo sus características, composición, clasificaciones, tipos de maderas como las blandas, duras, exóticas y artificiales. Explica que la madera es una sustancia fibrosa y dura que constituye el tronco de los árboles, compuesta principalmente de carbono, oxígeno e hidrógeno. Describe las propiedades de la madera como su color, peso, estabilidad, olor y resistencia.
This document discusses timber materials used in construction. It defines various timber terminology and describes the nature, growth, and classification of timber. The document outlines the production process of wood and explains how properties vary between species and growth conditions. Various timber products are introduced, along with advantages and disadvantages of using timber. Traditional and current usages of timber in construction are also summarized.
Timber, also known as wood, can be used for many structural and engineering purposes. Some key points covered in the document include:
- Timber has advantages such as availability, salvage value, ease of transport and joining.
- It has many uses including for railway sleepers, roof trusses, furniture, formwork, and packaging.
- Timber comes in various market forms depending on its size, including battens, logs, planks, boards, and poles.
- Veneers are thin wood sheets used to make plywood, which layers veneers with perpendicular grain directions to increase strength.
- Different types of timber have varying properties making some more suitable for uses like construction
The document discusses defects in timber due to insects and seasoning. It identifies three main insects that cause decay: beetles, marine borers, and termites. Beetles cause rapid decay through pin-sized holes and tunnels, converting wood to powder. Marine borers live in salt water and make shelter holes up to 25mm in diameter and 60mm long. Termites, also called white ants, make internal tunnels without disturbing the outer shell. Only teak and sal wood can resist termite attacks due to natural chemicals. Seasoning defects include bow, case-hardening, check, collapse, cupping, splitting, honeycombing, radial shakes, twisting, and warping.
This document discusses the characteristics of good timber and defects in timber. Characteristics of good timber include having a sweet smell and shiny surface, darkness indicating durability, hardness, strength, elasticity, and durability. It should be free from defects and have straight fibers and regular annual rings. Defects in timber include knots, shakes that separate fibers, twisted fibers, and stains or rot from fungi, insects or moisture. Common defects are described such as pin knots, dead knots, and heart shakes.
1. Wood is a natural material composed mainly of cellulose that is used widely in building, tools, vehicles, and decorative objects. It is composed of fibers that transport water and provide mechanical strength.
2. There are various terms used to describe wood depending on its application, such as carpentry, timbering, joinery, and cabinetry. Knots will affect the properties of sawn wood.
3. The density, strength, and other properties of wood vary depending on factors like species, moisture content, and processing. Both hardwoods and softwoods have distinct characteristics and applications.
The document discusses wood construction, including the types, characteristics, uses, and manufacturing process of wood. It describes softwoods and hardwoods, and explains how trees are cut down and milled into lumber. The lumber then undergoes seasoning, either through kiln-drying or air-drying, to reduce moisture content and prevent warping. Proper seasoning is important for dimensional stability of wood.
There are three main methods for converting logs into boards: through and through sawing, tangential sawing, and quarter sawing. Through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain, producing wide boards quickly but with potential for cupping. Tangential sawing cuts logs at an angle to the grain, producing stable boards with a flame figure but is more expensive. Quarter sawing cuts logs at a 45 degree angle to the growth rings, producing narrow boards that are very stable with an attractive grain but is the most expensive method.
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
The document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on natural wood and engineered wood. It describes hardwoods and softwoods, providing examples of common types of wood like oak, maple, pine and cedar. It then discusses how overexploitation of natural wood led to the development of engineered wood products like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particle board, medium density fiberboard, and high density fiberboard. These composite materials are manufactured by binding wood fibers, particles or veneers together under heat and pressure.
The document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on natural wood and engineered wood. It describes hardwoods and softwoods, providing examples of common types of wood like oak, maple, pine and cedar. It then discusses how overexploitation of natural wood led to the development of engineered wood products like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particle board, medium density fiberboard, and high density fiberboard. These composite materials are manufactured by binding wood fibers, particles or veneers together under heat and pressure.
This document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on wood. It describes natural wood, classifying it as hardwood or softwood and providing examples of each with their characteristics and common uses. It then discusses issues with overexploitation of natural wood resources and introduces engineered wood as an alternative, describing types like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particleboard, medium-density fiberboard, and high-density fiberboard.
This document provides information on the material properties and characteristics of timber. It discusses that timber is a natural product made of wood from trees. It grows in rings and its properties vary based on species and growth conditions. The document outlines the production of wood within trees and describes key characteristics like grain, moisture content, drying, and shrinkage. It also discusses grading standards and jointing methods for timber.
The document discusses various types of construction materials including natural wood and engineered wood. It describes natural woods as hardwoods and softwoods providing examples such as oak, maple, mahogany, cherry, pine and cedar. It then discusses engineered woods which are manufactured by binding wood fibers, particles or veneers together under heat and pressure. Examples of engineered woods mentioned are plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particleboard, medium density fiberboard, and high density fiberboard. The document explains their manufacturing processes and characteristics.
This document provides information about timber as a building material. It defines timber and wood, discusses the structure of trees including macro and micro structures. It describes the differences between softwood and hardwood. It discusses various types of wood from exogenous trees, seasoning of timber, uses of timber, defects in timber, and methods of preserving timber. The presentation covers key topics about timber in a comprehensive yet concise manner.
1. Wood can be classified as softwood or hardwood. Softwoods are lighter, weaker woods from coniferous trees while hardwoods are heavier, stronger woods from deciduous trees.
2. Many factors affect the properties and uses of wood, including moisture content, grain direction, density, and defects from growth or processing. Proper drying and treatment can improve wood's strength, durability, and resistance to decay or fire.
3. Wood products are produced through several steps including logging, sawing, drying, grading, and optional treatment or surfacing. New engineered wood products like plywood, LVL, and OSB combine wood elements for consistent structural properties.
This document provides information about various types of wood materials used in construction. It discusses timber/lumber, its characteristics, classification, defects, seasoning, and manufactured wood boards like plywood, veneer, medium density fibreboard, and laminated particle boards. The key points are that timber is a natural and renewable building material derived from trees, it is classified based on properties like hardness, strength and durability, and can be seasoned through natural or kiln drying methods to improve its qualities and reduce defects. Manufactured wood boards are made by bonding wood fibres, particles or veneers and offer advantages like strength and uniformity.
This document provides information about wood as a building material. It discusses the properties, classification, processing, and defects of wood. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Wood is a versatile building material that is strong, durable, and renewable. It discusses the classification of wood into softwood and hardwood, as well as the processing steps like felling, sawing, seasoning, and manufacturing. The document also covers common defects in wood caused by natural forces like knots and shakes or by insects and fungi.
This document provides an overview of timber (wood) used for engineering purposes. It discusses the properties and uses of wood, as well as production processes. Some key points:
- Timber refers to wood used for building and engineering. It is commonly used for structures, bridges, and more.
- Wood is either used in its natural form or in engineered wood products like plywood and laminates.
- Production processes include harvesting, sawing, seasoning, surfacing, and preservation. Various techniques like air drying and kiln drying are used to season wood.
- Wood is an anisotropic material with properties varying by direction. Its strength and stiffness are highest along the grain and lowest perpendicular to it
Wood is a versatile material that has been used for centuries for construction, tools, furniture and more. It comes from both hardwood and softwood trees and its properties vary by species. Wood is composed mainly of cellulose, lignin and other materials. It has properties like strength, insulation and ability to be shaped that make it useful for many applications like flooring, structures, furniture and more. Proper installation methods like tongue-and-groove are important. Wood continues to be an important material today.
Wood is a hard, fibrous material found in trees and woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for construction and fuel. There are two main types - hardwoods from deciduous trees and softwoods from coniferous trees. Common hardwoods include oak, maple, mahogany and teak which are used for furniture, flooring and construction. Softwoods like pine, fir and cedar are lighter and more porous, used for framing, millwork and paneling. Wood is seasoned to remove moisture and prevent problems when used in construction. Methods include air, solar and microwave seasoning.
Timber is one of the oldest construction materials. It has several qualities including being a natural, renewable resource with satisfactory engineering properties. Timber is workable, durable, and can withstand fire better than other materials like steel or concrete. Trees grow either endogenously, increasing in height only, or exogenously, increasing in both height and diameter. Most structural timber comes from exogenously growing trees. Wood is composed of cells and cell walls. The arrangement and properties of wood cells can vary between species and impact the characteristics of the timber.
Timbers: Varieties of Indian timber, Characteristics and suitability
for different uses, Defects in timber, Diseases and decay in timber, Preservation and
Seasoning, Veneers, Fiber boards, Block boards
The document discusses various types of defects that can occur in timber/wood, including defects due to natural forces, conversion, fungi, insects, and seasoning. It also discusses characteristics of good timber and provides examples of wood products commonly used in construction and furniture like veneer, plywood, particle board, and laminated wood. Finally, it discusses how timber can be used for furniture, walls/ceilings, flooring, panelling, and decking in home design.
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1. 1
Timber as Construction Material
Timber and Wood Products
Basic material properties and
characteristics.
By
Engr. Abbas Qureshi
2. 2
Timber as Construction Material
Timber in history
• Timber is one of the
oldest building
materials known.
• It has been used in
buildings in most
parts of the world for
thousands of years.
• In low energy ages,
timber was the
natural material of
choice.
Melbourne’s Exhibition Building 1880
3. 3
Timber as Construction Material
Timber’s potential today
• Timber is a light
construction material
with a high strength
to weight ratio.
• Economic and easy
to use, it is available
as a structural and
appearance product,
and suitable for a
wide range of uses.
Hardwood in a drying yard
4. 4
Timber as Construction Material
The timber – American Wood Council
“Only one primary building material comes from
a renewable resource, cleans the air and water;
utilizes nearly 100% of its resource for products;
is the lowest of all in its energy requirements for
its manufacturing; creates fewer air and water
emissions than any of its alternatives; and is
totally reusable, recyclable and 100% .
And it has been increasing in US net reserves
since 1952, with growth exceeding harvest in the
US by more than 30%.”
5. 5
Timber as Construction Material
The nature of timber
• Timber is a natural
product, drawn from
the wood in the
trunks of trees.
• Its character is
consistent with the
species of tree and
the form and growth
over time of the
wood in it.
Regrowth in a native forest
6. 6
Timber as Construction Material
Definition
• Wood suitable for building or other engineering
purposes is called timber
– Standing timber – part of a living tree
– Rough timber – part of a felled tree
– Converted timber – sawn to various forms like
beams, battens and planks, etc.
– Dressed timber- sawn timber which has been
placed and worked to the required condition.
– Clear timber- timber free from defects.
– Structural timber- timber used in framing and load
bearing structures.
7. 7
Timber as Construction Material
Classification of Trees
• Endogenous. Grow inwards.
– Grow in longitudinal fibrous mass like palm,
cane, bamboo, banana, etc. Except bamboo
unsuitable for engineering purpose.
• Exogenous. Grow outwards.
– Conifers. Evergreen trees yielding soft
wood. Deodar, chir, fir, kail, pine, etc.
Distinct annual rings, straight fibers, light
color, resinous and light weight
– Deciduous. Flat broad leaf trees yielding
hard wood. Oak, teak, shishum, poplar and
maple. Indistinct annual rings, non-resinous,
dark in color and heavy weight
8. 8
Timber as Construction Material
Structure of Timber
• Tree – Crown, Trunk, Roots
• Cross section of a tree
– Bark (outer and inner) – outermost protective layer
of cells and woody fibers that splits and peels off
– Cambium – outermost one ring between the bark
and sap wood not yet converted into wood
– Sap wood – outer annual rings that transmit sap
from root to branches
– Heart wood – innermost rings surrounding pith
– Pith or Medula – first formed portion of stem of tree,
initially to convey sap
– Annual rings
– Medullary rays – thin horizontal veins from bark to
pith to carry sap inwards
9. 9
Timber as Construction Material
Tree growth
• Spring season
– Salt and water solution sucked by the roots
– Under sunlight absorbs CO2 from air
– Viscous solution is called sap
• Autumn season
– Sap descends under the bark and leaves a
thick layer
– Sap layer transformed into wood as
cambium layer
– New layer added each year as annual ring
– Sap carried through medullary rays from
bark to interior
10. 10
Timber as Construction Material
Tree growth
• New wood on outside of tree
– oldest wood on the inside
– youngest wood on the outside
– diameter largest at the base
– one ring (layer) per growing season
• Tree in forest grows toward light
– trunk is straight
– lower branches die
– leaving small knots in wood
• Bark protects wood from damage
– the tree sheds bark each year
14. 14
Timber as Construction Material
Production of wood
Cambium - growth cells
• wood cells created on the inside
• bark cells created on the outside
Sapwood - newest wood
• on the outside of tree (~ 1-3 cm)
• takes nutrients from root to leaves
Heartwood - older wood
• cells closed - can’t pass nutrients
• storage for waste - extractives
Pith - the start of growth in the tree
• the original sapling
16. 16
Timber as Construction Material
Hard and Soft Wood Characteristics
Property Soft Wood Hard Wood
• Color Lighter Darker
• Growth Faster Slower
• Weight Lighter Heavier
• Density Low High
• Annual Rings Distinct Indistinct
• Heart wood & Indistinguishable distinguishable
Sap wood
• Strength Strong along grains Strong along
& across grains
• Conversion Easy Difficult
• Resinous Exists in pores Does not exist
• Examples Chir, Fir, Conifer Teak, sal, shisham
17. 17
Timber as Construction Material
Characteristics of Good Timber
• Obtained from heartwood area of tree and free from
sap
• Should have straight and close fibers
• Dark uniform color with uniform texture
• When struck sonorous ringing sound is produced
• Narrow annular rings, closer the rings greater is the
strength
• Compact medullary rays
• Sweet smell and a shining fresh cut surface
• No clogging of saw teeth during sawing
• Free from the defects like dead knots, shakes etc
• Heavy weight
• No woolliness at fresh cut surface
• Bright and smooth surface when planed
18. 18
Timber as Construction Material
Defects in Timber – during growth
• Shakes – separations between annual rings
– Star shake – radial splits or cracks wider on surface and
narrow inwards, due to severe heat and frost action
– Heart shake – radial splits in heartwood due to shrinkage
– Cup shake – curved split among annual rings. Also ring shake
• Twisted fibers – wind turning the trunk and twisting
fibers
• Rind gall – growth of sapwood layer over wounds
• Upsets – crushing of transverse fibers due to winds
• Foxiness – yellow or red stains as sign of decay
• Doatiness – speckled stain indicating start of decay
due to over maturity or bad ventilation
• Druxiness – Whitish spot or streaks indicating early
decay
• Coarse grains – wide annual rings due to rapid growth
19. 19
Timber as Construction Material
Defects in Timber(Figs.)
Shortcut to 2.lnk
Shortcut to 2.lnk
Shortcut to 2.lnk
Knots
21. 21
Timber as Construction Material
Defects in Timber – knots
• Knots – root of small branches buried in mother
branch annual rings. This modifies the tissues in
elliptical or concentric circles . Knot disturbs the
homogeneity , strength and workability of wood.
– Dead or loose knot - separable
– Live or sound knot – inseparable
• Size based classification
– Pin knot – under 12 mm
– Small knot – 12 to 20 mm
– Medium knot – 20 to 40 mm
– Large knot – over 40 mm
• Form based classification
– Round knot
– Spike knot
23. 23
Timber as Construction Material
Defects in Timber – knots
• Quality based classification
– Sound knot – hard and solid as surrounding wood
– Decayed knot – contains advance decay, softer
than surrounding wood
– Encased knot – annual rings fail to grow into fibers
of surrounding wood
– Tight knot – a knot so securely fastened that it
holds its position in finished product
• Occurrence based classification
– Single knot – wood fibers deflect around one knot
– Cluster knot – wood fibers deflect around two or
more knots as one unit
– Branch knot – two or more knots radiating from one
common center
26. 26
Timber as Construction Material
Defects in Timber - Diseases & Decay
• Diseases
– Dry rot – fungus turns timber to dry powder
– Wet rot – decay due to alternate wetting and drying
• Decay
– Decay due to fungal and bacterial attack
– Damage due to insects
• Termites, white ants
• Beetles – powder post beetles, long horn beetles,
ambrosia beetle, furniture beetles, death watch beetles
• Carpenter ants
– Damage due to rodents
27. 27
Timber as Construction Material
Seasoning of Timber
• Seasoning – extraction of moist sap under
controlled conditions (as nearly as possible at
a uniform rate) from all parts of timber, and to
leave inextricable moisture uniformly
distributed throughout
• Irregular drying causes irregular shrinkage
leading to warping and shakes formation
• Seasoning methods
– Air or natural seasoning – timber stacked in
ventilated shady place. Slow process takes six
months
– Kiln or artificial seasoning – steam chamber with
controllable temperature and humidity. Rapid 4-5
days.
28. 28
Timber as Construction Material
Seasoning of Timber(Artificial)
• Water Seasoning :- The logs of wood are
kept in running water. The sap, sugur, and
gum are leached out. The logs are then kept
out in air to dry.
• Chemical or Salt seasoning:- A water +
Chemical( salt, urea) is applied to the timber
for seasoning. It reduces the moisture due to
the difference in vapour pressure of chemical
and pure water. It reduces the internal stress
which are the causes of defects as checks.
29. 29
Timber as Construction Material
Seasoning of Timber(Artificial)
• Electric Seasoning:- The logs are placed in
such a way that their two ends touch the
electrodes. Current is passed , wood resists
the flow of current. During this heat is
generated which results in drying of timber.
31. 31
Timber as Construction Material
Seasoning of Timber
Air Seasoning
• Slow process
• Simple and economical
• Difficult to reduce
moisture content below
15 to 18 %
• Timber more prone to
fungi and insect attack
• More stacking space
needed
• Stronger timber is
obtained
Kiln Seasoning
• Quick process
• Technical and
expensive
• Moisture reduced to any
desired level
• Timber less prone to
fungi and insect attack
• Less stacking space
needed
• Timber obtained is
comparatively weaker
32. 32
Timber as Construction Material
Seasoning of Timber (Objectives)
• Reduce the shrinkage and warping after
placement in structure.
• Increase strength, durability, and workability.
• Reduce its tendency to split and decay.
• Make the timber suitable painting.
• Reduce the weight of timber.
33. 33
Timber as Construction Material
Seasoning of Timber
• Preventing drying of logs
– Felled tree roughly squared and sawn
– Ends sealed to prevent rapid evaporation of
moisture
– Logs kept completely submerged in running water
• Stacking of square logs
– Stacked under shade, free from weeds and debris
– One and nine stacking method
– Close crib stacking method - logs, poles, planks
– Open crib stacking method - logs, poles, planks
34. 34
Timber as Construction Material
Moisture and drying in wood cells
removed
bound
water
Seasoned
timber
15% MC
100% MC
Unseasoned
timber
Growing
tree
free water
25% MC
fibre saturation
bound water
Partially
seasoned
timber
35. 35
Timber as Construction Material
Benefits of drying
• Drying timber
increases its:
– strength;
– stiffness;
– stability
– durability; &
– ease of fastening.
• It is ideally dried to a
moisture content in
equilibrium with its
service environment.
Checking the moisture content
36. 36
Timber as Construction Material
Timber Preservation
• Preservation is protection of timber from
attack of insects and internal decay
• Perfect seasoning is the best form of
timber preservation
• Charring – ground embedded ends of
posts. Quenching post ends in water
after charring in wood fire. Prevents dry
rot and attack of worms
• Tarring – coating with tar or pitch
37. 37
Timber as Construction Material
Timber Preservation
• Painting – application of paint coat on dry timber to
provide good appearance and protection from attack
by white ants
• Creosoting – application of creosote oil on railway
sleepers, piles and electricity poles. Bad color, bad
smell, stains plaster
• Wolman salt – creosote and salt in water. NaF, ZnCl,
MgSiF, CuSO4
• Ascu treatment – application of powder chemicals
arsenic pentaoxide, blue vitriol, potassium dichromate
• Fire proofing – timber made fire resistance by soaking
in NH4SO4, NH3Cl, NH4PO3, NaAs, ZnCl
38. 38
Timber as Construction Material
Tests of Timber
• Specific gravity
• Volumetric shrinkage
• Radial and tangential shrinkage
• Static bending strength
– One point loading test
– Two point loading test
• Impact bending strength
39. 39
Timber as Construction Material
Tests of Timber
• Compressive strength
– Parallel to grain
– Perpendicular to grain
• Hardness under static indentation test
• Shear strength test
• Tensile strength test
– Parallel to grain
– Perpendicular to grain
40. 40
Timber as Construction Material
Tests of Timber
• Cleavage strength test
• Brittleness test
– Izod impact test
– Charpy impact test
• Torsional strength test
• Moisture content test
– Oven drying method
– Electrical moisture meter method
– Distillation method
41. 41
Timber as Construction Material
Tests of Timber
• Moisture content test
– Specimen 5 cm x 5 cm x 2.5 cm
– Specimen weighed fresh as W0
– Oven dried at 103 ± 2° C till no weight
change noted. Dry weight W1
– Percentage of moisture content
= (W1 – W0) / W0 x 100
42. 42
Timber as Construction Material
Tests of Timber
• Specific gravity test
– Specimen 5 cm x 5 cm x 15 cm
– Specimen weighed fresh as W1 correct to
0.001 gm
– Specimen volume measured to 0.01 cm3
– Specimen end coated with paraffin wax and
air seasoned to 12% moisture content
– Weight and volume again noted as Wr & Vr
– Oven dried at 103 ± 2° C till weight constant
– Weight and volume noted as W0 and V0
43. 43
Timber as Construction Material
Tests of Timber
• Specific gravity test
– Specific gravity at test = W1/V1
– Standard specific gravity = W0/V1
– Oven dry specific gravity = W0/V0
– Moisture content r % = (Wr-W0) / W0 x 100
44. 44
Timber as Construction Material
Wood Products
• Veneers
• Plywood
• Lamina Boards
• Fiber Boards
• Block Boards
• Batten Boards
45. 45
Timber as Construction Material
Wood Products
• Veneers
– Thin sheets of wood peeled off, sliced or
sawn from a log of wood having attractive or
artistic grain arrangement
– Sheet thickness from 0.4 mm to 6 mm
– Walnut, teak and rosewood veneers used in
plywood, lamina boards and batten boards
46. 46
Timber as Construction Material
Timber products: veneer
• Thin layers of solid
wood sliced or
peeled from a log
and dried.
• High quality material
is used as a
decorative finish.
• Lower grade material
is used to make
plywood and similar
products.
Veneer leaf
47. 47
Timber as Construction Material
Wood Products
• Plywood
– Under pressure gluing together of veneer
plies in odd number to make 3 mm to 6 mm
thick sheet
– Grains of alternate layers at right angle to
each other
– Outer plies called face plies or faces
– Used for covering or paneling of walls,
doors, furniture and shuttering
48. 48
Timber as Construction Material
Timber products: plywood
• Layers of veneer
glued together so
that the grain
direction alternates
between layers.
• Usually produced in
sheets.
• Very good in a
structure, as a lining
and as a flooring
surface.
49. 49
Timber as Construction Material
Wood Products
• Plywood Advantages
– Better appearance
– Stronger than same thickness wood
– Elastic and may be bent to give any shape
– Not much affected by climatic changes
– Uniform strength in all directions
– Available in large sizes not possible in wood
– Almost negligible shrinkage and expansion
– Does not split under nails
50. 50
Timber as Construction Material
Properties are variable
• Drying (seasoning) & shrinkage
• Strength & hardness
• Durability
• Appearance
56. 56
Timber as Construction Material
Timber shrinks as it dries
• It shrinks at different rates in
different directions.
• Once dry, it will expand &
contract to be in equilibrium
with changing local conditions.
Shrinkage from 12% to 25% MC
Radiata pine Rad 3.5% Tang 4%
Hoop pine Rad 2.5% Tang 3.5%
Cypress Rad 3.5% Tang 4%
Spotted gum Rad 4.5% Tang 6%
Karri Rad 4.5% Tang 10%
Sydney blue gumRad 5% Tang 9%
Grey Ironbark Rad 5.5% Tang 7.5%
Mountain ash Rad 6.5% Tang 13%
Tangential
shrinkage
Radial
shrinkage
Longitudinal
shrinkage
57. 57
Timber as Construction Material
Shrinkage in sawn sections
• Tangential shrinkage
is the highest;
• So, the growth rings
tend to shorten as the
timber dries.
58. 58
Timber as Construction Material
Timber dries at different rates
• Pines have a porous cell structure:
– They can be dried very quickly.
– Turnaround time from saw to store can
be as low as a week.
• Hardwoods have a non-porous cell
structure:
– The moisture must diffuse through the
cell wall.
– Drying can be very slow.
– It must be done carefully.
59. 59
Timber as Construction Material
Grain, strength & stiffness
Direction of grain
Strong parallel to grain & stiff parallel to grain
Weak perpendicular to grain
Properties of the grain
60. 60
Timber as Construction Material
Summary of characteristics
• Timber is a natural material
• Each piece is unique in fibre, texture and
colour
• Its strength is dependant on the
properties of the wood and the slope of
the grain
• It takes up and gives up moisture
• It expands and shrinks as it does so
• It deteriorates in line with exposure
61. 61
Timber as Construction Material
Timber products
• Timber is available in a wide range of
products and species including:
– Solid sawn, moulded and laminated timber;
– Veneer;
– Plywood; and
– Wood panels.
62. 62
Timber as Construction Material
Timber products: sawn
• Hardwood or
softwood.
• Solid timber cut from
a log and dried.
• It is a versatile
material used for
moulding, frames and
exposed structures.
• Size is restricted.
63. 63
Timber as Construction Material
Timber products: mouldings
• Hardwood or
softwood.
• Solid seasoned
timber milled to a
wide variety of
shapes.
64. 64
Timber as Construction Material
Timber products: glue laminated
• Small pieces of
timber glued
together to form a
larger element.
• Used as both a
structural and
finishing element.
• Size is limited only
by transport
capacity.
bench top
beam
65. 65
Timber as Construction Material
Timber products: curved glulam
• Glue laminated
material can be
curved.
Curved bar
66. 66
Timber as Construction Material
Timber products: wood panels
• Panels made from
wood or wood fibres
bound together with
glue, or other binder:
– Particleboard
– Medium Density
Fibreboard (MDF)
– Hardboard
– Core board
MDF sheet
67. 67
Timber as Construction Material
Jointing
• Timber is a highly
versatile material
that can be shaped
and joined easily.
Mortice and tenon Housed
Half housed
69. 69
Timber as Construction Material
Conclusions
• Timber is a natural product.
• It has been used for centuries.
• Skilled use and understanding of the
material can yield excellent results.