2. WOOD
• Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.
•It is valued in construction because of the varied use & flexibility of usage.
•It is available in different colors , textures , density , grain pattern , strength.
•Wood is an important natural resource, one of the few that are renewable.
•Wood and wood products are also a store for carbon, thus, helping to minimize carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
• Classified further as Hardwood & Softwood depending upon the trees it comes from.
• The production and processing of wood uses much
less energy – called embodied energy – than most other
building materials, giving wood products a significantly
lower carbon footprint.
• Wood can be used to substitute for materials that
require larger amounts of fossil fuels to be produced.
• Around the outer edge of the sapwood (and the trunk) is
a thin active layer called the cambium where the tree is
actually growing outward by a little bit each year,
forming those famous annual rings that tell us how old a
tree is.
3. HISTORY OF WOOD
• Wood has played an important role since ancient days in
terms of building construction & daily human life. ( Tools ,
Machines , Transport etc.)
•The first timber home dates back to 10,000 years ago in the
Mesolithic period & was found in Britain. (Stone Age)
•Europe's Neolithic long house--a long, narrow timber
dwelling built in 6000 BC is one of the famous examples of
wood construction.
•The Iron Age saw more advancement in the use of wood.
The introduction of timber crane during the Roman Empire
allowed men to lift much larger weight.
•By the Middle Ages (476 – 150 AD) timber construction was
reaching its heights with structures like Hammer beam roof
of Wesmister hall , London.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS
They grow outwards by
increasing the bulk.
They grow inwards &
fibrous mass in seen in
their section.
Example – Bamboo , Palm.
CONIFERS DECIDUOUS
Evergreen trees of which
leaves do not fall unless
new grown.
The word deciduous means
to “fall off,” and every fall
these trees shed
their leaves.
SOFT WOOD HARD WOOD
Light colored.
Weak in weight & weak.
Poor fire resistance.
Example – Pine , Fir, Redwood
Dark colored.
Strong , heavy & hard.
Durable.
Example – Babul , Oak , Sal, Teak .
5. • Strength - It is strong enough to withstand loads whether applied slowly or suddenly. It is sufficiently strong
for working as a structural member such as joist, beam, rafter.
• Durability – capable of resisting various actions due to fungi, insects, chemicals, physical and mechanical
agencies. On these basis of durability wood is classified into classes –
CLASS I – life span – 120 months and over,
CLASS II – life span – 60 to 119 months,
CLASS III – life span – 59 months and below.
• Weather resistance – possess resistance against weathering effects such as drying, wetting, heating and
cooling because of temperature variations, wind effects.
• Fire resistance – A dense wood offers good fire resistance.
• Elasticity – It is capable of regaining its original shape when load causing deformation is removed. This
property is used for bows and other sports goods as well for structural members like beams, floors.
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
WOOD
6. WOOD PROCESSING
FELLING OF TREES
STORAGE
TRANSPORTATION
TO SAW MILLS
BREAKING OR
ROUGH SAWING
SEASONING
RESAWING TO
ACCURATE SIZES
MANUFACTURING
OF PRODUCTS
AGE FOR TREES FELLING
SEASON FOR FELLING
• DEPENDS UPON MATURITY LEVEL OF WOOD
• TREES TO BECUT WHEN THEY ARE
COMPLETELY MATURED OR VERY NEAR TO
MATURED
• WHEN THE QUANTITY OF SAP CONTENT
IS MINIUMUM
• CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
• NATURAL SEASONING
• ARTIFICIAL SEASONING
• HOT AIR
SEASONING
• DRY SEASONING
• WET SEASONING
• CHEMICAL
SEASONING
• ELECTRICAL
SEASONING
• MCNEILL’S
PROCESS
7. TYPES USES
• They are thin sheets of superior
quality wood which are knife cut by
various processes.
• Thickness – 0.4 – 6.0 mm or more.
• Steam Beige, Sycamore, White Ash,
White Oak, Red Oak, Walnut,
American Cherry, Pine, Sapeli,
Wenge.
• Used to produce plywood,
battened boards, lamina
boards.
• By joining edges of Veneer
sheets decorative designs are
prepared.
VENEERS, TIMBERS
PLYWOOD
• They are prepared by gluing
together thin layers of sheets
i.e Veneers into panels.
• Thickness – 6 – 25 mm
• Advantage of ply over single board
of same thickness is more uniform
strength of ply and greater
resistance to cracking and splitting.
• Interior and Exterior grade Plywood.
Most common type – Commercial
Plywood
• Marine ply, Waterproof ply (BWP
BWR grade)
• INTERNAL – for wall, roof
sheeting, sub-flooring, webs for
arches, prefabricated
construction, paneling, lining
concrete.
• EXTERNAL – for marine builds.
8. MANUFACTURING OF PLYWOOD
SELECTING
THE LOG
STRIPPING THE
BARK
PEELING THE
LOG
MAKING A
RIBBON OF
WOOD
CUTTING AND
STACKING
GLUING THE
WOOD
PRESSING
THE WOOD
TRIMMING,
SANDING AND
FINISHING
9. • They are rigid boards prepared by
processing wood.
• AKA Pressed Wood.
• Thickness – 3 – 12 mm
• Name derived from distinction in
density of fiber boards like Medium
Density Boards MDF.
• Available in various forms like
insulating boards , laminated
boards, MDF.
• INTERNAL – wall paneling,
suspended ceiling, form work
for cement concrete, partition,
flooring, paving, insulating
material against heat and
sound, flush doors, table tops.
• EXTERNAL – for marine builds.
FIBER BOARDS
BLOCK BOARDS
• Paneling and partition,
• Furniture and table tops,
• Doors and windows.
• They are a core of strips of wood
glued or joined to form a slab
which is further glued between 2
or more outer veneers.
• Thickness – 19 and 25 mm.
• More strong and durable.
TYPES USES
10. • Solid timber of large sizes and
sections .it is difficult to obtain
without defects. Moreover it
leads to defects.
• Laminated Lumber are obtained
by joining ends of short boards by
strong adhesives like synthetic
resins.
• Versatile timber product.
• Bent during gluing process to
make bow strings, trusses,
cantilever arches and other
structural requirements.
LAMINATED LUMBER
FLEXIBLE MARINE PLY
• Its construction is such that
it can be used in
environment where it is
exposed to moisture and
water for long period. Thus
suitably used for ships, for
both internal and external
works.
• They are manufactured from
durable faces and core of veneers
with few defects so it performs
longer in both humid and wet
conditions and resist delaminating
and fungal attacks.
TYPES USES
11. • Made up of softwood fibres
bonded together under heat and
pressure.
• It is smooth ,high quality board
with an equal density across all
panel.
• Its easily manageable and has no
defects such as knots.
• There are two types:
Commercial MDF is softer and can
be carved easily.
Waterproof MDF is used where the
surface is exposed to water or places
where humidity is more.
Advantage of water proof MDF
is that colour or duco paints sets
properly on surfaces and gives better
look than MDF
• Decorative wall cladding in
routed wave and jalis.
• interior cladding and panelling.
Shutters for kitchens and
wardrobes with polished
surface
• .
• Panel and shutters of door.
TYPES USES
MEDIUM DENSITY FIBER
BOARD (MDF)
Pre-laminated MDF boards
12. • It is like MDF in that it is a man-
made composite panel product
that is manufactured from
compressed wood fibres.
• it is a stronger, harder product
than MDF with a higher density.
• its a very thin board, with a
typical thickness of 3mm-8mm
• HDF is predominantly used in
laminate flooring products
where this density is required,
though other uses include
door skins and underlayment.
• Use in construction sites.
• Use in furniture like chairs
and table.
• Used in partition.
• Use in covering a wall or
columns.
• kitchens shutters.
• Use in door.
• Embossed wall cladding.
Decorative display panel.
HIGH DENSITY FIBER
BOARDS(HDF)
TYPES USES
13. • It has high compressive strength
and low weight, thus it is one of
the most used building
material.
• Bamboos can be bent when
they are freshly cut and will
retain their shape even after
drying.
• They are fire resistant, cost
effective, recyclable and easy to
use.
• They have higher tensile
strength than steel.
• Widely preferred in earthquake
prone areas due to its elasticity.
• Construction of scaffoldings,
suspension bridges.
• Housing is one of the major
area of application of bamboo.
Bamboo Posts and beams
provide frame work and
bamboo floor walls and roof are
inter connected which rely on
the other for overall stability.
BAMBOO
TYPES USES
14. DEFECTS IN WOOD
An irregularity or abnormality occurring in or on wood which is responsible for its –
•Strength reduction
•Lowering of durability
•Lowering of utility
•Poor appearance
•Decay
NATURAL FORCES SEASONING
DEFECTS
FUNGI
CONVERSIONINSECTS
15. NATURAL FORCES
KNOTS SHAKES TWISTED FIBERS RIND GALLS BURLS UPSETS
These are the
bases of
branches or
limbs which are
broken or cut off
from trees.
Source of
weakness as the
continuity of
fiber is broken.
Cracks which
partly or
completely
separate fibers of
wood.
Caused due to
twisting of young
trees due to wind.
Unsuitable for
sawing.
Peculiar curved
swelling formed on
the body of the tree.
Timber in this part is
weak & not durable.
Occurs when a
tree receives
shock or injury
at young age.
Caused by
crushing or
compression
of wood fibers
Others -Radial ,
Heart , Ring
shaped.
DEFECTS IN WOOD
16. INSECTS
• Beetles – These are small insects & they cause rapid decay of timber. They form pin holes of size 2 mm diameter
in wood. Tunnels are formed in the direction of the sap wood. Timber gets converted into fine flour like powder.
•Marine borers – Generally found in salty water. They make hole in wood or bore tunnels in wood for taking
shelter . The diameter is about 25 to 60 mm.
•Termites – Popularly known as white ants , these insects feed on the wood & the growth is very fast. They make
tunnels inside the wood & it does not appear until the wood completely fails.
FUNGI
•Defects due to fungi occur only when the moisture content in the timber is above 20 % or there is presence of
warmth & air for growth of fungi.
•Following are the defects caused by fungi
•Blue stain •Brown rot •Dry rot •Heart rot •Wet rot
17. CONVERSION
•During the process of converting wood into its commercial form following are the defects that may
occur :
•Chip marks •Diagonal grains •Torn grains •Wane
SEASONING
•BOW – Curvature formed in the
direction of length of timber
•CASE HARDENING – Exposed
surface of timber dries too quickly
& shrinks under compression.
•CHECKS – Crack which separate
fibers of wood.
18. •COLLAPSE – Flattens during
drying.
•CUP – Curvature formed in the
transverse direction of timber.
•TWIST – Timber has spirally
distorted along its length.
SEASONING
19. THICKNESS ANCHOR EXECUTIVE MARINE
PLYWOOD
IS 710 : 2010
ANCHOR 72 TERMITE PROOF
MARINE PLYWOOD
IS 710 : 2010
Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft
• 3/4 mm 700.10 65.05 - -
• 6 mm 983.20 87.40 835.40 77.65
• 9 mm 1134.20 105.40 1063.20 98.80
• 12 mm 1442.20 134.00 1291.00 119.95
• 16 mm 1890.20 175.60 1746.60 162.25
• 19 mm 2086.20 193.80 1944.00 180.60
1. PLYWOOD
COMMERCIAL PLY. FIRE RETARDANT PLY.
• 3/4 mm 438.00 40.70 • 3/4 mm 700.10 65.05
• 6 mm 584.70 54.35 • 6 mm 868.20 80.65
• 8 mm 740.00 68.75 • 9 mm 1106.10 102.75
• 12 mm 910.00 84.55 • 12 mm 1344.10 124.90
• 15 mm 1104.10 102.60 • 16 mm 1820.10 169.10
• 18 mm 1283.30 119.25 • 19 mm 2030.20 188.60
MARKET RESEARCH & ANALYSIS
20. THICKNESS GREEN PANELMAX
GRADE - 2
GREEN PANELMAX
IS : 12406
GREEN PANELMAX
IS : 12406
INTERIOR GRADE EXTERIOR GRADE
Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft
• 2.3 mm 99.38 9.23 - - - -
• 3.6 mm 14.19 - - 192.79 17.91
• 5.5 mm 231.28 21.49 254.41 23.63 292.57 27.18
• 8.0 mm 338.68 31.46 372.55 34.61 428.43 39.80
• 11 mm 434.21 40.34 477.63 44.37 549.28 51.03
• 12 mm 474.11 44.05 521.52 48.45 599.75 55.72
• 15 mm 586.59 54.50 645.25 59.95 742.04 68.94
• 17 mm 637.98 59.27 701.78 65.20 807.05 74.98
• 18 mm 685.74 63.71 754.31 70.08 867.46 80.59
• 25 mm 1041.72 96.78 1145.89 106.46 1317.78 122.42
• 30 mm 1415.03 131.46 1556.53 144.61 1790.01 166.30
• 35 mm 1662.05 154.41 1828.25 169.85 2102.49 195.33
2. MDF (Medium Density Fiber Board)
21. THICKNESS ANCHOR FLUSH DOORS (WATERPROOF)
IS 2202 : 2010
ANCHOR FIRE RETARDANT FLUSH
DOOR IS 5509 : 2000
MARINE TREATED FIRE RESITANCE
Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft
• 25 mm 1928.00 179.15 - -
• 30 mm 2112.20 196.25 - -
• 32 mm 2249.40 209.00 - -
• 35 mm 224.90 4668.00 433.70
• 38 mm 2623.80 243.75 - -
• 40 mm 2777.80 258.10 5306.90 493.05
• 45 mm 3029.90 281.50 5894.30 547.60
4. FLUSH DOORS – SIZES :- 8 X 4, 8 X 3, 7 X 4, 7 X 3, 7 X 2½, 8 X 2½
THICKNESS GREENLAM
1220mm x 2440mm
Rs./ Sheet
• 1.0 mm 1400
• 0.8 mm 800
• 0.6 mm 600
3. LAMINATES
22. THICKNESS ANCHOR BLOCKBOARD
MARINE TREATED
IS 1659 : 1990
ANCHOR BLOCKBOARD
M. R. (COmmERCIAL USE)
Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft
• 19 mm 1418.90 131.85 1211.10 112.55
• 25 mm 1741.00 161.75 - -
• 30 mm 2086.20 193.85 - -
• 35 mm 2331.20 216.60 - -
CENTURY CLUB PRIME PF
BLOCKBOARD – BWP GRADE
CENTURY SAINIK PF BLOCKBOARD
– BWP GRADE
• 19 mm 1991.00 185.00 1528.00 142.00
• 25 mm 2691.00 250.00 2056.00 191.00
CENTURY PF BOND B.B. CENTURY SAINIK MR B.B.
• 19 mm 1927.00 179.00 1302.00 121.00
• 25 mm 2906.00 270.00 1658.00 154.00
5. BLOCKBOARDS
23. TYPES TIMBER LOGS (Rs./cu.ft) VENEER 6mm SHEETS (Rs./sq.ft)
• STEAM BEIGE 1300 55
• SYCAMORE 1800 65
• WHITE ASH 2300 65
• WHITE OAK 2800 75
• RED OAK 2800 75
• WALNUT 4000 85
• AMERICAN CHERRY 3500 95
• WENGE 4000 80
• SAPELI 2600 50
• PINE 1000 45
7. TIMBER & VENEER
THICKNESS ANCHOR FLEXIBLE MARINE
PLYWOOD
GREENPLY
GREEN FLEXI PLY
Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft Rs./ sq.m Rs./ sq.ft
• 6 mm 736.50 68.42 893.00 83.00
6. FLEXIBLE MARINE PLYWOOD
25. WHAT ARE PAINTS ?
Paints are coatings of fluid materials which are applied over surfaces for achieving the following objectives :
•Protecting the surface from weathering effects of atmosphere & actions by other liquids , fumes , gas .
•To prevent decay of wood & corrosion in metals.
•To give good appearance to the surface.
•To provide a smooth surface easy for cleaning.
HISTORY OF PAINTS
•As long ago as 38,000 B.C., people used paint made from soot, earth,
charcoal and animal fat to adorn the walls of their caves.
•In ancient Egyptian society (3150-31 B.C.), painters mixed ground glass or
semiprecious stones, lead, earth, or animal blood with oil or fat.
•In 1866, Sherwin-Williams, which would become one of the largest
global paint makers, opened for business. The company invented ready-to-
use paint, releasing its first product, raw umber in oil, in 1873.
26. PAINTS
PROPERTIES OF PAINTS
•Workability: A good paint offers proper consistency so its fluidity makes the application easy.
•Opacity: because of its consistency it has the ability to hide the surface it is applied on.
•Durability: after application it dries and forms a tough surface which is resistant to friction, scratching, wiping.
•Resistance to chemicals: protects the surface against chemicals and environmental effects.
•Decorative: paints don’t only prolong the life but also at the same time add aesthetics. Different appearances as per
choice are available like matt, glossy, smooth, textured.
27. COMPOSITION OF PAINTS
•MAIN COMPONENT OF
PAINT
•FILM FORMING
POLYMER COMPONENT
•MAIN ROLE IN
ADHESION AND
DURABILITY.
•ALKYDS, ACRYLICS,
VINYL-ACRYLICS,
VINYLACETATE/
ETHYLENE(VAE),
POLYURETHANES,
POLYESTERS,
MELAMINE
RESINS, EPOXY,
BINDER SOLVENT PIGMENT ADDITIVES
•ADJUST VISCOSITY
•DISSOLVES POLYMER
•EASE IN APPLICATION.
•DURING APPLICATION
AND DRYING SOLVENT
EVAPORATES
•BENZENE,
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
OR TURPENTINE,
CHLOROFORM
•CONTRIBUTES COLOR.
•IT INCREASES VOLUME OF
PAINT
•IMPARTS TOUGHNESS
AND TEXTURE
•NATURAL :
a. CLAYS
b. CALCIUM CARBONATE
c. MICA
d. SILICAS
SYNTHETIC:
a. ENGINEERED
MOLECULES CALCINED
CLAYS
b. BLANC FIXE
c. PRECIPITATED CALCIUM
CARBONATE
•ADDED IN SMALL
AMOUNTS.
•ENHANCE CERTAIN
PROPERTIES
a. EASE IN BRUSHING
b. SMOOTH TEXTURES
c. LOW ODORLESS
d. LOW SOLVENT
e. FUNGICIDES
28. PAINTS
APPLICATION BASED SOLVENT BASED
TYPES OF PAINTS
DISTEMPER
ENAMEL
LUSTER
EMULSION
CEMENT
TEXTURED
WATER BASED
OIL BASED
WALL
METAL
ENAMEL
ALUMINIUM PAINT
WOOD
ENAMEL
29. TYPES USES
• It consist of synthetic resins as
vehicle and water used as thinner.
• Easy to apply.
• Dries quickly in 1.5 to 2 hrs.
• Used for internal walls.
EMULSION PAINTS
ENAMEL PAINTS
• Not affected by chemicals and
weathering agents.
• Used on wood and metals.
• For doors, grills, stairs.
• Contains metallic oxides,
petroleum oil and resins.
• Dries slowly.
• Produces a film of hard,
impervious, smooth, durable,
glossy, elastic.
OIL PAINTS
• Vehicle used is oil, e.g. linseed oil.
• Possess all characteristics of a
good paint, so used for all
purposes.
• Used for both internal and
external paint jobs.
• Used for both metals and wood.
• Not desirable for damp contact
surfaces.
APPLICATION BASED PAINTS
30. • It consist finely grounded Al
powder in quick drying oil or spirit
varnish. Varnish evaporated and
forms a thin film of metallic Al.
• Retains luster and paint for long
period.
• Offers resistance to weathering
effects and chemicals, thus used
as protection coating against
rust and corrosion on metals.
ALUMINIUM PAINTS
CEMENT PAINTS
• Available in variety of shades
and exhibits excellent
appearance.
• Desirable for use on rough
surfaces, adhesion is poor on
smooth surfaces, thus used
extensively as external paints.
• It consists of white
cement[70%], hydrated lime
[15%] , pigments[5 to 8%]
sodium or calcium chlorides
hygroscopic salts[ 5%] and small
amount of aluminium [1%] .
• Supplied in form of dry powder
and mixed with water before
use.
• Water proof and durable.
TYPES USES
31. • Made of bitumen or coal tar
which is dissolved in mineral spirit
or naphtha.
• It can resists harsh chemicals and
UV light. It also protects surfaces
from rust.
• It provides weatherproofing and
corrosion resistance to the
elements. It has good adhesive
properties.
• under water structure
• weather protecting
• waterproofing
• concrete and potable water
tanks
• exterior metal work and iron
work such as fire escapes,
ladders, gutters, down pipes,
BITUMENOUS PAINT
EPOXY
• basement ,garage floor or it can
also create the appearance of
granite on a laminate
countertop.
• It is a polymer that is produced
from a reaction of a resin with a
specific hardener.
• It has characteristics of corrosion
resistant, strong adhesion,
resistance to chemical, low
porosity, durability, and bond
strength.
• Water proof and durable.
TYPES USES
32. WATER BASED PAINTS
• Can be used with both water and oil based
primer.
• More eco friendly.
• Fast drying, quick to work with, odorless.
• Examples – Emulsion (plastic paints)
OIL BASED PAINTS
• Can be used with oil based primer only.
• less eco friendly.
• Slow drying, smells foul.
• Examples – Enamel – silk enamel, gloss
enamel.
33. APPLICATIONS OF PAINTS
1.Surface Preparation-.
A paint scrapper, a putty knife or a sand paper is used to
remove loose particles or flakes and the surface is made
even. All loose material is removed and filled with plaster
or putty mixture.
2.Primer coating-
It is applied on stained, porous, water damaged surface
or when painting a light colour over a dark colour or vice
versa.
Provides smooth surface, making the surface less
absorbent, thus increasing the spreading capacity of the
paint.
It helps in uniform colour and texture and provide better
adhesion to the top coats.
The type of primer used is also dependent on the kind of
surface to be painted, i.e. Different primers exist for
interior walls, exterior walls, wood, metals etc.
a. Oil based primers
b. Latex based primers
c. Shellac primers
3.Putty Coat :
Wall putty should be applied to walls after first primer
coat has dried.
It will fill in minor cracks and surface imperfections, and
provide a protective sub-layer for paint.
As per the requirement 1-2 coats of putty can be applied.
4.Second Primer Coat :
Care must be taken that the second primer coat be
applied only after the previous putty coat has dried
completely.
5.Finish Coat :
Generally two coats of finish coat are required to get the
desired finish and colour. It is important that each coat
must be completely dry before the application of next
one.
34. DEFECTS IN PAINTING
•BLISTTERING – Caused by the
water vapor trapped behind
the paint surface.
•BLOOMING – Dull patches
caused due to bad paint or bad
ventilation.
•FADING – Gradual loss of color
due to sunlight or pigments of
paint.
•FLAKING – Caused by poor
adhesion.
•SAGGING – Caused when a
vertical surface is thickly painted.
•WRINKLING – Caused when a
horizontal surface is thickly
painted.
35. JOTUN PAINTS – +75000 SHADES
MARKET RESEARCH & ANALYSIS
CATEGORY INTERIOR PAINTS
BRAND FENOMASTIC
VARIANT HYGIENE SILK WONDER-WALL MY HOME RICH MATT
BASES A B C W A B C W A B C W
• 0.9 L 580 534 506 - 552 506 488 - 525 478 442 -
• 1.0 L - - - 644 - - - 608 - - - 580
• 3.6 L 2193 2083 1917 - 2073 2000 1898 - 1972 1861 1714 -
• 4/ 5 L - - - 2442 - - - 2304 - - - 2184
• 9 L 5374 5079 4433 - 5097 4913 4415 - 4793 4544 3935 -
• 10 L - - - 5973 - - - 5669 - - 0- 5328
•17 L - - 8738 - - - 8738 - - - 7770 -
•18 L - - - - - - - - - - - -
•20 L 11707 11135 - 11707 11181 10840 - 11181 10490 9946 - 10490
36. CATEGORY INTERIOR PAINTS
BRAND FENOMASTIC DUROSAN
VARIANT MY HOME SMOOTH SILK PURE COLOURS NEW DUROSAN INTERIOR
MATT
BASES A B C W Y A B C W A C W
• 0.9 L 469 423 377 - - 294 266 220 - 156 137 -
• 1.0 L - - - 525 681 - - - 322 - - 174
• 3.6 L 1788 1658 1502 - 2562 1096 976 838 - 580 488 -
• 4/ 5 L - - - 1981 - - - - 1216 - - 644
• 9 L 4286 4018 3410 - - 2590 2331 1852 - 1345 1096 -
• 10 L - - - 4765 - - - - 2875 - - 1493
•17 L - - 6720 - - - - 3604 - - - -
•18 L - - - - - - - - - - 2064 -
•20 L 9393 8794 - 9393 - 5586 5033 - 5586 2838 - 2838
37. CATEGORY INTERIOR PAINTS & BASE COATS
BRAND SPECIALITY FINISHES IN TEXTURE PAINTS PRIMERS
VARIANT LADY DESIGN FENOMA-
STIC
PRIMER
PVA
PRIMER
JOLLYFIX
BASES GLAZE PEARL STUCCO
ANTICA
EMULSION
WHITE
DISTEMPER
WHITE
•0.45 L 1290 - - - - - -
• 0.9 L - 1105 1299 - - - 442 (5
KG)
• 1.0 L - - - 156 147 147 755
(10KG)
• 3.6 L - - - - - - 1354 (20
KG)
• 4/ 5 L - - - 589 497 525 -
• 10 L - - - 1373 1133 1133 -
•20 L - - - 2534 2129 2147 -
38. CATEGORY EXTERIOR PAINTS
BRAND JOTASHIELD
VARIANT COLOURXTREME SILK COLOURXTREME MATT WATERXTREME
BASES A B C W A B C W A B C W
• 0.9 L 525 469 423 - 405 368 313 - - - - -
• 1.0 L - - - 580 - - - 451 - - - -
• 3.6 L 2064 1852 1649 - 1575 1419 1234 - 1889 1714 1511 -
• 4/ 5 L - - - 2295 - - - 1741 - - - 2092
• 9 L - - - - - - - - - - - -
• 10 L - - - - - - - - - - - -
•17 L - - - - - - - - - - - -
•18 L - - 8075 - - - 5964 - - - 7466 -
•20 L 10997 10001 - 10997 8407 7605 - 8407 10379 9476 - 10379
40. WHAT IS GLASS ?
• Glass is an amorphous solid which is often transparent & has widespread uses.
• It is hard, is easily moulded into shapes
• Glass has been a fascinating material to humankind since it was first made in about 500 BC.
• It is one of the most versatile and oldest materials in the building industry.
FACADES CONSTRUCTION
USE OF GLASS IN ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING
FENESTRATIONS
Windows , Doors (Sliding ,
Fixed)
CLADDINGS
Structural glazing.
CANOPIS / ROOF/ SKY
LIGHT
PARTITION WALLS
STAIRCASE
BEAMS & FLOORINGS
41. HISTORY OF GLASS
• In prehistoric times, Obsidian (Naturally occurring
glass found near volcanic regions) and fulgurite
(glass formed naturally after lightning strikes sand)
were used to make weapons.
• Glass blowing was discovered in the 1st century in
Europe, this revolutionized the glass making
industry. The technique spread throughout the
Roman Empire.
• Production of Clear glass, by introduction of
manganese dioxide, saw glass being used for
architectural purposes. Cast glass windows began to
appear in the most important buildings and villas in
Rome and Pompeii.
• In 7th century early medieval England, glass was
used in churches and cathedrals
• Stain glass windows were used in gothic renaissance
and baroque architecture from the 11th to the 18th
century.
Obsidian Fulgurite
Casting glass
Early medieval
England
Gothic architecture –
stain glass
42. PROPERTIES OF
GLASS
• Transparency: This property allows visual connection with the outside world. Its transparency can be
permanently altered by adding admixtures to the initial batch mix.
• U value: The U-value is the measure of how much heat is transferred through the window. The lower the U-
value the better the insulation properties of the glass
• Strength: Glass is a brittle material but with the advent of science and technology, certain laminates and
admixtures can increase its strength.
• Workability: It is capable of being worked in many ways. It can be blown, drawn or pressed. It is possible to
obtain glass with diversified properties- clear, colourless, diffused and stained.
• Recyclable: Glass is 100% recyclable
• Solar heat gain coefficient: It is the fraction of incident solar radiation that actually enters a building through the
entire window as heat gain.
• Visible transmittance: Visible transmittance is the fraction of visible light that comes through the glass.
• Energy efficiency and acoustic control: Energy-efficient glazing is the term used to describe the double glazing
or triple glazing use in modern windows in homes. The air barrier also enhances acoustic control.
• Greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light
from the sun pass through glass and are absorbed, but the longer infrared re-radiation from the heated objects
are unable to pass through the glass. This trapping leads to more heating and a higher resultant temperature.
43. MANUFACTURING OF GLASS/GLASS PRODUCTS
MIXING MELTING SHAPING
SAND
SODA ASH
LIME STONE
OTER CHEMICALS
MELTING IN FURNANCE
UPTO 1500 DEGREE
CELCIUS
BLOWING OF
MOLTEN GLASS
GLASS
PRODUCTS
• GLASS ARTIFACTS
• GLASS CONTAINERS
• GLASS SHEETS
(MANUFACTURING
PROCESS MAY DIFFER
FOR DIFFERENT TYPE
OF GLASS)
RECYCLING OF GLASS
COLLECTION
OF USED
GLASS
SORTING OF
GLASS
WASHING
AND
REMOVAL OF
IMPURITIES
CRUSHING AND
MELTING
MOULDING
INTO GLASS
PRODUCTS
44. TYPES USES
• It is made of calcium silicate and
sodium silicate, AKA Soda Lime Glass.
• It is clear and flat, causes glare.
• Thickness – 2 – 20 mm.
• Weight – 6 – 36 kg/sqm.
• Used for shop fronts and
public places.
FLOAT GLASS
SHATTERPROOF GLASS
• Used for windows, skylight,
floors.
• Some type of plastic polyvinyl is
added in making process, so it cannot
form sharp edged pieces when it
breaks.
LAMINATED GLASS
• It is a combination of layers of normal
glass.
• Laminated glass is a type of safety
glass that holds together when
shattered.
• The interlayer keeps the layers of
glass bonded even when broken.
• Weight more, has more thickness, UV
proof and sound proof
• Used for aquariums,
bridges.
45. TYPES USES
• This type of glass can control daylight
and transparency effectively.
• It has photochromic – light sensitive
lamination, Thermos cromatic – heat
sensitive lamination and Electrochromic
– electric lamination over it.
• Used in ICU’s, meeting rooms,.
• It can control the transparent
efficiency of glass and defuses
sunlight.
CHROMATIC GLASS
TINTED GLASS
• Used for decorative and
aesthetic purposes.
• It is nothing but colored glass.
• A color producing ingredient is mixed to
normal glass .
TOUGHENED GLASS
• It is glass that has been processed by
controlled thermal or chemical
treatments.
• It has increased strength compared with
normal glass and will usually shatter into
small fragments, rather than sharp
shards, when broken.
• AKA tempered glass, when broken form
small granular chunks.
• Used for fire resistant doors,
external glass facade mobile
screens protectors.
46. TYPES USES
• They are manufactured from 2 different
halves and are pressed and annealed
together while melting process of glass.
• They provide aesthetic appearance
when light is passed through it.
• Used as architectural
purpose for construction of
walls, skylight.
GLASS BLOCKS
GLASS WOOL
• Used as a good insulating filler.• It is made of fibers of glass and is fire
resistant.
INSULATED GLAZED UNITS
• They contain a glass separated into 2/3
layers of air or vacuum.
• They do no allow heat through it
Because of the air between the layers
and act as a good insulator.
• AKA double glazed units.
• Used for walls, windows.
