Swaps explained. Very useful for CFA and FRM level 1 preparation candidates. For a more detailed understanding, you can watch the webinar video on this topic. The link for the webinar video on this topic is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKBKnxM2Nj4
Swaps explained. Very useful for CFA and FRM level 1 preparation candidates. For a more detailed understanding, you can watch the webinar video on this topic. The link for the webinar video on this topic is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKBKnxM2Nj4
Unit 2.2 Exchange Rate Quotations & Forex MarketsCharu Rastogi
This presentation deals with exchange rate quotations, common currency symbols, direct and indirect quotes, American terms, European terms, cross rates, Bid and Ask rates, Mid rate, Spread and its determinants, Spot markets, Forward Markets, Premium and Discounts, various practices of writing quotations, calculating broken period forward rates, Speculation and arbitrage, Forex futures and Currency Options.
An interest rate future is a futures contract between the buyer and seller to deliver an interest bearing asset, that allows the buyer and seller to lock in the price of the interest bearing asset for a future date.
Interest rate futures are used to hedge against interest rate risk. Investors can use Eurodollar futures to secure an interest rate for money it plans to borrow or lend in the future. This presentation gives an overview of interest rate future product and pricing model. You find more presentations at http://www.finpricing.com/productList.html
Brief description about the various E-Payment Systems :
E-Cash, E-Cheques,E-Wallets, Credit and Debit Cards transaction systems, Electronic Clearing Systems...
Their various drawbacks and advantages and disadvantages.
Unit 2.2 Exchange Rate Quotations & Forex MarketsCharu Rastogi
This presentation deals with exchange rate quotations, common currency symbols, direct and indirect quotes, American terms, European terms, cross rates, Bid and Ask rates, Mid rate, Spread and its determinants, Spot markets, Forward Markets, Premium and Discounts, various practices of writing quotations, calculating broken period forward rates, Speculation and arbitrage, Forex futures and Currency Options.
An interest rate future is a futures contract between the buyer and seller to deliver an interest bearing asset, that allows the buyer and seller to lock in the price of the interest bearing asset for a future date.
Interest rate futures are used to hedge against interest rate risk. Investors can use Eurodollar futures to secure an interest rate for money it plans to borrow or lend in the future. This presentation gives an overview of interest rate future product and pricing model. You find more presentations at http://www.finpricing.com/productList.html
Brief description about the various E-Payment Systems :
E-Cash, E-Cheques,E-Wallets, Credit and Debit Cards transaction systems, Electronic Clearing Systems...
Their various drawbacks and advantages and disadvantages.
Objective Capital's Americas' Resources Investment Congress 2011
Ironmongers' Hall, City of London
1 February 2011
Speaker: Walt Coles, Jr., Virginia Energy Resources
Uranium as an Element , Radioactive Elements, Uranium Occurrences , Uranium Minerals, Uranium Ore Miner, Uranium Geology, Categories of Uranium Deposits, Unconformity-related Deposits , Breccia complex deposits, Sandstone deposits, Quartz-pebble conglomerate deposits, Limestone deposits, Surficial deposits, Volcanic deposits, Intrusive deposits, Metasomatite deposits, Vein deposits, Phosphorite and Lignite deposits, Uranium Resources, Production from mines, Known Recoverable Resources, Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt, Main Occurrences, Gabal Gattar uranium, Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
Physics of Failure (also known as Reliability Physics) is a science-based approach for achieving Reliability by Design. The approach is based on research to identify and understand the processes that initiate and propagate mechanisms that ultimately results in failure. This knowledge when used in Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) durability simulations and reliability assessment can evaluate if a new design, under actual operating is susceptible to the root causes of failure such as fatigue, fracture, wear, and corrosion during the intended service life of the product.
The objective is to identify and eliminate potential failure mechanisms in order to prevent operational failures through stress-strength analysis to produce a robust design and aid in the selection of capable manufacturing practices. This is accomplished by modeling the material strength and architecture of the components and technologies a product is based upon to evaluating their ability to endure the life-cycle usage and environmental stress conditions the product is expected to encounter over its service life in the field or during durability or reliability qualification tests.
The ability to identify and quantify the specific hazard risks timeline of specifics failure risks in a new product while it is still on the drawing board (or CAD screen) enables a product team to design reliability into a product by revising the design to eliminate or mitigate failure risks. This capability results in a form of Virtual Validation and Virtual Reliability Growth during the a product’s design phase that can be implemented faster and at lower costs than the traditional Design-Build-Test-Fixed approach to Reliability Growth during a product’s development and test phase.
This webinar compares classical reliability concepts and relates them to the PoF approach as applied to Electrical/Electronic (E/E) System and technologies. This webinar is intended for E/E Product Engineers, Validation/Test Engineers, Quality, Reliability and Product Assurance Personnel, CAE Modeling Analysts, R&D Staff and their supervisor.
Forward Rate Agreements, or FRAs, are a way for a company to lock in an interest rate today, for money the company intends to lend or borrow in the future.
Since their introduction in the 1990s short term derivatives instruments have become widely used. Their popularity has increased in the wake of the 2007/2008 financial crisis with trading growing by 33% from 2008 to mid 2009 according to the BIS.
It is due mainly to the fact that LIBOR-based instruments often did not capture movements in policy rates as a result of credit-induced widening in LIBOR rates.
Hedgers increased their usage of short-term instruments in order to protect their cash flows better from unexpected moves in spreads and/or policy rates. Meanwhile, speculators increased their trading of more tailored products such as OIS to express views on policy rates while becoming far more active in the basis markets to take advantage of spread movements.
This tutorial focuses on the Libor OIS basis trade. It starts with the building blocks of the LIBOR and moves on to cover the most common instruments in the front-end and basis markets : FRAs and OIS. The salient features of each instrument and the full trade cycle from idea generation and set up, to valuation and marked to market, are presented and illustrated using Bloomberg pricing and analytics.
5. Factors Driving the Basis Short term: FX swaps Medium to Long Term: Bond Issuance Long term: Exotics, dual currency bonds Active markets: EUR, JPY, AUD, GBP vs. USD
6. Distribution of Bond Types: AU Domestic vs. AU Offshore Structured Notes Maturity
14. Asset/LiabilityCurrency Matches Organizational Structure: Toyota Credit Card receivables, auto Loans USD Toyota Financial Services AmericasCorp (ForeignSubsidiary) USD Toyota Motor Credit Corp (Intercompany issuer) USD Toyota Corp JPY Debt $ $ $ ¥ $ ¥ JN Parent with Matching Currencies through a CCS for its LT assets and Liabilities Matching USD Assets vs. Liabilities for the Subsidiary Swap Counterparty
15. Cross Currency Swap (basis) At inception During the term At maturity Japanese Counterparty A Japanese Counterparty A Japanese Counterparty A X.S (JPY) X (USD) USD Libor X (USD) USD Libor ¥ Libor + α ¥ Libor + α X.S (JPY) Foreign Counterparty B Foreign Counterparty B Foreign Counterparty B S : FX spot rate (JPY/USD) X: Principal Amount
16. Cross Currency Swap Pricing At inception a cross currency basis swap is similar to two floating rate bonds priced at par. The notional principal amounts in the two currencies is set according to the spot exchange rate e.g. JPY N1 = JPYUSD.N2 The market prices a basis to keep this fundamental relationship. In the market, it is expressed in terms of spread to the benchmark rates. For example a 5 year cross currency basis swap of 3 month USD Libor flat against JPY Libor is “fair” with a spread of -42.9 basis points if USD Libor is received and a spread of -48.75 basis points is USD Libor is paid.
19. Valuation Principle Cross currency swaps requires discounting the cash flows with the discount factors of the respective currency. E.g. USD leg with USD DF and JPY leg with JPY DF. Using DF from standard curves show a profit or loss which should be non existent It is therefore required to include a spread on the less “liquid” benchmark to bring the initial PV to zero For the leg to which the basis applies, two curves are required: One to project cash flows (forward) and the other to discount cash flows (basis adjusted discount curve)
20. Bootstrapping Discount Factors and Zero Rates from Swap Rates A swap Rate is the coupon rate which the fixed side is going to pay for the par swap. The procedure to solve the discount factor from a quoted swap rate is called bootstrapping. As shown above, To solve the 2-year discount factor, we need 1 year discount factor. To solve 6-year discount factor, we need 1 year, 2 year, 3 year, 4 year, 5 year discount factors. Thus we have to go step by step to solve the discount factors. *Par coupon adjusted for intra-currency basis for most cross currency swaps e.g JPY
21. Basis Adjusted Discount Curve Objective: Incorporate the cross currency basis spread into the valuation method to be consistent with the market. Sm the market quoted fair cross currency spread for maturity Tmon top of the floating rate for the given currency relative to chosen liquidity preference i.e. USD Libor The fact that Sm is the fair spread is equivalent to a floating rate bond with maturity Tm in the given currency which pays Libor plus or minus a spread Sm valued to par. DF* is the basis adjusted discount factor to ensure that the floater is at par. It is obtained by recursive bootstrapping as in the formula: The discount Factors DF* are used for discounting any fixed or floating cash flows in a cross currency swaps. The valuation is thus consistent with the cross currency quotes provided by dealers. See following slides for excel prove-out and comparison with BBG screens.
22. JPY Basis Adjusted Discount Curve *Flat interpolation for currency basis ** Mid point used for all market rates
28. Basis Adjusted Curve vs. FX Forwards The large difference in valuation shows that forwards quoted by the market do not fully incorporate the CIP. Therefore, the valuation of CCS using this method is unsatisfactory! The valuation methodology for one and same cash flow should not depend on the type of originating trade for that cash flow. E.g USD or JPY Evaluating cross currency swap requires discounting the cash flows with the discount factors for the respective currency. In the basis adjusted curve approach, we must use TWO discount curves: one for projecting cash flows and the other for discounting all cash flows.
30. Eurodollar FRN CBA issued 1.6bln FRN in the eurodollar market on 3/17/2011 to obtain domestic funding through swap-covered borrowing. It was issued at par with a floating coupon referenced to the 3 month Libor + 73 basis points. The quoted margin of FRN issued by other AA Banks and financial institutions issued in 2011 with similar maturity ranges from 38 bps to 145 basis points.
31. Cross Currency Swap The cash flows are swapped; CBA exchanges the principal at the onset of the trade receiving AUD. Throughout the life of the swap, CBA receives Libor Flat and pays quarterly cash flows referenced to the bank bill swap rate (BBSW). The principal flow is reversed at maturity. SWPM solves for the cross currency swap spread which represents what the issuer pays as a margin over the bank bill swap rate in the AUD domestic market. Libor +73 bps converts into BBSW + 97.45 bps. Note that for floating for floating swap, because the respective currency NPVs of each side of the swap remain unchanged as swap curve shifts, changes in the value corresponds ONLY to changes in the basis (BR01).
32. Achieving covered “Bargain” AUD Domestic FRN vs. Eurodollar FRN Comparing the spread resulting from the swap covered FRN and an outright FRN issued by CBA in the domestic market at the end of 2010, we can see that the difference is about 7 basis points at issuance. -> Research from BIS show that savings between 4 and 18 basis points can be gained through opportunistic foreign currency bond issuance among major currencies.
33. Eurodollar Fixed Rate Bond The swap covered issuance in USD through a fixed rate bond issued by CBA in the eurodollar market. The coupon is 25bps higher than that of equivalent eurodollar issues (par yield of fair market curve {C1525Y index} is ≈3% at the time of issuance).
34. USD/AUD Cross Currency Swap Bond Fixed Equivalent rate in AUD The fixed to fixed swap is akin to a bundle of two fixed rate bonds. The two back to back “bonds” are exchanged and have equivalent NPVs when valued in a common currency. For fix-to-fix swaps, since the interest payments are locked in at initiation, changes in the value reflect changes in the IR curve as well as the cross currency basis. The fixed equivalent rate in AUD is 6.81%. When compared to the average yield of AUD AA rated bond at the time of issuance of 6.87% (see FMC 358 C3585Y index HP) the advantage is 6bps.
35. Offshore Fixed Rate bond vs Domestic Fixed Rate bondAUD AA Domestic 5 Year FMC Rate
36. AUD vs. USD Swap Covered Arbitrage (Recap) These calculations are based on the AUD basis (see previous presentation for methodology). The process help Aussie issuers identify the cheapest funding opportunity between Eurodollar and domestic markets. Based on our calculations, CBA’s bonds in USD provides a lower cost of funding in both the fixed rate and floating rate euro-dollar markets than in the domestic market; the cost saving is greater in the FRN (7.15bps) than in the Fixed Rate market. (6bps) . Summary The difference in funding cost between the USD and AUD reflects the arbitrage opportunity “covered bargain” arising from the departure of the FX market from the covered interest parity “CIP” . It is measured by the basis which reflects the credit spread differential that exists between Australian and offshore issuers in both AUD (Aussie domestic vs. kangaroo) and USD (Eurodollar vs. US domestic).
37. Investor Arbitrage : Dim Sum vs. US Dollar Limited opportunities due to lack of liquidity of CNH CCS market Choice between dim sum and US Dollar bonds depends more on investors’ view on RMB appreciation. Can apply cross currency yield calculator YAX <go> (Theoretical and based on forward rate in CNH but sufficient to identify higher yielding bond amongst US dollar and dim sum bonds. Comparison of two bonds from the same issuer – Evergrande- with both USD and Synthetic RMB Bonds O/S.
42. Summary of Evergrande’s Yield Difference These calculations are theoretical and based on the forward rate in CNH. The process help investors identify the higher yielding bond amongst US Dollar and Dim Sum Bonds. Based on our calculations, Evergrande’s RMB bonds 2015 provides a higher yield than the RMB 2014 which reflects the difference in duration of the bonds (150bps) The difference between the yield in the RMB and USD reflects the market expectations of the RMB appreciation at the time of issuance.
43.
44. During the holding period, the investor pays the swap counterparty all the coupon cashflows and receives Libor + spread in return.
45. Reduces interest rate and currency exposure – Separates interest and currency risk which allows views on credit quality more clearly. In the event of default, the swap does not terminate.
Editor's Notes
There are numerous types of cross-currency swap contracts, among which the most widely used in recent years is a type of contract named the cross-currency basis swap. A typical cross-currency basis swap (hereafter “currency swap”) agreement is a contract in which Japanese banks borrow U.S. dollars (USD) from, and lend yen (JPY) to, non-Japanese banks simultaneously. The figure illustrates the flow of funds associated with this currency swap. At the start of the contract, bank A (a Japanese bank) borrows X USD from, and lends X× S JPY to, bank B (a non-Japanese bank), where S is the FX spot rate at the time of contract. During the contract term, bank A receives JPY 3M LIBOR+α from, and pays USD 3M LIBOR to, bank B every three months. When the contract expires, bank A returns X USD to bank B, and bank B returns X× S JPY to bank A.At the start of the contract, both banks decide α , which is the price of the basis swap. In other words, bank A (B) borrows foreign currency by putting up its home currency as collateral, and hence this swap is effectively a collateralised contract.