The document discusses various types of interest rate swaps and how to value them. It begins by explaining how the standard approach values plain vanilla interest rate and currency swaps by assuming forward rates will be realized. It then describes how this approach can also value swaps with variations like different payment frequencies or floating rates. More complex swaps like LIBOR-in-arrears, CMS, differential, and equity swaps require adjustments to the standard approach for accurate valuation. The document also discusses swaps with embedded options and other unique types of swaps.

1. Chapter 32
Swaps Revisited
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 1

2. Valuation of Swaps
The standard approach is to assume that
forward rates will be realized
This works for plain vanilla interest rate and
plain vanilla currency swaps, but does not
necessarily work for non-standard swaps
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 2

3. Variations on Vanilla Interest Rate
Swaps
Principal different on two sides
Payment frequency different on two sides
Can be floating-for-floating instead of floating-for-
fixed
It is still correct to assume that forward rates are
realized
How should a swap exchanging the 3-month
LIBOR for 3-month CP rate be valued?
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 3

4. Compounding Swaps (Business Snapshot
32.2, page 735)
Interest is compounded instead of being paid
Example: the fixed side is 6% compounded
forward at 6.3% while the floating side is LIBOR
plus 20 bps compounded forward at LIBOR plus
10 bps.
This type of compounding swap can be valued
(approximately) using the “assume forward rates
are realized” rule.
Approximation is exact if spread over LIBOR for
compounding is zero
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 4

5. Currency Swaps
In theory, a swap where LIBOR in one
currency is exchanged for LIBOR in another
currency is worth zero
In practice it is sometimes the case that
LIBOR in currency A is exchanged for LIBOR
plus a spread in currency B
This necessitates a small adjustment to the
“assume forward LIBOR rate are realized”
rule
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 5

6. More Complex Swaps
LIBOR-in-arrears swaps
CMS and CMT swaps
Differential swaps
These cannot be accurately valued by
assuming that forward rates will be realized
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 6

7. LIBOR-in Arrears Swap (Equation 32.1,
page 738)
Rate is observed at time ti and paid at time ti rather
than time ti+1
It is necessary to make a convexity adjustment to
each forward rate underlying the swap
Suppose that Fi is the forward rate between time ti
and ti+1 and i is its volatility
We should increase Fi by
Fi 2 2
i(ti 1 ti )ti
1 Fi i
when valuing a LIBOR-in-arrears swap
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 7

8. CMS swaps
Swap rate observed at time ti is paid at time
ti+1
We must
make a convexity adjustment because payments
are swap rates (= yield on a par yield bond)
Make a timing adjustment because payments are
made at time ti+1 not ti
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 8

9. Differential Swaps
Rate is observed in currency Y and applied to
a principal in currency X
We must make a quanto adjustment to the
rate
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 9

10. Equity Swaps (page 740-741)
Total return on an equity index is exchanged
periodically for a fixed or floating return
When the return on an equity index is
exchanged for LIBOR the value of the swap
is always zero immediately after a payment.
This can be used to value the swap at other
times.
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 10

11. Swaps with Embedded Options
(page 742-744)
Accrual swaps
Cancelable swaps
Cancelable compounding swaps
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 11

12. Other Swaps (page 744-745)
Indexed principal swap
Commodity swap
Volatility swap
Bizarre deals (for example, the P&G 5/30
swap in Business Snapshot 32.4 on page
733)
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 8th Edition,
Copyright © John C. Hull 2012 12