This document discusses interest rate parity theory. It begins by defining spot and forward rates. Spot rates are prices for immediate settlement, while forward rates refer to rates for future currency delivery adjusted for cost of carry. Interest rate parity theory states that interest rate differentials between currencies will be reflected in forward premiums or discounts. The theory prevents arbitrage opportunities by making returns equal whether investing domestically or abroad when measured in the home currency. The document provides an example of covered and uncovered interest rate parity. Covered parity involves hedging exchange rate risk while uncovered parity does not. Empirical evidence shows uncovered parity often fails while covered parity generally holds for major currencies over short time horizons.
Factor Affecting exchange rate and Theories of exchange rate Jatin Goyal
It explains the following topics
Factor Affecting the exchange rate
CURRENCY DEPRECIATION VS.CURRENCY APPRECIATION
Foreign exchange
Theories of exchange rate
Discussion on Fisher's Theory and it's effect on money supply.
The Fisher effect is an economic theory that describes the relationship between inflation and both real and nominal interest rates. The Fisher effect states that the real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate.
Visit us on www.norrenberger.com for more insight.
Factor Affecting exchange rate and Theories of exchange rate Jatin Goyal
It explains the following topics
Factor Affecting the exchange rate
CURRENCY DEPRECIATION VS.CURRENCY APPRECIATION
Foreign exchange
Theories of exchange rate
Discussion on Fisher's Theory and it's effect on money supply.
The Fisher effect is an economic theory that describes the relationship between inflation and both real and nominal interest rates. The Fisher effect states that the real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate.
Visit us on www.norrenberger.com for more insight.
Used for MBA professional accounting class room presentation and it includes FASB rules and forex currency dealings details for purchase and sale of goods and services with foreign party.
Management of funds is a critical aspect of financial management. Management of funds acts as the foremost concern whether it is in a business undertaking or in an educational institution. Financial management, which is simply meant dealing with management of money matters.
Financial Management is efficient use of economic resources namely capital funds. Financial management is concerned with the managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of short term and long term credits for the firm. Here it deals with the situations that require selection of specific assets, or a combination of assets and the selection of specific problem of size and growth of an enterprise. Herein the analysis deals with the expected inflows and outflows of funds and their effect on managerial objectives. In short, Financial Management deals with Procurement of funds and their effective utilization in the business.Management of funds is a critical aspect of financial management. Management of funds acts as the foremost concern whether it is in a business undertaking or in an educational institution. Financial management, which is simply meant dealing with management of money matters.
Financial Management is efficient use of economic resources namely capital funds. Financial management is concerned with the managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of short term and long term credits for the firm. Here it deals with the situations that require selection of specific assets, or a combination of assets and the selection of specific problem of size and growth of an enterprise. Herein the analysis deals with the expected inflows and outflows of funds and their effect on managerial objectives. In short, Financial Management deals with Procurement of funds and their effective utilization in the business.
Management of funds is a critical aspect of financial management. Management of funds acts as the foremost concern whether it is in a business undertaking or in an educational institution. Financial management, which is simply meant dealing with management of money matters.
Financial Management is efficient use of economic resources namely capital funds. Financial management is concerned with the managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of short term and long term credits for the firm. Here it deals with the situations that require selection of specific assets, or a combination of assets and the selection of specific problem of size and growth of an enterprise. Herein the analysis deals with the expected inflows and outflows of funds and their effect on managerial objectives. In short, Financial Management deals with Procurement of funds and their effective utilization in the business.
Management of funds is a critical aspect of financial management. Management of funds acts as the foremost concern whether it is in a business undertaking or in an educational institution. Financial management, Management of fund
This ppt covers Foreign exchange rate Fluctuation in this the topics covered are Appreciation (or strengthening) of a currency, Spot transaction-Spot rate, forward market, forward transaction, currency option, currency swap, Exposure, Transaction exposure, forward exchange contract, Accounting treatment of forward contract
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
The Foreign Exchange, also referred to as the "Forex" or "Spot FX" market, is the largest financial market in the world, with over $1.2 trillion changing hands every single day. This paper is about trading and managing risk in that fast moving market.
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how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
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The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
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The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
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• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
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Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
3. Spot rate:
The price quoted for immediate settlement on
a commodity, a security or a currency.
based on the value of an asset at the
moment of the quote.
value is in turn based on how much buyers
are willing to pay and how much sellers are
willing to accept, with certain determining
factors.
4. Spot rate
Other names:
“benchmark rate,” “straightforward rate” or
“outright rate.”
Sources providing spot rate info:
A number of sources, including Bloomberg,
Morningstar, Thomson Reuters etc.
5. Some terms…
Spot settlement: the transfer of funds that
completes a spot transaction,
Spot date: the day when settlement
occurs.
6. Forward rate
A rate applicable to a financial transaction
that will take place in the future.
Forward rates are based on the spot rate,
adjusted for the cost of carry and refer to the
rate that will be used to deliver a currency,
bond or commodity at some future time.
7. Forward Premium And Forward
Discount
A Forward Premium is the proportion by
which a country's forward exchange rate
exceeds its spot rate.
A Forward Discount is an indication by the
market that the current domestic
exchange rate is going to depreciate in
value against another currency.
8. Interest Rate Parity
Interest Rate Parity (IRP) theory is used to analyze the
relationship between the spot rate and corresponding
forward (future) rate of currencies.
The IPR theory states interest rate differentials between
two different currencies will be reflected in the premium
or discount for the forward exchange rate .
The theory further states size of the forward premium or
discount on a foreign currency should be equal to the
interest rate differentials between the countries in
comparison.
9. Arbitrage
By purchasing a foreign currency and
depositing it abroad, investors can
effectively capitalize on the difference in
interest rates.
Arbitrage can be of two types:
Covered interest rate arbitrage
Uncovered interest rate arbitrage
10. Illustration:
Interest rate: 5% (US) 8%(UK)
Spot rate: £=$1.50
Forward rate: £=$1.48
Borrow $1 million and capitalize the difference in
interest rates.
Solution:
step1: borrow in USD for 1 year @5%
Step2: convert $1million in £ at prevailing rate.(666,667)
Step3: invest 666,667 in UK @8% for 1 year(53,334)
Step4: sell your £ proceeds after 1 year @$1.48/£
11. i.e. 720,000*1.48 =$1,065,600
Step5: return $1 million and the residual income is the
outcome of your interest rate arbitrage.
Hence, $(1,065,600-1,000,000)
=$65600
12. UTILITY of the theory
Two methods an investor may take to convert foreign
currency into U.S. Dollar
Option A would be to invest the foreign currency
locally at the foreign risk-free rate for a specific time
period. The investor would then simultaneously enter
into a forward rate agreement to convert the
proceeds from the investment into U.S. dollars, using
a forward exchange rate, at the end of the investing
period.
Option B would be to convert the foreign currency to
U.S. dollars at the spot exchange rate, then invest the
dollars for the same amount of time as in option A, at
the local (U.S.) risk-free rate.
13. Illustration:
For our illustration purpose consider investing €
1000 for 1 year.
We'll consider two investment cases viz:
Case I: Domestic Investment
In the U.S.A., consider the spot exchange rate
of $1.2245/€ 1.
So we can exchange our € 1000 @ $1.2245 =
$1224.50
Now we can invest $1224.50 @ 3.0% for 1 year
which yields $1261.79 at the end of the year.
14. Case II: Foreign Investment
Likewise we can invest € 1000 in a foreign
European market, say at the rate of 5.0% for 1
year.
But we buy forward 1 year to lock in the future
exchange rate at
$1.20025/€ 1 since we need to convert our € 1000
back to the domestic currency, i.e. the U.S. Dollar.
So € 1000 @ of 5.0% for 1 year = € 1051.27
Then we can convert € 1051.27 @ $1.20025 =
$1261.79
Thus, in the absence of arbitrage, the Return on
Investment (RoI) is same regardless of our choice
of investment method.
15. Types of IRP
Covered Interest Rate Parity (CIRP)
Covered interest rate theory holds that interest rate
differentials between two countries are offset by the
spot/forward currency premiums as otherwise investors
could earn a pure arbitrage profit.
16. Example
Assume Google Inc., the U.S. based multi-national company,
needs to pay it's European employees in Euro in a month's
time.
Google Inc. can achieve this in several ways viz:
Buy Euro forward 30 days to lock in the exchange rate. Then
Google can invest in dollars for 30 days until it must convert
dollars to Euro in a month. This is called covering because
now Google Inc. has no exchange rate fluctuation risk.
Convert dollars to Euro today at spot exchange rate. Invest
Euro in a European bond (in Euro) for 30 days (equivalently
loan out Euro for 30 days) then pay it's obligation in Euro at
the end of the month.
Under this model Google Inc. is sure of the interest rate that it
will earn, so it may convert fewer dollars to Euro today as it's
Euro will grow via interest earned.
This is also called covering because by converting dollars to
Euro at the spot, the risk of exchange rate fluctuation is
eliminated.
17. Uncovered Interest Rate
Uncovered Interest Rate theory states that
expected appreciation (depreciation) of a
currency is offset by lower (higher) interest.
the other method that Google Inc. can
implement is:
Google Inc. can also invest the money in
dollars today and change it for Euro at the
end of the month.
This method is uncovered because the
exchange rate risks persist in this transanction
18. Comparison
Recent empirical research has identified that
uncovered interest rate parity does not hold,
although violations are not as large as
previously thought and seems to be currency
rather than time horizon dependent.
In contrast, covered interest rate parity is well
established in recent decades amongst the
OECD economies for short-term instruments.
Any apparent deviations are credited to
transaction costs.
19. Implications of the theory
If IRP theory holds then arbitrage in not possible. No matter whether an
investor invests in domestic country or foreign country, the rate of return
will be the same as if an investor invested in the home country when
measured in domestic currency.
If domestic interest rates are less than foreign interest rates, foreign
currency must trade at a forward discount to offset any benefit of
higher interest rates in foreign country to prevent arbitrage.
If foreign currency does not trade at a forward discount or if the forward
discount is not large enough to offset the interest rate advantage of
foreign country, arbitrage opportunity exists for domestic investors. So
domestic investors can benefit by investing in the foreign market.
If domestic interest rates are more than foreign interest rates, foreign
currency must trade at a forward premium to offset any benefit of
higher interest rates in domestic country to prevent arbitrage.
If foreign currency does not trade at a forward premium or if the
forward premium is not large enough to offset the interest rate
advantage of domestic country, arbitrage opportunity exists for foreign
investors. So foreign investors can benefit by investing in the domestic
market.
20. Interest rate parity is fundamental knowledge
for traders of foreign currencies. In order to
fully understand the two kinds of interest rate
parity, however,
the trader must first grasp the basics of
forward exchange rates and hedging
strategies. Armed with this knowledge,
the forex trader will then be able to use
interest rate differentials to his or her
advantage.
21. Limitations
In recent years the interest rate parity
model has shown little proof of working.
In many cases, countries with higher
interest rates often experience it's
currency appreciate due to higher
demands and higher yields and has
nothing to do with risk-less arbitrage.
Editor's Notes
IR Vary between countries based on their economic health, which creates an opportunity for investors