The document discusses the cerebral cortex. Key points include:
- The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of gray matter covering the cerebral hemispheres. It accommodates an enormous number of neurons through its large surface area of gyri and sulci.
- The cortex has a total surface area of 2,200 cm2 and contains 10-15 billion neurons and 50 billion glial cells. It is organized into six layers and different cortical areas.
- The cortex receives sensory input from the thalamus and other subcortical structures and projects output to various brain regions. It is involved in functions like sensory processing, motor control, and higher cognition.
Basics of Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology is an essential tool in management of patients with neurological and neurosurgical disorders. The aim of this presentation will be to acquaint the reader to understand how images are formed on a computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with a review of the relevant neuroanatomy. This understanding will be helpful to the reader in interpretation of images and diagnosis of various neurological disorders.
A Radiological Approach to CraniosynostosisFelice D'Arco
Presentation Summary: Normal Cranial Development (Anatomy and Genetic), Imaging Technique (how to do 3D CT, when to do MRI, why to do not do Plain Film), Imaging Patterns of Craniosynostosis, Associated Complications, Pitfalls.
Basics of Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology is an essential tool in management of patients with neurological and neurosurgical disorders. The aim of this presentation will be to acquaint the reader to understand how images are formed on a computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with a review of the relevant neuroanatomy. This understanding will be helpful to the reader in interpretation of images and diagnosis of various neurological disorders.
A Radiological Approach to CraniosynostosisFelice D'Arco
Presentation Summary: Normal Cranial Development (Anatomy and Genetic), Imaging Technique (how to do 3D CT, when to do MRI, why to do not do Plain Film), Imaging Patterns of Craniosynostosis, Associated Complications, Pitfalls.
Anteriorly bordered by the lamina terminalis, with the anterior commissure above and the optic chiasm below.
Posteriorly bordered by interpeduncular fossa.
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The origins of the endoneurial collagen of peripheral nerves and their roots have
not yet been determined. Ochoa (1976) has recently commented upon the presence
of collagen in endoneurial clefts some weeks before the earliest appearance of endoneurial
fibroblasts and consequently attributed collagen production to the immediately
adjacent Schwann cells. The occurrence of collagen in 'pockets' invaginated
into the Schwann cells of unmyelinated fibres (Gamble, 1964) was interpreted as
showing a tendency in such cells to enwrap any suitably sized and orientated structure,
but Thomas (1973) thought the phenomenon more probably indicative of a
capacity of Schwann cells to replace degenerated axons with newly formed collagen.
It was remarked also (Ochoa, 1971) that although collagen pockets may be quite
numerous in young adult human nerves they had not appeared in the sural nerve of
a human fetus of 18 weeks of intrauterine life, i.e. at a stage of development when Schwann cells are extremely active in the establishment of complex interrelationships with unmyelinated axons. In the course of work directed to the study of the development of the human trochlear nerve some observations have been made which are pertinent to the problem of the origin of the endoneurial collagen. They are reported and discussed below.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. CerebralCerebral
CortexCortex
Won Taek LeeWon Taek Lee,, M.D. Ph.DM.D. Ph.D..
Department of Anatomy,Department of Anatomy,
Yonsei University College of MedicineYonsei University College of Medicine
2. The layer of gray matter coveringThe layer of gray matter covering
the entire surface of cerebral hemispherethe entire surface of cerebral hemisphere
Migration of neurons from inner mantle layer ofMigration of neurons from inner mantle layer of
neural tubeneural tube
Accommodates enormous number of neuronsAccommodates enormous number of neurons
-- Large surface areaLarge surface area accommodatesaccommodates
more neurons than deep nucleimore neurons than deep nuclei
-- Gyri and sulciGyri and sulci also increase surface areaalso increase surface area
-- Laminar organizationLaminar organization also accommodatesalso accommodates
enormous number of neuronsenormous number of neurons
Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
3. Numerical DataNumerical Data
Total surface areaTotal surface area: 2200 cm: 2200 cm22
(2.5 ft(2.5 ft22
))
about 1/3 ------ surface areaabout 1/3 ------ surface area
about 2/3 ------ hidden in the sulciabout 2/3 ------ hidden in the sulci
ThicknessThickness: 1.5 mm (V I) - 4.5 mm (M I): 1.5 mm (V I) - 4.5 mm (M I)
Generally, thickest over the crest of the convolutionGenerally, thickest over the crest of the convolution
and, thinnest in the depth of sulciand, thinnest in the depth of sulci
WeightWeight: 600 gm (40 % of total brain weight): 600 gm (40 % of total brain weight)
180 gm --------- neurons180 gm --------- neurons
420 gm --------- glial cells420 gm --------- glial cells
CerebralCerebral CortexCortex
4. Numerical DataNumerical Data
Number of neuronal cells in cerebral cortexNumber of neuronal cells in cerebral cortex
neurons -----------neurons ----------- 10-15 billion10-15 billion
glial cells ----------glial cells ---------- 50 billion50 billion
Estimation of number of cortical neuronsEstimation of number of cortical neurons
von Economo and Koskinas (1925)von Economo and Koskinas (1925) 14.0 billion14.0 billion
Shariff (1953)Shariff (1953) 6.9 billion6.9 billion
Sholl (1956)Sholl (1956) 5.0 billion5.0 billion
Pakkenberg (1966)Pakkenberg (1966) 2.6 billion2.6 billion
CerebralCerebral CortexCortex
9. I.I. Molecular LayerMolecular Layer
II.II. External Granular LayerExternal Granular Layer
III.III. External Pyramidal LayerExternal Pyramidal Layer
Line of Kaes-BechterewLine of Kaes-Bechterew
IV.IV. Internal Granular LayerInternal Granular Layer
Outer band of BaillargerOuter band of Baillarger
- Line of Gennari- Line of Gennari in area 17in area 17
V.V. Internal Pyramidal LayerInternal Pyramidal Layer
Giant pyramidal cell of BetzGiant pyramidal cell of Betz
Inner Band of BaillargerInner Band of Baillarger
VI.VI. Polymorphic LayerPolymorphic Layer
GolgiGolgi NisslNissl WeigertWeigert
10. 1. corticocortical fiber1. corticocortical fiber
association fiberassociation fiber
commissural fibercommissural fiber
2. thalamocortical fiber2. thalamocortical fiber - specific and non-specific- specific and non-specific
3. extrathalamic subcortical fiber3. extrathalamic subcortical fiber
cholinergic fiber - acetylcholinecholinergic fiber - acetylcholine
basal nucleus of Meynertbasal nucleus of Meynert
mesolimbic dopaminergic fiber - dopaminemesolimbic dopaminergic fiber - dopamine
ventral tegmental areaventral tegmental area
serotonergic fiber – serotonine - raphe nucleiserotonergic fiber – serotonine - raphe nuclei
norepinephrinergic fiber - norepinephrinenorepinephrinergic fiber - norepinephrine
nucleus locus ceruleusnucleus locus ceruleus
Cortical Afferent FiberCortical Afferent Fiber
11. Cortical Afferent FiberCortical Afferent Fiber
1. association fiber1. association fiber
2. commissural fiber2. commissural fiber
3. specific3. specific
thalamocortical fiberthalamocortical fiber
4. non-specific4. non-specific
thalamocortical fiberthalamocortical fiber
14. A.A. pyramidal neuronpyramidal neuron
B. excitatoryB. excitatory
granular cellgranular cell
C.C. inhibitoryinhibitory
granular cellgranular cell
1.1. afferentafferent fiberfiber
2.2. efferent fiberefferent fiber
3.3. corticothalamic fibercorticothalamic fiber
Columnar Cortical Unit and Cortical CircuitaryColumnar Cortical Unit and Cortical Circuitary
15. A.A. Homotypical isocortexHomotypical isocortex
-------------- association cortexassociation cortex
B. Heterotypical isocortexB. Heterotypical isocortex
1. granular cortex1. granular cortex
------ primary sensory cortexprimary sensory cortex
V I (17), S I (3), A I (41)V I (17), S I (3), A I (41)
2. agranular cortex2. agranular cortex
------ motor cortexmotor cortex
M I (4), PM (6)M I (4), PM (6)
Regional Variation of Cortical LaminationRegional Variation of Cortical Lamination
18. Phrenology of Gall and SpurzheimPhrenology of Gall and Spurzheim
Clinical evidencesClinical evidences
Broca’s area (1861)Broca’s area (1861)
Jacksonian epilepsy (1864)Jacksonian epilepsy (1864)
Experimental evidencesExperimental evidences
Fritsch and Hitzig (1870) --- motor cortexFritsch and Hitzig (1870) --- motor cortex
von Gudden (1870) ---- visual cortexvon Gudden (1870) ---- visual cortex
Ferrier (1873) ---- auditory cortexFerrier (1873) ---- auditory cortex
Functional Localization of Cerebral CortexFunctional Localization of Cerebral Cortex
21. based on cytoarchitectonic studiesbased on cytoarchitectonic studies
Campbell (1905) --------Campbell (1905) -------- about 20 areasabout 20 areas
Brodmann (1909) ------Brodmann (1909) ------ 47 areas47 areas
- most popular- most popular
Vogt and Vogt (1919) -Vogt and Vogt (1919) - over 200 areasover 200 areas
von Economo (1929) --von Economo (1929) -- 109 areas109 areas
Morphological Classification of Cortical AreasMorphological Classification of Cortical Areas
24. Sensory areaSensory area
primary sensory areaprimary sensory area
secondary sensory areasecondary sensory area
Motor areaMotor area
primary motor areaprimary motor area
secondary motor areasecondary motor area
supplementary motor areasupplementary motor area
Association areaAssociation area
parietal, occipital and temporal cortexparietal, occipital and temporal cortex
- conceptual elaboration of sensory data- conceptual elaboration of sensory data
prefrontal (frontal) cortexprefrontal (frontal) cortex
- judgement, foresight- judgement, foresight
Functional Localization of Cerebral CortexFunctional Localization of Cerebral Cortex
25. Somesthetic Area (Somesthesia)Somesthetic Area (Somesthesia) S I, S IIS I, S II
Visual Area (vision)Visual Area (vision) V I, V IIV I, V II
Auditory Area (Hearing)Auditory Area (Hearing) A I, A IIA I, A II
Vestibular Area (Equilibrium)Vestibular Area (Equilibrium)
Gustatory Area (Taste)Gustatory Area (Taste)
Olfactory Area (Smell)Olfactory Area (Smell)
Sensory AreasSensory Areas
26. S IS I ----- 3, 1, 2 (postcentral gyrus)----- 3, 1, 2 (postcentral gyrus)
afferernts: ventrobasal complex (VPLc, VPM)afferernts: ventrobasal complex (VPLc, VPM)
discrimination of position and intensity of sensationdiscrimination of position and intensity of sensation
S IIS II ---- superior bank of lateral fissure---- superior bank of lateral fissure
no clinical disordersno clinical disorders
Somesthetic Association CortexSomesthetic Association Cortex
------- 5, 7 (parietal lobule, precuneus)------- 5, 7 (parietal lobule, precuneus)
afferents: S I, LP of thalamusafferents: S I, LP of thalamus
integration of geneal sensation with past experienceintegration of geneal sensation with past experience
tactile agnosia, astereognosistactile agnosia, astereognosis
Somesthetic AreaSomesthetic Area
30. V I -----V I ----- 17 (striate cortex - line of Gennari)17 (striate cortex - line of Gennari)
greatly thickened outer band of Baillargergreatly thickened outer band of Baillarger
heterotypical isocortexheterotypical isocortex
afferent: LGd of thalamusafferent: LGd of thalamus
visual field defect:visual field defect:
homonymous quadranopsia and macular sparinghomonymous quadranopsia and macular sparing
V II ----V II ---- 18, 19 (visual association area)18, 19 (visual association area)
afferents: V I, pulvinar of thalamusafferents: V I, pulvinar of thalamus
integration of vision with past experienceintegration of vision with past experience
visual agnosiavisual agnosia
cf. occipital eye fieldcf. occipital eye field
Visual CortexVisual Cortex
33. A I -----A I ----- 41, 42 (trannsverse temporal gyrus of Heschl)41, 42 (trannsverse temporal gyrus of Heschl)
heterotypical isocortexheterotypical isocortex
afferents: MGv of thalamus - core projectionafferents: MGv of thalamus - core projection
slight diminution in auditory acuityslight diminution in auditory acuity
A II ----A II ---- 22 (Wernike's area of original connotaion)22 (Wernike's area of original connotaion)
not well-definednot well-defined
afferents: non-laminar part (MGm, MGd) – belt projectionafferents: non-laminar part (MGm, MGd) – belt projection
A IA I
auditory agnosia - sensory aphasiaauditory agnosia - sensory aphasia
Auditory CortexAuditory Cortex
36. Vestibular AreaVestibular Area
Area 3a and 2v of S IArea 3a and 2v of S I
afferents: VPLoafferents: VPLo
[superior temporal gyrus anterior to A I][superior temporal gyrus anterior to A I]
Gustatory AreaGustatory Area
Area 43 (inferior end of postcentral gyrus)Area 43 (inferior end of postcentral gyrus)
afferents: VPMpcafferents: VPMpc
Olfactory AreaOlfactory Area
Piriform Lobe - Limbic SystemPiriform Lobe - Limbic System
Other Primary Sensory AreasOther Primary Sensory Areas
37.
38. primary Motor Area (M I)primary Motor Area (M I)
Premotor Area (PM)Premotor Area (PM)
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Frontal Eye FieldFrontal Eye Field
Motor AreasMotor Areas
40. M I ------- 4M I ------- 4
precentral gyrus of lateral surfaceprecentral gyrus of lateral surface
anterior part of paracentral lobuleanterior part of paracentral lobule
heterotypical agranular cortexheterotypical agranular cortex
giant pyramidal cell of Betzgiant pyramidal cell of Betz
afferents: premotor area, SMA, S Iafferents: premotor area, SMA, S I
VLc, VPLo of thalamusVLc, VPLo of thalamus
Motor HomunculusMotor Homunculus
Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) syndromeUpper Motor Neuron (UMN) syndrome
Primary Motor AreaPrimary Motor Area
41. Premotor Area (PM) ------Premotor Area (PM) ------ lateral surface of 6lateral surface of 6
afferents: VLc, VPLo of thalamus from cerebellumafferents: VLc, VPLo of thalamus from cerebellum
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
---------------------------------------------------- medial surface of 6medial surface of 6
afferents: VLo, Vapc of thalamus from basal gangliaafferents: VLo, Vapc of thalamus from basal ganglia
Frontal Eye Field ----------Frontal Eye Field ---------- 88
voluntary tracking movementvoluntary tracking movement
Other Motor AreasOther Motor Areas
42. Brodman’s Map of Motor and Sensory AreasBrodman’s Map of Motor and Sensory Areas
43. Language Areas ----- 22, 39, 40, 44, 45Language Areas ----- 22, 39, 40, 44, 45
Posterior Parietal Association AreaPosterior Parietal Association Area
------------ 5, 75, 7 (39, 40)(39, 40)
body imagebody image
Temporal Association AreaTemporal Association Area
------------ 20, 21, 37,20, 21, 37, 3838 (22)(22)
multisensory integration, conceptual ideationmultisensory integration, conceptual ideation
Prefrontal Association AreaPrefrontal Association Area
---------- 9, 10, 11, 12, 46, 479, 10, 11, 12, 46, 47 (44, 45)(44, 45)
judgement, foresight, personalityjudgement, foresight, personality
Association AreasAssociation Areas
44. Order of Cortical MaturationOrder of Cortical Maturation
11
2233
33
33
22
11
11
45. AgnosiaAgnosia
Tactile agnosiaTactile agnosia
Visual agnosiaVisual agnosia
AlexiaAlexia
Auditory agnosiaAuditory agnosia
ApraxiaApraxia
AphasiaAphasia
Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasiaWernicke’s (receptive) aphasia
Broca’s (Motor) aphasiaBroca’s (Motor) aphasia
conduction aphasiaconduction aphasia
global aphasiaglobal aphasia
Disorders of Association CortexDisorders of Association Cortex
46. ApraxiaApraxia
The inability to execute a voluntary motor movement despiteThe inability to execute a voluntary motor movement despite
being able to demonstrate normal muscle function.being able to demonstrate normal muscle function.
47. Sensory Language Area (Wernike's area) ----Sensory Language Area (Wernike's area) ---- 22, 39, 4022, 39, 40
ReceptiveReceptive AphasiaAphasia -- area 22area 22
defect in comprehension, good spontaneous speechdefect in comprehension, good spontaneous speech
AnomicAnomic AphasiaAphasia -- word finding difficultyword finding difficulty
JargonJargon aphasiaaphasia -- fluent, but unintelligiable jargonfluent, but unintelligiable jargon
39 (supramarginal gyrus), 40 (angular gyrus)39 (supramarginal gyrus), 40 (angular gyrus)
Superior Longitudinal FasciculusSuperior Longitudinal Fasciculus
ConductionConduction AphasiaAphasia
good comprehension, good spontaneous speechgood comprehension, good spontaneous speech
poor repetition, poor responsepoor repetition, poor response
Motor Language Area (Broca’s area) --- 44, 45Motor Language Area (Broca’s area) --- 44, 45
MotorMotor ApahsiaApahsia
good comprehension, no speechgood comprehension, no speech
Language AreasLanguage Areas
49. Photograph of the brainPhotograph of the brain
of Paul Broca’s patientof Paul Broca’s patient
called “Tan” (real namecalled “Tan” (real name
is Leborgne).is Leborgne).
Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area
Pars triangularis andPars triangularis and
pars opercularis of thepars opercularis of the
inferior frontal gyrus ofinferior frontal gyrus of
dominant hemisphere.dominant hemisphere.
55. Roger SperryRoger Sperry
(1913-1994)(1913-1994)
1981 Nobel1981 Nobel
LaureateLaureate
Split BrainSplit Brain
CommissuratomyCommissuratomy
(split corpus callosum)(split corpus callosum)
Two minds in one brain?Two minds in one brain?
56. Frontal Granular CortexFrontal Granular Cortex
Lateral Prefrontal Association AreaLateral Prefrontal Association Area
------------ 9, 10, 469, 10, 46
judgement, foresight, problem solvingjudgement, foresight, problem solving
Orbitofrontal CortexOrbitofrontal Cortex
------------ 11, 12, 4711, 12, 47
emotion, olfaction, personalityemotion, olfaction, personality
Case ofCase of Phineas GagePhineas Gage
Prefrontal Leucotomy ofPrefrontal Leucotomy of MonizMoniz andand FreemanFreeman
Prefrontal Association AreasPrefrontal Association Areas