Cashmere fiber comes from cashmere goats found in regions like China, Mongolia, and Kashmir. It has been produced for thousands of years. Cashmere fiber is finer, softer, and warmer than ordinary wool. It has a diameter of 7-19 microns. The annual global production of cashmere is around 15,000-20,000 tons. Cashmere goes through processes like grading, washing, dehairing, and carding to produce yarn and textiles. It is used in high-end apparel, accessories, home goods, and other applications due to its soft, warm properties and moisture-wicking ability.
Two different systems are followed in wool processing, the woolen system, and the worsted system. In the woolen system, the fibers are carded and then spun It affects the processing efficiency as well as the quality of the product.This presentation has focused on wool spinning particularly woolen & worsted spinning process.
Braiding is a simple form of narrow fabric construction. A braid is a rope like thing, which is made by interweaving three or more stands, strips, or lengths in a diagonally overlapping pattern. They have good elongation characteristics and are very pliable, curving around edges nicely.
Braids are divided into two types :
1. Flat braids, in the form of strips or narrow flat
tapes.
2. Round braids, tubular in form, which may be
hollow or have a center core of some material.
Braiding are produced from any of the textile fibers (cotton, jute, nylon, glass fiber, rubber .................etc), as well as from metal threads, tinsel, straw, wire or leather.
The traditional circular braiding machine contains a series of bobbins of yarn mounted on a moving track at the bottom of the machine. The braid is produced as the bobbins move in and out around the base of the machine ,much as Maypole dancer do. Interweaving yarns by braiding produces a flexible fabric; the fabric can be stretched in one direction, but it contracts in the other.
Braided fabrics braiding is more significant for Industrial fabrics than consumer textiles. Braiding is one of the major fabrication methods for composite reinforcement structures , with increasing application of electrical wires and cables, harnesses , hopes, Industrial belts and surgical sutures. This principle of fabric construction is used for making shaped articles , such as straw hats and small rugs ;narrow fabrics , such as ribbons and braids for millinery and accessory dress materials; cords and tapes, such as fish lines, show laces, wicks, parachute cords and structural components for other industrial products.
Opening in blow room means opening into small flocks. Technological operation of opening means the volume of the flock is increased while the number of fibres remains constant
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
Two different systems are followed in wool processing, the woolen system, and the worsted system. In the woolen system, the fibers are carded and then spun It affects the processing efficiency as well as the quality of the product.This presentation has focused on wool spinning particularly woolen & worsted spinning process.
Braiding is a simple form of narrow fabric construction. A braid is a rope like thing, which is made by interweaving three or more stands, strips, or lengths in a diagonally overlapping pattern. They have good elongation characteristics and are very pliable, curving around edges nicely.
Braids are divided into two types :
1. Flat braids, in the form of strips or narrow flat
tapes.
2. Round braids, tubular in form, which may be
hollow or have a center core of some material.
Braiding are produced from any of the textile fibers (cotton, jute, nylon, glass fiber, rubber .................etc), as well as from metal threads, tinsel, straw, wire or leather.
The traditional circular braiding machine contains a series of bobbins of yarn mounted on a moving track at the bottom of the machine. The braid is produced as the bobbins move in and out around the base of the machine ,much as Maypole dancer do. Interweaving yarns by braiding produces a flexible fabric; the fabric can be stretched in one direction, but it contracts in the other.
Braided fabrics braiding is more significant for Industrial fabrics than consumer textiles. Braiding is one of the major fabrication methods for composite reinforcement structures , with increasing application of electrical wires and cables, harnesses , hopes, Industrial belts and surgical sutures. This principle of fabric construction is used for making shaped articles , such as straw hats and small rugs ;narrow fabrics , such as ribbons and braids for millinery and accessory dress materials; cords and tapes, such as fish lines, show laces, wicks, parachute cords and structural components for other industrial products.
Opening in blow room means opening into small flocks. Technological operation of opening means the volume of the flock is increased while the number of fibres remains constant
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
This power point presentation consist of slides on wool yielding animals and processing of fibres into wool. Students are supposed to read from slides 12 till end .
SILK AND SILK CENTRES IN INDIA-converted.pdfIshanRoy23
Silk is a natural protein fiber , some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colours.
Technology of finishing presentation
Topic- Finishing of Silk
VIJAY PRAKASH
TEXTILE CHEMISTRY
STUDENT COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVE
GOVERNMENT CENTRAL TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE KANPUR
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
4. Introduction
It is 8 times warmer & 3 times more
insulating than ordinary wool. Finer, lighter
and softer.
Most cashmere comes from goats in the
Gobi Desert, which stretches from Northern
China into Mongolia.
5. History
• Cashmere has been manufactured
in Mongolia, Nepal and Kashmir for thousands
of years.
• Pashmina, which comes from the Persian
word for wool.
• The name ‘Cashmere’ was in the 16th century.
• In the 18th century Cashmere goat imported
down from Tibet and Tartary through Ladakh.
6. History
• Cashmere producing areas are Himalayan region
extending east to China and west to Iran. In 19th
century.
• In 1949 there were around 2.4 million goats in
Mongolia but there were 25.8 million in 2004.
• Today, almost 3,000 tones produced annually come
from Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan and New Zealand.
10. Structure
• The fiber of cashmere is about 3.5-7 cm
(1.5-3 inches) of staple length.
• The diameter of cashmere fiber is 7-19 microns
and an average of 14 microns.
• It is of gray-brown color while raw cashmere
naturally form the goat in only three colors of
white, gray and brown.
12. Production
• 70% of world’s cashmere is produced in China.
• Outer Mongolia at 15-20%, Iran and Afghanistan
at a combined 10-15%.
• There are some small weights of cashmere
produced in the Central Asian Countries of
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, in Turkey,
India, Australia, New Zealand and Pakistan.
13. Production
• The annual world clip is estimated to be
between 15000-2000 tons in which yearly an
average goat produce 150 grams (0.33 lb).
• Kashmir goats only produce 4-6 ounces per
year.
• Goat only produce good quality cashmere
until round 4 or 5 years of age.
15. Processing
Grading:
Cashmere is collected during the
spring season when goats naturally shed their
hair.
Harvested hairs are sorted according to
quality, width and length. Short, coarser hairs
are discarded with a course of comb.
18. Processing
Washing:
It is a cleaning
process which removes
the grease, sweat and
dirt from the fiber
before being rinsed in
clean water and passes
through squeeze rolls
and dried in a hot air
chamber.
20. Processing
Carding:
Carding is a mechanical process that
parallelized, cleans and blends fibers to
produce a continuous sliver suitable for the
yarn manufacturing.
22. Properties
• Cashmere is soft, silk, smooth and
resilient and also very warm.
• The capacity of cashmere moisture
regain is up to 15%.
• It has tensile strength of 6.06-7.85
cN/tex.
• It is a normal heat resistant and is kept
under 30°C.
23. Advantages
• Moisture absorption.
• Natural fire resistant.
• Dust & bacteria prevent.
• Electric resistance.
• Good feel & is very comfortable.
• Delicate Nature. (won’t use as hardware)
• Biodegradable.
• Easy to dye.
24. Disadvantages
• Highly expensive.
• Delicate Nature. (requires lot of
maintenance)
• Easley attacked by moths.
• Pilling, if not dehaired properly.
25. Application
• Cashmere is used to make accessories such as
gloves, scarves and shawls.
• It is used in apparel like sweaters, socks,
blazers, coats, jackets and underwear.
• Coarser cashmere is used for rugs and carpets,
bedding.
• Camping and Sports Equipment
