The document discusses using piezoelectric materials embedded in the surfaces of concert halls to enhance the audience's acoustic experience and reduce construction costs. Piezoelectric speakers would replace the need for specialized hall designs by producing desired sound waves and canceling unwanted ones. A computer system could synchronize the piezoelectric materials to ensure consistent sound quality throughout the hall by accounting for sound wave interference and dampening over distance.
This document provides a case study on the acoustics of the Experimental Theatre (E.T.) at the University of Malaya. It discusses the theatre's design, measuring equipment and methodology used, acoustical analysis, and design considerations. The E.T. was constructed in 1965 and designed with influences from Brutalist architecture. Measurements of the theatre were taken using equipment like a sound meter and laser distance meter. The analysis found the theatre has a shoebox/fan shape conducive to sound reflection. The seating and stage layout supports clear sound propagation, though some seats experience sound shadows. Sound reinforcement systems were installed to amplify sound across the large space.
The document provides an analysis of the acoustic design of an auditorium (PJCC auditorium). It begins with an introduction to the site and technical drawings. It then reviews relevant acoustic concepts such as sound pressure level, sound reduction index, and reverberation time. It identifies existing sound sources in the auditorium like external noise, internal noise, and the sound reinforcement system. It discusses sound path principles and how they are applied in the auditorium design through elements like the balcony, walls, and raked floor. It also covers acoustic materials and calculations of absorption coefficients and reverberation time. The document aims to understand and explore the acoustic characteristics of the auditorium in order to analyze and suggest improvements to the acoustic qualities.
The document provides details about an acoustical analysis project conducted on an auditorium space called the MAPKL Black Box. It includes sections on methodology, acoustical phenomena, analysis of the auditorium design, materials used, acoustic treatments, and recommendations. The project involved measuring sound levels on site, studying how sound propagates in the space, and analyzing how the design and materials affect acoustics. It aims to provide insights into acoustic modeling, design, and implementation for auditorium spaces.
This document provides details on the lighting analysis for a community library project in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes summaries of the artificial lighting analysis and daylight factor analysis conducted for two specific spaces - an art gallery and a discussion area. For the art gallery, calculations determine that 27 recessed LED fixtures are needed to provide adequate 300 lux illumination. For the discussion area, daylight factor calculations show the space achieves 3.32% daylight factor and 664 lux of natural light, enough for activities. However, light shelves are recommended to improve distribution.
The document discusses the acoustic design analysis of the Auditorium Cempaka Sari in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction describing the purpose of acoustic design in controlling sound behavior within an enclosed space like an auditorium. It then provides details on the auditorium's historical background, site information, drawings, methodology used in the acoustic analysis including measuring instruments, data collection methods, and sound equipment specifications. The document also discusses key acoustic phenomena like reverberation, attenuation, echoes and sound shadows. It analyzes the auditorium's design, materials, acoustic treatments and components, sound sources and noise sources. Measurement data on sound levels at different positions is also presented.
Building Science 2 : A Case Study on Acoustic DesignNicole Foo
This document provides an introduction and methodology for conducting an acoustic analysis of the PJ Live Arts Centre auditorium in Malaysia. The objectives are to study the auditorium design and how acoustic elements affect quality, analyze architectural features that influence sound, and produce a report concluding the space's acoustic effectiveness. Measurement methods will include using a digital sound level meter to collect sound pressure level data to evaluate factors like reverberation time, sound intensity, and how well audiences can enjoy performances.
The document provides an analysis of the acoustic design of the Damansara Utama Methodist Church auditorium in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It discusses the fan-shaped auditorium layout, materials used, and acoustic treatments. Measurements of sound intensity levels, attenuation, and propagation were taken using equipment like a sound level meter. While the fan shape improves audience-speaker intimacy, the 150-degree arrangement exceeds recommended limits. The document also notes issues with same-level seating affecting sound distribution. The analysis aims to understand the auditorium's acoustic performance and relationships between design, materials, and acoustics.
This document provides an introduction and background on a group project to conduct an acoustic analysis of the PJ Live Arts Centre auditorium in Malaysia. The objectives are to study the auditorium design and how acoustic elements affect quality. The methodology discusses using a sound level meter, camera, and tape measure to collect data on site. An analysis is then presented on the theatre design, including the shape, seating layout, and ceiling reflector panels. Sources of indoor and outdoor noise are also identified, such as from doors, air conditioning, and the waiting area. The document aims to demonstrate understanding of the auditorium's acoustics through analysis and reporting.
This document provides a case study on the acoustics of the Experimental Theatre (E.T.) at the University of Malaya. It discusses the theatre's design, measuring equipment and methodology used, acoustical analysis, and design considerations. The E.T. was constructed in 1965 and designed with influences from Brutalist architecture. Measurements of the theatre were taken using equipment like a sound meter and laser distance meter. The analysis found the theatre has a shoebox/fan shape conducive to sound reflection. The seating and stage layout supports clear sound propagation, though some seats experience sound shadows. Sound reinforcement systems were installed to amplify sound across the large space.
The document provides an analysis of the acoustic design of an auditorium (PJCC auditorium). It begins with an introduction to the site and technical drawings. It then reviews relevant acoustic concepts such as sound pressure level, sound reduction index, and reverberation time. It identifies existing sound sources in the auditorium like external noise, internal noise, and the sound reinforcement system. It discusses sound path principles and how they are applied in the auditorium design through elements like the balcony, walls, and raked floor. It also covers acoustic materials and calculations of absorption coefficients and reverberation time. The document aims to understand and explore the acoustic characteristics of the auditorium in order to analyze and suggest improvements to the acoustic qualities.
The document provides details about an acoustical analysis project conducted on an auditorium space called the MAPKL Black Box. It includes sections on methodology, acoustical phenomena, analysis of the auditorium design, materials used, acoustic treatments, and recommendations. The project involved measuring sound levels on site, studying how sound propagates in the space, and analyzing how the design and materials affect acoustics. It aims to provide insights into acoustic modeling, design, and implementation for auditorium spaces.
This document provides details on the lighting analysis for a community library project in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes summaries of the artificial lighting analysis and daylight factor analysis conducted for two specific spaces - an art gallery and a discussion area. For the art gallery, calculations determine that 27 recessed LED fixtures are needed to provide adequate 300 lux illumination. For the discussion area, daylight factor calculations show the space achieves 3.32% daylight factor and 664 lux of natural light, enough for activities. However, light shelves are recommended to improve distribution.
The document discusses the acoustic design analysis of the Auditorium Cempaka Sari in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction describing the purpose of acoustic design in controlling sound behavior within an enclosed space like an auditorium. It then provides details on the auditorium's historical background, site information, drawings, methodology used in the acoustic analysis including measuring instruments, data collection methods, and sound equipment specifications. The document also discusses key acoustic phenomena like reverberation, attenuation, echoes and sound shadows. It analyzes the auditorium's design, materials, acoustic treatments and components, sound sources and noise sources. Measurement data on sound levels at different positions is also presented.
Building Science 2 : A Case Study on Acoustic DesignNicole Foo
This document provides an introduction and methodology for conducting an acoustic analysis of the PJ Live Arts Centre auditorium in Malaysia. The objectives are to study the auditorium design and how acoustic elements affect quality, analyze architectural features that influence sound, and produce a report concluding the space's acoustic effectiveness. Measurement methods will include using a digital sound level meter to collect sound pressure level data to evaluate factors like reverberation time, sound intensity, and how well audiences can enjoy performances.
The document provides an analysis of the acoustic design of the Damansara Utama Methodist Church auditorium in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It discusses the fan-shaped auditorium layout, materials used, and acoustic treatments. Measurements of sound intensity levels, attenuation, and propagation were taken using equipment like a sound level meter. While the fan shape improves audience-speaker intimacy, the 150-degree arrangement exceeds recommended limits. The document also notes issues with same-level seating affecting sound distribution. The analysis aims to understand the auditorium's acoustic performance and relationships between design, materials, and acoustics.
This document provides an introduction and background on a group project to conduct an acoustic analysis of the PJ Live Arts Centre auditorium in Malaysia. The objectives are to study the auditorium design and how acoustic elements affect quality. The methodology discusses using a sound level meter, camera, and tape measure to collect data on site. An analysis is then presented on the theatre design, including the shape, seating layout, and ceiling reflector panels. Sources of indoor and outdoor noise are also identified, such as from doors, air conditioning, and the waiting area. The document aims to demonstrate understanding of the auditorium's acoustics through analysis and reporting.
The document provides information on Dewan Tunku Canselor, an auditorium at University of Malaya. It discusses the auditorium's history, location, design features, acoustical analysis and measurements. Specifically, it was constructed in 1965-1966, has a rectangular floor plan and seating capacity of 435 people. Acoustical measurements and analysis were conducted to study the auditorium's sound propagation, defects, and reverberation time.
Building Science 2 Project 1 Presentation slidestzex22
The document analyzes the acoustics of the PJ Live Art Centre performance space. It examines the interior space layout, materials used, and how sound propagates throughout the theatre. Key findings include that the rectangular hall shape with parallel walls can cause flutter echoes, and that the current reverberation time of 0.8 seconds is too low for performances and should be increased through additional reflective materials. The analysis provides recommendations to improve the acoustic quality of the space.
The document discusses an acoustic case study of the PJ Live Arts Centre auditorium. It provides background information on the auditorium such as its location, capacity, and history. The methodology section describes the tools used for data collection including a sound level meter, cameras, and measuring tape. An analysis of the auditorium design identifies factors like its rectangular shape, raked seating, and ceiling reflector panels. Sources of indoor and outdoor noise are also examined.
The document discusses the acoustic design of the MBSA Auditorium located in Wisma MBSA, Shah Alam. Key aspects of the design include the reversed fan shape of the auditorium which helps diffuse sound to audiences. Materials like timber and carpet are used to absorb and diffuse sound. The seating arrangement is raked at a shallow angle to avoid direct sound towards audiences. The design aims to distribute sound evenly without concentrations and uses sound reinforcement systems. Reverberation time calculations show the design meets standards.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Presentationjisunfoo
The Calvary Convention Centre (CCC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is a 5,000-seat, multi-purpose auditorium designed for both speeches and musical performances. Through the strategic use of materials and acoustic treatments, the CCC achieves a reverberation time of 0.9 seconds, making it suitable for its primary function as a speech-based venue. Absorptive materials like carpeting and upholstered seats help control reverberation, while the concave wall and ceiling shapes aid in concentrating sound toward the audience. The auditorium design and acoustic treatments demonstrate how spaces can be flexibly designed for different event needs through consideration of materials and room geometry.
This document provides a case study on the acoustic design of the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam auditorium. It begins with an introduction to acoustic design and the project brief. It then reviews concepts such as sound reflection, absorption, direct and indirect sound paths, and reverberation time. The document describes the site, including drawings and zoning. It analyzes existing sound sources and noise control. It examines the acoustic properties of materials used in the floor, walls, ceiling, seating, stage, openings, and balcony. It also provides an acoustic analysis of the site, covering incident sound, reflection and absorption, diffusion and dispersion, and reverberation time calculation. It concludes by discussing issues and recommendations.
DEGREE SEM 5 BUILDING SCIENCE PROJECT 01 ACOUSTIC CASE STUDYjolynnTJL
This document provides a case study on the acoustic design of the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam auditorium. It begins with an introduction to acoustic design and the project brief. It then reviews concepts of sound reflection, absorption, direct and indirect sound paths, and reverberation time. The document describes the site, including drawings of the auditorium layout and typical uses. It analyzes existing sound sources such as the surround sound system. It also evaluates noise sources and control methods. The document aims to study how material properties and design features impact the auditorium's acoustics.
This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to the auditorium including its background, history, photos and drawings. It then discusses concepts in acoustic and architecture such as sound intensity level, reverberation, attenuation, echoes and sound shadows. The document aims to analyze the auditorium's acoustic design and treatments and provide suggestions to improve its acoustic qualities.
The document provides details about the acoustic design of an auditorium located in Bangunan Yin, Kuala Lumpur. It belongs to Sidang Injil Borneo Kuala Lumpur, a protestant church. The auditorium seats over 1500 people and uses various sound absorbing materials and treatments to control reverberation, including carpeted floors, fabric-wrapped wall panels, upholstered seats, and hardwood surfaces that help reflect sound. Speakers and a sound system are used to distribute sound to audiences, while addressing issues like sound shadows. Measurements show the reverberation time of 0.6 seconds meets standards for speech.
The document provides details about the acoustic design of an auditorium for the Sidang Injil Borneo Kuala Lumpur church. It discusses the building and organization background, drawings of the auditorium space, sound absorption methods using various finishing materials, the sound system setup, potential noise intrusion areas, and how sound propagates within the space. Key aspects covered include the use of fabric wall panels, timber slats, and carpeted floors and seats to absorb sound, as well as speaker cabinets and line arrays to distribute sound to audiences.
THE ACOUSTIC DESIGN OF CONNEXION@NEXUSYen Min Khor
The document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Connexion@Nexus auditorium located in Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The document then discusses acoustic phenomena such as sound intensity levels, reverberation, attenuation, and echoes. It also analyzes the acoustic design considerations for an auditorium. The methodology section describes the equipment used to collect acoustic data. Finally, the acoustic analysis section evaluates the auditorium design and materials based on measurements and observations taken at the site.
B science 2 PROJECT 1 shantanand auditorium(1)ShiLikHong
This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the auditorium, literature review on acoustics topics, acoustic design analysis of the auditorium, calculations, and design suggestions. The analysis examines the auditorium's shape, seating arrangement, leveling of seats, sound reinforcement system, sound propagation, and use of materials to control sound reflection, diffusion, and noise intrusion. Suggestions are made to improve acoustic qualities such as creating a buffer zone and using different materials.
The document provides background information on a case study of the Wisma MBSA Auditorium Hall in Shah Alam, Malaysia. The objectives of the case study are to understand how auditorium design can influence sound quality, materials used to enhance acoustics, and to produce an analysis report. The auditorium was built in the 1980s and has a capacity of 1400 people. Floor plans, sections and photos of the auditorium are presented. Acoustic concepts like reverberation, sound absorption, and sound propagation are discussed. Methodology details measuring sound levels and documenting the auditorium. The analysis examines the auditorium's sound reinforcement system, speakers and advantages/disadvantages of the system. Sound propagation readings in the
This document discusses key concepts in auditorium acoustics, including how sound propagates both in open and enclosed spaces. It explains the effects of different types of reflections - from flat, concave, and convex surfaces - on sound propagation. Key acoustic factors that determine the listener's experience are identified as direct sound, early reflections, and reverberant sound. The precedence effect and how it relates to localization is also summarized. The document provides an overview of how reverberation time is determined and measured, and the role of absorption properties in influencing reverberation time. It concludes with criteria for achieving good acoustics in an auditorium setting.
This document summarizes updates to Austin's Environmental Criteria Manual regarding innovative stormwater controls. It describes vegetative filter strips, biofiltration, rainwater harvesting, porous pavement for pedestrian use, and rain gardens. Details are provided on the design and sizing criteria for each control, including graphics illustrating examples. Contact information is given for two city employees who can provide more information.
This document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on controlling emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through biofiltration. It discusses VOCs emissions in Canada, traditional removal technologies and their limitations, and how biofiltration works as a green alternative. It then presents a case study of a commercial-scale biofiltration system used by a printed circuit board industry in Toronto to remove VOCs such as glycol and acetates from its air streams, achieving over 90% removal efficiency. The system used two biofilter units with different media that maintained effective operation even in winter.
speaker thinnr than paper! PVDF piezo electric filmShubham Gupta
Polyvinylidene Fluoride PiezoelectricFilm (PVDF) is a relatively new class of piezo-electric device.PVDF material is a thin plastic polymersheet with its molecules aligned in auniform pattern. It has a electrically conductive coating deposited on each side of the sheet.
Biofiltration for Treatment of Volatile Organic CompoundsGraham Brown
This document summarizes a study on a small-scale biofiltration system set up at Mount Royal University to treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The system reduced inlet VOC concentrations from over 2000 ppm to a steady state of 28.8 ppm over its operational period. While the system removed a small percentage of contaminants by weight (0.07%), optimizing parameters like temperature, nutrient content and airflow rate could improve removal efficiency and treatment of heavier fractions. The report recommends fully optimizing biofiltration systems and combining with other remediation technologies for effective field-scale treatment of VOCs.
The Low Impact Development Site Planner is a web hosted tool that enables the use to quickly assess the feasibility of specific stormwater mitigation approaches including green infrastructure and conventional treatment systems. This presentation describes the architecture of the program and demonstrates its use on a typical project.
This document provides an overview of piezoelectricity including its history, internal working, materials, effects, and applications. It describes how certain crystals produce an electric charge when mechanically stressed (direct piezoelectric effect) or change shape when exposed to an electric field (reverse effect). Common piezoelectric materials include quartz, ceramics, and polymers. The document outlines key piezoelectric applications such as sensors, actuators, generators, and transducers used in devices like lighters, microphones, and medical equipment.
The document provides information on Dewan Tunku Canselor, an auditorium at University of Malaya. It discusses the auditorium's history, location, design features, acoustical analysis and measurements. Specifically, it was constructed in 1965-1966, has a rectangular floor plan and seating capacity of 435 people. Acoustical measurements and analysis were conducted to study the auditorium's sound propagation, defects, and reverberation time.
Building Science 2 Project 1 Presentation slidestzex22
The document analyzes the acoustics of the PJ Live Art Centre performance space. It examines the interior space layout, materials used, and how sound propagates throughout the theatre. Key findings include that the rectangular hall shape with parallel walls can cause flutter echoes, and that the current reverberation time of 0.8 seconds is too low for performances and should be increased through additional reflective materials. The analysis provides recommendations to improve the acoustic quality of the space.
The document discusses an acoustic case study of the PJ Live Arts Centre auditorium. It provides background information on the auditorium such as its location, capacity, and history. The methodology section describes the tools used for data collection including a sound level meter, cameras, and measuring tape. An analysis of the auditorium design identifies factors like its rectangular shape, raked seating, and ceiling reflector panels. Sources of indoor and outdoor noise are also examined.
The document discusses the acoustic design of the MBSA Auditorium located in Wisma MBSA, Shah Alam. Key aspects of the design include the reversed fan shape of the auditorium which helps diffuse sound to audiences. Materials like timber and carpet are used to absorb and diffuse sound. The seating arrangement is raked at a shallow angle to avoid direct sound towards audiences. The design aims to distribute sound evenly without concentrations and uses sound reinforcement systems. Reverberation time calculations show the design meets standards.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Presentationjisunfoo
The Calvary Convention Centre (CCC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is a 5,000-seat, multi-purpose auditorium designed for both speeches and musical performances. Through the strategic use of materials and acoustic treatments, the CCC achieves a reverberation time of 0.9 seconds, making it suitable for its primary function as a speech-based venue. Absorptive materials like carpeting and upholstered seats help control reverberation, while the concave wall and ceiling shapes aid in concentrating sound toward the audience. The auditorium design and acoustic treatments demonstrate how spaces can be flexibly designed for different event needs through consideration of materials and room geometry.
This document provides a case study on the acoustic design of the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam auditorium. It begins with an introduction to acoustic design and the project brief. It then reviews concepts such as sound reflection, absorption, direct and indirect sound paths, and reverberation time. The document describes the site, including drawings and zoning. It analyzes existing sound sources and noise control. It examines the acoustic properties of materials used in the floor, walls, ceiling, seating, stage, openings, and balcony. It also provides an acoustic analysis of the site, covering incident sound, reflection and absorption, diffusion and dispersion, and reverberation time calculation. It concludes by discussing issues and recommendations.
DEGREE SEM 5 BUILDING SCIENCE PROJECT 01 ACOUSTIC CASE STUDYjolynnTJL
This document provides a case study on the acoustic design of the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam auditorium. It begins with an introduction to acoustic design and the project brief. It then reviews concepts of sound reflection, absorption, direct and indirect sound paths, and reverberation time. The document describes the site, including drawings of the auditorium layout and typical uses. It analyzes existing sound sources such as the surround sound system. It also evaluates noise sources and control methods. The document aims to study how material properties and design features impact the auditorium's acoustics.
This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to the auditorium including its background, history, photos and drawings. It then discusses concepts in acoustic and architecture such as sound intensity level, reverberation, attenuation, echoes and sound shadows. The document aims to analyze the auditorium's acoustic design and treatments and provide suggestions to improve its acoustic qualities.
The document provides details about the acoustic design of an auditorium located in Bangunan Yin, Kuala Lumpur. It belongs to Sidang Injil Borneo Kuala Lumpur, a protestant church. The auditorium seats over 1500 people and uses various sound absorbing materials and treatments to control reverberation, including carpeted floors, fabric-wrapped wall panels, upholstered seats, and hardwood surfaces that help reflect sound. Speakers and a sound system are used to distribute sound to audiences, while addressing issues like sound shadows. Measurements show the reverberation time of 0.6 seconds meets standards for speech.
The document provides details about the acoustic design of an auditorium for the Sidang Injil Borneo Kuala Lumpur church. It discusses the building and organization background, drawings of the auditorium space, sound absorption methods using various finishing materials, the sound system setup, potential noise intrusion areas, and how sound propagates within the space. Key aspects covered include the use of fabric wall panels, timber slats, and carpeted floors and seats to absorb sound, as well as speaker cabinets and line arrays to distribute sound to audiences.
THE ACOUSTIC DESIGN OF CONNEXION@NEXUSYen Min Khor
The document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Connexion@Nexus auditorium located in Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The document then discusses acoustic phenomena such as sound intensity levels, reverberation, attenuation, and echoes. It also analyzes the acoustic design considerations for an auditorium. The methodology section describes the equipment used to collect acoustic data. Finally, the acoustic analysis section evaluates the auditorium design and materials based on measurements and observations taken at the site.
B science 2 PROJECT 1 shantanand auditorium(1)ShiLikHong
This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of the Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the auditorium, literature review on acoustics topics, acoustic design analysis of the auditorium, calculations, and design suggestions. The analysis examines the auditorium's shape, seating arrangement, leveling of seats, sound reinforcement system, sound propagation, and use of materials to control sound reflection, diffusion, and noise intrusion. Suggestions are made to improve acoustic qualities such as creating a buffer zone and using different materials.
The document provides background information on a case study of the Wisma MBSA Auditorium Hall in Shah Alam, Malaysia. The objectives of the case study are to understand how auditorium design can influence sound quality, materials used to enhance acoustics, and to produce an analysis report. The auditorium was built in the 1980s and has a capacity of 1400 people. Floor plans, sections and photos of the auditorium are presented. Acoustic concepts like reverberation, sound absorption, and sound propagation are discussed. Methodology details measuring sound levels and documenting the auditorium. The analysis examines the auditorium's sound reinforcement system, speakers and advantages/disadvantages of the system. Sound propagation readings in the
This document discusses key concepts in auditorium acoustics, including how sound propagates both in open and enclosed spaces. It explains the effects of different types of reflections - from flat, concave, and convex surfaces - on sound propagation. Key acoustic factors that determine the listener's experience are identified as direct sound, early reflections, and reverberant sound. The precedence effect and how it relates to localization is also summarized. The document provides an overview of how reverberation time is determined and measured, and the role of absorption properties in influencing reverberation time. It concludes with criteria for achieving good acoustics in an auditorium setting.
This document summarizes updates to Austin's Environmental Criteria Manual regarding innovative stormwater controls. It describes vegetative filter strips, biofiltration, rainwater harvesting, porous pavement for pedestrian use, and rain gardens. Details are provided on the design and sizing criteria for each control, including graphics illustrating examples. Contact information is given for two city employees who can provide more information.
This document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on controlling emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through biofiltration. It discusses VOCs emissions in Canada, traditional removal technologies and their limitations, and how biofiltration works as a green alternative. It then presents a case study of a commercial-scale biofiltration system used by a printed circuit board industry in Toronto to remove VOCs such as glycol and acetates from its air streams, achieving over 90% removal efficiency. The system used two biofilter units with different media that maintained effective operation even in winter.
speaker thinnr than paper! PVDF piezo electric filmShubham Gupta
Polyvinylidene Fluoride PiezoelectricFilm (PVDF) is a relatively new class of piezo-electric device.PVDF material is a thin plastic polymersheet with its molecules aligned in auniform pattern. It has a electrically conductive coating deposited on each side of the sheet.
Biofiltration for Treatment of Volatile Organic CompoundsGraham Brown
This document summarizes a study on a small-scale biofiltration system set up at Mount Royal University to treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The system reduced inlet VOC concentrations from over 2000 ppm to a steady state of 28.8 ppm over its operational period. While the system removed a small percentage of contaminants by weight (0.07%), optimizing parameters like temperature, nutrient content and airflow rate could improve removal efficiency and treatment of heavier fractions. The report recommends fully optimizing biofiltration systems and combining with other remediation technologies for effective field-scale treatment of VOCs.
The Low Impact Development Site Planner is a web hosted tool that enables the use to quickly assess the feasibility of specific stormwater mitigation approaches including green infrastructure and conventional treatment systems. This presentation describes the architecture of the program and demonstrates its use on a typical project.
This document provides an overview of piezoelectricity including its history, internal working, materials, effects, and applications. It describes how certain crystals produce an electric charge when mechanically stressed (direct piezoelectric effect) or change shape when exposed to an electric field (reverse effect). Common piezoelectric materials include quartz, ceramics, and polymers. The document outlines key piezoelectric applications such as sensors, actuators, generators, and transducers used in devices like lighters, microphones, and medical equipment.
The document discusses the design of biofiltration systems for nitrification in recirculating aquaculture. It describes the nitrogen cycle and key roles of nitrosomonas and nitrobacter bacteria in converting ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate. The start-up curve shows increasing nitrate levels over time as the bacteria populations grow. Maintaining optimal pH, alkalinity, oxygen, and temperature are important for effective nitrification.
Biofilters provide an effective and low-cost method for controlling air pollution by passing contaminated air streams through a porous media bed containing microorganisms. The microorganisms degrade the contaminants as the air passes through the media. Key factors in biofilter design and operation include maintaining proper moisture content, temperature, pH, nutrient levels, and gas residence time to support microbial growth. Biofilters are applicable across various industries and can achieve high removal efficiencies of 80-95% for many pollutants like VOCs, odors, and reduced sulfur compounds through microbial biodegradation processes.
A biofilter uses biological degradation by microorganisms attached to filter media to remove pollutants from wastewater. Microorganisms colonize on the media's surface through transportation, adhesion, and attachment processes. As the biofilm grows, dissolved organics and suspended particles are degraded but oxygen diffusion limits aerobic zones to shallow depths. The biofiltration process is influenced by wastewater flow rate, organic loading, and substrate and oxygen diffusion rates. Common biofilters used for wastewater treatment include contact beds, intermittent sand filters, and trickling filters.
Energy Generation by using PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS and It’s Applications.Animesh Sachan
1. The document discusses piezoelectricity as an alternative energy source that can harness ambient vibrations and convert them into electrical energy.
2. It provides background on the discovery of piezoelectricity and describes how certain materials generate electric charges when subjected to mechanical stress.
3. Examples of applications are given such as harvesting energy from footfalls using piezoelectric crystals in floors, roads and footwear to power devices and streetlights.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
Biotechnology in Industrial Waste water Treatmentshuaibumusa2012
This document discusses biotechnology in industrial wastewater treatment. It provides an overview of industrial wastewater characteristics and various treatment technologies including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Secondary treatment includes anaerobic and aerobic processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants and can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Factors like microorganisms, temperature, pH, nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness. The document concludes that bioremediation is an effective wastewater treatment approach when proper conditions are maintained.
With rising crude prices and depleting quality of crude, however, the level of wastewater pollutants in petroleum wastewater is at new high. Such conditions are forcing refineries to use a more advanced water treatment, water recovery methods, and robust processes that work well under a variety of conditions and can handle the changing refinery effluent flow rates. Finally a process that is economical in overall life time cost is needed to make all of this feasible. Aquatech has experience working with these refinery effluent pollutants in the refinery market and offers the advanced petroleum wastewater treatment and recovery technology necessary for the refinery’s needs.
The document discusses waste water treatment. It defines sewage and its classes. Sewage contains domestic and industrial waste waters. Treatment is necessary to prevent hazards and pollution. Methods include single dwelling unit treatment with septic tanks and municipal treatment processes. The municipal process involves primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological methods like activated sludge to reduce organic compounds, and sludge processing. Activated sludge treatment uses aeration of sewage to form flocs to oxidize organic matter. The sludge is further treated through anaerobic digestion or composting.
The document presents an analysis of the acoustic design of the Auditorium Cempaka Sari in Putrajaya, Malaysia, including its architectural design, materials used, acoustic phenomena, and measurements taken of sound levels within the auditorium. It describes the auditorium's shape, volume, seating and stage configuration, and finishes used to achieve the desired reverberation time. Methodologies for data collection including equipment used are also outlined.
Audio spotlighting uses ultrasonic frequencies to create narrow beams of sound similar to laser beams of light. It works by emitting high frequency ultrasonic tones that are modulated with an audio signal, producing audible byproducts through nonlinear interactions with air. This allows targeted audio to be delivered to specific listeners without others nearby hearing it. Potential applications include targeted advertising, public announcements, emergency communications, and entertainment systems where individualized audio can be delivered without using headphones. The technology is still developing but holds promise to revolutionize audio delivery by allowing precise control over the direction of sound propagation.
This document provides details of a case study on the acoustic design of the Cempaka Sari Auditorium in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives of studying the auditorium's acoustics. The document then covers acoustic theory relevant to auditorium design. The methodology section describes the equipment and methods used to collect acoustic data from the site, including sound level meters, measuring devices, and sound equipment in the auditorium. Finally, the document presents preliminary acoustic analysis of the auditorium and outlines recommendations and conclusions.
This document provides details of a case study on the acoustic design of the Cempaka Sari Auditorium in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction outlining the aims, objectives, and background of the auditorium. The methodology section describes the equipment used to collect acoustic data during site visits, including sound level meters, measuring devices, and cameras. Acoustic theory is discussed around topics like sound intensity, reverberation, attenuation, and design considerations for auditoriums. Drawings of the auditorium plans and sections are also provided.
1. In open-air theaters, sound reflections bounce between the sloped seating areas and the stage wall, contributing to long reverberation times.
2. When the seating is modeled as sloped surfaces shaped like an inverse cone, most reflections are directed upwards towards the sky, allowing the sound energy to dissipate quickly with few late reflections.
3. The design of open-air theaters aims to minimize external noise, ensure clear propagation of direct sound and early reflections from the seating gradient, and control late reflections to limit reverberation time and eliminate echoes.
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The document discusses the acoustical design and properties of the Petaling Jaya Civic Centre auditorium. It analyzes the existing sound sources, zoning of seating areas, sound reinforcement system, and how sound travels through reflection, diffusion, absorption, and shadowing. It evaluates the materiality used including timber panels and carpet, and determines the auditorium achieves a recommended reverberation time of 1.25 seconds through its design and material choices.
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1. The Solaris and Leisure Centre is a new performing arts complex in Tallinn, Estonia that includes a multifunctional auditorium.
2. Key aspects of the auditorium design include its acoustics, which were informed by an acoustical consultant. Materials with high sound absorption values were selected to regulate reverberation time.
3. The primary sound reinforcement system anchors twin arrays of line array loudspeakers to left and right of the stage, with an overhead array to provide clarity for both music and spoken performances.
The document provides details on a case study of the acoustic design of the Damansara Performing Arts Centre auditorium in Malaysia. It includes the auditorium layout plans, an introduction to acoustic phenomena like absorption, reflection and reverberation. It also discusses key considerations for acoustic design in auditoriums such as volume, seating arrangement and use of sound absorbers. Methodology details the equipment used like a sound level meter to collect acoustic data and analyze design aspects like shape and seating layout that could impact sound propagation.
The document provides details on a case study of the acoustic design of the Damansara Performing Arts Centre auditorium in Malaysia. It includes the auditorium layout plans, an introduction to acoustic phenomena like absorption, reflection and reverberation. It also discusses key considerations for acoustic design in auditoriums such as volume, seating arrangement and use of sound absorbers. Methodology details the equipment used like a sound level meter to collect acoustic data and analyze design aspects like shape and seating layout that impact the auditorium's acoustics.
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Auditorium Acoustics From Past to Present IJERA Editor
The main aim of this paper is to identify how acoustics where generally achieve in auditoriums base on the method, technics and the materials been used. This paper will discuss the transition over time. It will cover how the design began from the past (Roman, Greek baroque, renaissance periods) to the present (twentieth century). The paper will further discuss some case studies which are from different periods. The selection of the case study was based on their excellent acoustics qualities of the spaces. It will provide better understanding on how acoustics solution where been achieve in auditoriums/theaters from the past to the present. Finally, the paper will point out some major benefits of using acoustics in auditoriums and also discuss on what causes poor quality sound in the present auditoriums and then suggest the use flat panels technology and line-stone material as it has great impact in in achieving good and qualitative acoustics in the past.
This document provides a case study on the acoustic design of the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam auditorium. It begins with an introduction to acoustic design and the project brief. It then reviews concepts such as sound reflection, absorption, direct and indirect sound paths, and reverberation time. The document describes the site, including drawings, typical uses, and zoning. It analyzes existing sound sources and noise control. It examines the acoustic properties of materials used in the floor, walls, ceiling, seating, stage, openings, and balcony. It also provides an acoustic analysis of incident sound, reflection and absorption, diffusion and dispersion, and reverberation time calculation. It concludes by discussing issues and recommendations.
This document provides a case study on the acoustic design of the Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam auditorium. It begins with an introduction to acoustic design and the project brief. It then reviews concepts of sound reflection, absorption, direct and indirect sound paths, and reverberation time. The document describes the site, including drawings of the auditorium layout and typical uses. It analyzes existing sound sources such as the surround sound system. Finally, it examines acoustic properties of different materials used in the auditorium and provides recommendations to improve the space's acoustics.
The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC) was established in May 2004 in Kuala Lumpur. It contains multiple performance and event spaces, including Pentas 1 which seats 504 people in a fan-shaped configuration. Pentas 1 was designed with acoustic treatments to control reverberation, including sound-absorbing materials on the walls, flooring, and seating. Measurements of the space show zones of different sound levels and concentrations due to the placement of speakers and reflection of sound off the walls and ceiling. The reverberation time of 1.16 seconds meets recommendations for a large multipurpose theater.
1. The document presents an acoustic design analysis of the auditorium at Damansara Performing Arts Centre in Malaysia. It examines the centre's sound reinforcement system, sound concentration, reflection, and attenuation qualities.
2. The auditorium utilizes various speakers including passive subwoofers, 2-way full range cabinet speakers, and in-wall speakers to produce sound. Measurements and analysis of sound levels and distribution were conducted to understand the acoustic performance.
3. Factors like sound absorption materials, structural wall surfaces, and reflectors are discussed in relation to how they influence sound reflection and concentration in the auditorium. Calculations of sound delay and reverberation times are also provided.
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Piezoelectric speaker
1. PIEZOELECTRIC
MATERIALS
EMBEDDED
IN
THE
SURFACES
OF
A
CONCERT
HALL
Abstract
The surface of concert halls is designed to reflect audio waves that are
coming from speakers or musical instruments. This ability to reflect the sound
waves depends on the “scattering coefficient” of the material, depth of the
surface and the design of the concert hall. This clearly constrains the design of
the concert hall and increases cost of construction. Embedding piezoelectric
speakers in the surface of the concert halls would eliminate the need to have a
design that would optimise acoustic experience, as piezoelectric speakers would
replace this function by producing desired sound waves and destroying unwanted
sound waves. In the future, the embedment of piezoelectric actuators in the
surfaces of concert hall would enhance the audience’s acoustic experience and
at the same time reduce the cost of building a concert hall.
Introduction
Piezoelectric speaker is a technology well developed in the last century.
This type of speaker is used widely in many types of audio systems. Although
this is the case, the usage of piezoelectric actuator in audio systems would
usually mean that the audio system is of low quality.i Nevertheless, the cost of
producing piezoelectric actuator has come down significantly with the discovery
of the method of manufacturing a piezoelectric actuator consisting of
piezoelectric fibres in a polymer matrix on which electrodes are applied for
controlling the fibres.ii With the falling cost of production of piezoelectric actuator,
we now can embed it in the surfaces in concert halls. This is significant as before
this, concert halls were designed to optimise the quality of audio transmission.
With the embodiment of piezoelectric actuator in the surfaces of the concert hall,
we now can have aesthetics value or lower construction cost as the main
priorities of building concert halls. Existing concert halls are usually boxed
shaped which reduces audience’s sightlines in order to have superior acoustics.
1
2. Current Design For Concert Halls
The physics behind building a concert hall is that the physical dimensions
of a space and the relationship of the surface locations, texture and material depth
between the source of audio and audience will influence how one hears the sound
reflections.iii This theory will determine the success or failure of a concert hall as
this theory will affect:
• Loudness of the audio heard by the audience. Non- enthusiasts would
understand this as the volume of the sound. If the concert hall does not have
the ability to maintain the loudness of the sound or the design of the hall
dampens the audio waves by destructive interference, audience experience
would certainly diminish.
• Clarity of the sound or the ability to make out fast moving melody within the
overall reverberation in the hall. If a window exist between time the sound
produced in the hall and the time that particular sound heard by the audience
then it would ruin the acoustic experience. Audience should hear the sound
instantaneously irrespective of the distance between them and the audio
source.
• Intimacy or the feeling of closeness to the sound produced and the source of
the audio. This feeling can be improved by ensuring that the audience have
sightlines to the source of audio. Currently, the design of concert hall has
restrained, as audience sitting afar from stage would not be able to see the
performer.
• Envelopment or the feeling of the music surrounding the audience that would
cause the audience to fell like being immersed in the sound.
Figure 1: Architecture illustration of Hakuju Concert Hall.
Figure 1 shows the architectural design of a concert hall that is widely used
by concert halls across the world. The design of the concert hall is very common to
the extent that it would very hard to differentiate one concert hall to another
because all of them are not unique and different to each other in terms of interior
design.iv
2
3. Embodiment Of Piezoelectric Materials In The Surface
It is the intention of this paper to promote the usage of piezoelectric materials
to replace the need to have an acoustical design of the concert hall. Embedding the
piezoelectric materials itself in the surface does this. If the wall of the concert hall is
taken as an example, materials are used to produce desired sound waves and at
the same time by destructive interference destroy unwanted sound waves. There
are two factors that would need some considerations to embed the materials in the
surface of the wall: Location of the piezoelectric transducers and actuators and the
materials used in producing them.
Location
The choice of actuator location is an important issue in the design of the
concert hall, as this would increase the sound system to enhance acoustic
experience. The actuators should be placed at the locations to excite the desired
modes most effectively. Piezoelectric actuators, which locally strain the structure,
should be placed in regions of high average strain and away from areas of zero
strain. This is so due to the fact that in the area of zero strain, piezoelectric effect
cannot be achieved. As an example, piezoelectric effect can produce a sound wave
on its own and sound waves that it produced have “loudness” element in it. To
achieve desired loudness of the sound, amplitude is calculated by this equation:
[1]
Where Qv is electrical charge, V is voltage , K is modal stifness and ζ is . Amplitude
is related to loudness as loudness, the quality of a sound, is primarily a
psychological factor that correlates of physical strength (amplitude) of the sound
wave. More formally, loudness is defined as "that attribute of auditory sensation in
terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud."v
Material
Having determined the appropriate location for placing the actuators,
materials to produce the piezoelectric actuators should be determined. A wide
variety of piezoelectric materials are currently available, including piezoelectric
film, piezo-ceramics, and piezoelectric bimorph elements. In the selection of the
one to be used in the manufacture of the piezoelectric actuators embedded in the
surfaces of a concert hall, certain criteria had to be considered. It is, of course,
desirable to use a piezoelectric material that has a high piezoelectric-mechanical
coupling effectiveness. The effectiveness of piezoelectric actuators is calculated
by using the following equation:
[2]
3
4. Where is maximum allowable piezoelectric field, is piezoelectric constant
(strain/field) is x-coordinate of the centre of the piezoelectric, is = modulus
ratio of beam to piezoelectric and is non-dimensional bonding layer thickness. A
high is clearly a desirable feature, so that a large field can be applied to the
piezoelectric before de-poling occurs, which destroys the piezoelectric properties
of the material. An actuator with a high effectiveness must also have a high
piezoelectric constant , since for a large , a large strain is produced for a
small voltage. If is small, then a large voltage will be required to produce strain
in the piezoelectric device. The effectiveness of the piezoelectric material is
important in the sense of it will affect the ability of the sound system to mimic or
replicate the original sound made.
The general idea of embodiment of piezoelectric materials in the surfaces of
the concert hall is to allow the piezoelectric materials to have piezoelectric effects
to produce or reduce sound waves.
An Integrated System Of Piezoelectric Materials As A
Sound System
System
The sound that the audience hear in the concert hall is the result of
vibrations of particles of air. When it is transmitted through air and reflected at the
surfaces of the concert hall, sometimes the “quality” of the sound is greatly
reduced. Furthermore, the sound may be reflected more than once as the waves
move in ripple, the idea that constructive and destructive interference may cause
the “quality” of the sound to be diminished. To ensure maximum utility from the
sound system, it is suggested that piezoelectric materials are used in
synchronisation. What this means is that, a computer must be used to make
calculations on how much piezoelectric effect is needed in a particular actuator at
a particular location. To understand this case better, an example should be
explained.
Figure 2: An example illustration showing the locations of piezoelectric actuators
(labelled as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J)
4
5. Let’s us assume that this simplified example is a concert hall. A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, H, I and J are piezoelectric actuators. Since sound waves will be reflected
and dampened a few times before reaching the audience, actuators will play the
role of producing constructive interference if the intended sound wave reach the
audience lesser than the level desired. For example, the sound wave will be
dampened as distance increases. The amplitude of the sound wave at location of
actuator E will at a level that well below of the amplitude of the sound wave at the
location of actuator A. To achieve the same level of amplitude at both positions, a
computer is needed to make calculations and send back instructions to the
piezoelectric actuators to make the same desired sound wave at both locations.
So in the end, audience sitting near to A and E will hear the same “quality” of
sound.
Active Noise Control
This method is used to reduce unwanted sound. For example, a headphone
that has active noise control will be able to make the sound of aircrafts engine
inaudible so that the person that the headphone on will hear only music. Popular
methods of suppressing unwanted sound using passive sound absorbers
generally do not work well at low frequencies which means that certain sound may
not be prevented from being heard. Most common example of popular sound
absorber is Micro Perforated Plate used in recording studios and clubs and it is
commonly made up of porous material.vi If the budget for these studios were low
then they would use mineral or glass wool although there is a higher risk of fire.
The idea that conventional methods may not reduce noise is because at these low
frequencies the sound wavelengths become large compared to the thickness of a
typical sound absorber.
Producing a “Quite Zone,” absorbing sound power, and minimising the total
acoustic power output of all audio sources, are each clearly distinct and different
objectives in the active noise control. The “Quite zone” is achievable by making
sure that the sound wave reaching the audience is the same without any
“unwanted” noise. The way in which any one of these acoustic objectives is
achieved is distinct from each other and requires different method to achieve
them. Previous researchers on this area such as Olson and May concentrated on
using no prior knowledge of the sound field, but feeding back the entire signal from
the closely spaced microphone via an amplifier to the secondary loudspeaker.vii
This “feedback” policy is clearly different from that of Lueg’s duct control system,
a system that the idea behind it is that the acoustic signal is obtained by using an
“upstream” detection microphone. Lueg’s duct control system’s control strategy
can be characterised as being “feed forward”.
Piezoelectric materials play a part in this area and the usage of
piezoelectric materials in active noise control is commonly called piezoelectric
smart structure.viii A piezoelectric actuator is capable of inducing more strain into
the host material if the extensional stiffness of the actuator is large. The problem
of controlling vibrations in the concert hall in comparison to other piezoelectric
control applications is challenging due to both the high vibration levels present.
This is so because the piezoceramic actuator chosen for this application, which
had a high stiffness and a thick cross-section, was therefore suited for this
particular problem.
5
6. A few algorithms to calculate the behaviour of piezoelectric materials
needed to be devised but it well beyond the scope of this paper to do so.
Nevertheless this paper clearly state how piezoelectric materials can help in
reducing noise.
Conclusion
Piezoelectric materials clearly have the benefit of producing “desired” sound
waves and at the same time cancel out “unwanted” sound waves. This function
can be replaced by good functional design for a concert hall but then aesthetics
value of the design and overall cost of construction may need to be sacrificed. In
this sense, it is better to utilize piezoelectric materials in building a concert hall.
Furthermore, a good acoustic design of the hall would cost more than instead of
using piezoelectric materials as “speakers” and “sound absorber” to so it is more
viable for concert hall to adopt this option.
Acknowledgment
This paper was done with the help of Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra as part of
its outreach programme. Correspondences with various academics such as
Professor Dr. Ahmad Kamal Yahya( UiTM, Malaysia) and Professor Dr. Md Rahim
Sahar(UTM, Malaysia) contribute to formulating the idea for this paper.
6
7.
References
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