This document discusses nutrition and physiological changes in adults ages 19-60. It covers 3 main age groups: young adults (19-30), middle adults (31-50), and older adults (51-70). Key physiological changes include declining lean body mass and muscle mass with age. Nutritional requirements like fluid, electrolytes, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals are outlined. Common nutrition-related disorders in adults like cardiovascular disease, overweight/obesity, and diabetes are also summarized.

1. Nutrition during the
19-60 year old age
& related disorders
Dr. MohmmadRjab S. Seder

2. MAIN
CONTENTS
Adults 19-60 life cycle
Physiological changes
Nutritional requirements
Nutrition-related disorders
Overview of life cycle

3. OVERVIEW OF LIFE CYCLE
Nutrition during life cycle [1]
Prior to Pregnancy
Pregnancy
During lactation
Infant
Toddler (Pre-schoolar children)
Child and preadolescent
Adolescent
Adult
old age
Adults ages 19 - 60

4. ADULTS
• Adult: the years between the adolescence and older adult.
• Subdivided into the following age groups:
– YOUNG (EARLY) ADULTS:
• 19-30
• The stage of independence.
• People at this stage are at the peak of their physical activity.
– MIDDLE ADULTS:
• 31-50
• Signs of aging begin to appear.
• During this period, the children will grow up and may leave the house.
– OLD ADULTS:
• 51-70
• Most people retire and have more leisure time.
• The risk of developing diseases continues to rise.

5. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
• In the adult years, nutrition plays an
important role in maintaining wellness
and reducing risk of chronic disease.
• Two major metabolic changes occur as
people age:
• A decrease in lean body mass.
• BMI decrease.
• 85% of older adults have one or more
nutrition-related problems.
• This table → summarizes the numerous
physiologic changes experienced by
adults as they age.
Lean body mass: Sum of fat-free body tissue: muscle, mineral (as in bone), and water.
BMI: The minimal amount of energy required to sustain life in the waking state.
NOTE

6. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Young Adult Years (Ages 19 to 30)
• Typically, growth and maturation are completed by early adulthood.
• Bone density continues to develop until ages 30 to 35.
• Muscle mass peaks around 25–30 years of age.
• Changes occur in women of childbearing age, such as pregnancy, childbirth and
breastfeeding, and therefore they need special nutritional needs.
• Hearing loss begins as early as age 25 (or earlier with exposure to loud music).
Estrogen: decreases with age, in both men and women.

7. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Young Adult Years (Ages 19 to 30)
• Prevalence of selected chronic conditions for 18-24 year olds based on the top
five conditions:
Asthma
(13.7%)
Chronic joint symptoms
(11.1%)
Sinusitis
(8.3%)
Arthritis
(3.5%)
Hay fever
(5.7%)

8. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Middle Adult Years (Ages 31 to 50)
• As men age their calorie consumption decreases.
• Weight gain after 40 is more than likely due to less exercise.
• Hormonal changes in men and women differ:
• In men, testosterone levels begin to decline around ages 40 to 50.
• In women, the reproductive cycle lasts approximately 40 years (13/Y). Birth rates for women
aged 35 to 39 years are higher than they have ever been. The birth rate for women aged 40 to 44
years has increased more than 51%.
• Vision changes often become noticeable by age 40.

9. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Middle Adult Years (Ages 31 to 50)
• The prevalence of selected chronic conditions for 25-44 year olds were as
follows:
Comparing middle-aged adults to young adults, chronic joint symptoms replaced asthma as the top
chronic health condition.
Asthma
(9.9%)
Chronic joint symptoms
(17.9 %)
Sinusitis
(13.5 %)
Arthritis
(9.3 %)
Hay fever
(9.5 %)

10. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Older Adult Years (Ages 51 to 70)
• Posture begins to deteriorate.
• Muscle mass and strength decrease.
• Weight gain (body fat increase due to decreased metabolic rates).
• Major changes occur in the ability to taste and smell food.
• The immune system weakens with age, and the ability to fight off infection
becomes more and more difficult.
• Saliva decreases, gastric secretions decline, and constipation, gas, and
bloating can become more of a problem.

11. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Older Adult Years (Ages 51 to 70)
Examples
• Decrease in immune function (increased need for vitamin B6, vitamin E, and zinc)
• Increase in gastric pH (increased need for vitamin B12, folic acid, calcium, iron, and zinc).
• Increase in oxidative stress (increased need for beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E)
RDAs and related standards apply only to
healthy people, but many older people may not
be healthy, especially those with a chronic
disease. In addition, many older people take
medications that may negatively affect specific
nutrients.
Certain conditions that are more prevalent with
age increase the need for specific vitamins and
minerals.
Bone loss over time

12. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Fluid Requirement
Clinical status Baseline requirement Baseline requirement
Maintenance requirements 18-60 years
of age > 60 years of age Replacement of
ongoing fluid losses Fever with loss of
body fluids
35 ml/kg body weight
30 ml/kg body weight
Add 2.0-2.5 milk g/day for each 1"C rise
in body temperature above 37"C per 24 h
period of pyrexia; these individuals must
be assessed on a daily basis

13. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Electrolytes Requirement

14. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Nitrogen Requirement

15. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Micronutrients Requirement
Trace element Daily requirement
Zinc 38-100
Copper 8-24
Selenium 0.4
Iron 20
Manganese 3-15
Chromium 0.2-0.3
Molybdenum 0.2
Iodine 1.0
Cobalt -
Fluoride 50

16. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Vitamins Requirement

17. NUTRITION-RELATED DISORDERS
Cardiovascular Disease
• Usually associated with atherosclerosis.
• Lesions remain asymptomatic until the thickening wall
reduces blood flow leading to ischemia.
• Screening and assessment
– Screening should occur about every five years beginning at age 20.
– Determining Risk factors and criteria for CVD and CHD.
• Nutrition interventions
– Primary Prevention.
– Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes.
– Stanols/Sterols.
– Viscous Fiber.
Atherosclerotic blood vessel changed during
the adult years:

18. NUTRITION-RELATED DISORDERS
Overweight and Obesity
• Obesity is an unhealthy accumulation of body fat.
• Screening and assessment
– BMI for Classification of Obesity and Associated Risks.
– Waist Circumference for Central Adiposity.
• Intervention (Weight Loss goals)
– Prevent further weight gain.
– Reduce body weight.
– maintain a lower body weight for the long term, and prevent or reduce complications.

19. NUTRITION-RELATED DISORDERS
Diabetes Mellitus
• Hyperglycemia; abnormal high levels of
glucose in the blood.
• Medical nutrition therapy for diabetes
– Determination of best macronutrient composition of
the diet.

20. THANK YOU 😊
Dr. MohmmadRjab S. Seder