This document discusses the structure and types of cartilage. Cartilage is a connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes within an extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix contains ground substance and collagen or elastic fibers. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage contains collagen type II fibers and is found in places like joints and trachea. Fibrocartilage contains collagen type I fibers and is found in intervertebral discs. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers and is found in the ear and epiglottis.
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
n biology, the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell.
The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates. In humans, it is in the neck and consists of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the isthmus. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck below the Adam's apple. Microscopically, the functional unit of the thyroid gland is the spherical thyroid follicle, lined with follicular cells (thyrocytes), and occasional parafollicular cells that surround a lumen containing colloid. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: the two thyroid hormones – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – and a peptide hormone, calcitonin. The thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate and protein synthesis and growth and development in children. Calcitonin plays a role in calcium homeostasis.[1] Secretion of the two thyroid hormones is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced by the hypothalamus.[2]
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1. D R . A A M I R S H A H E E N
D P T ( A I M C ) , M . P H I L .
L E C T U R E R
Q U A I D - E - A Z A M E D U C A T I O N A L C O M P L E X ,
S A H I W A L
Cartilage
2. What is Cartilage
Cartilage is a specialized variety of connective tissue,
which is strong but slightly flexible semirigid in
nature to bear considerable degree of mechanical
stress.
Like any other connective tissue, cartilage is also
made up of cells and extra-cellular matrix.
4. Structure of cartilage
Cartilage is made up of cells and extracellular material.
Cells of cartilage are called as Chondrocytes.
Chondrocytes are located within small cavities present in
the extra-cellular matrix. These cavities or small spaces
with matrix are called as Lacunae.
Chondrocytes are large spherical cells with central
nucleus having one or two nucleoli.
The cytoplasm is granular.
Chondrocytes are the mature and isolated forms of
chondroblasts.
Chondroblasts develop from mesenchymal cells.
6. Continued…
The extracellular matrix is secreted by chondrocytes
and has ground substance and connective tissue
fibers.
The ground substance is made up of GAGs and
proteoglycans.
Fibers are collagen or elastic types.
7. Some General Features of Cartilage
It has high tensile strength and resistance to compressive
and shearing forces.
It is an avascular tissue.
Usually the cartilages are covered from outside by sheath
of dense irregular connective tissue, called as
perichondrium except articular cartilage.
Perichondrium has two layers,
Outer Fibrous layer having fibroblasts and collagen fibers with a
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
Inner cellular layer containing chondrogenic cells, which is capable
to transform into chondroblasts.
It doesn’t have any nerve supply or sensory receptors.
Regeneration is not so much effective especially in
articular cartilage which lacks perichondrium
8.
9. Types of Cartilages
On the basis of types of fibers present in extracellular
matrix, cartilages are of three basic types,
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Fibro Cartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage
10.
11. Hyaline Cartilage:
The word Hyaline means glass like.
This is a type of cartilage which is bluish white or
translucent in appearance just like frosted glass upon
seeing with naked eyes.
This is the most abundant variety of cartilage.
Extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage predominantly
contains collagen type II fibers.
Examples of Hyaline Cartilage:
Embryonic cartilage
Articular Cartilage
Costal Cartilage
Tracheal Cartilage
Bronchial Cartilage
12.
13.
14.
15. Fibro-Cartilage
In this type of cartilage extracellular matrix contain
type I collagen fibers.
Fibrocartilage is considered as combination of
hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue.
Chondrocytes are arranged in parallel rows.
Fibrocartilage is not covered from outside by
Perichondrium.
In appearance it looks white and opaque.
It is less abundant.
16.
17.
18. Examples
In human body fibrocartilage is located in the,
Intervetebral Discs.
Disc of Pubic Symphysis.
Mensici of Knee joint.
Intra-articular discs of TMJ and SC- joints.
19. Elastic Cartilage
As indicated by name it is flexible, and capable to come
back to its original shaped after temporary deforming
force.
Fresh elastic cartilage looks yellowish and opaque.
Extracellular matrix contain collagen type II fibers and
Elastic fibers in abundance.
Examples:
In the human body elastic cartilage is located in
Pinna of Ear (Auricle)
Epiglottis of Larynx
Audiotory Tube
