The Carnot cycle consists of four reversible processes: two isothermal expansions and two adiabatic expansions. The work done during the cycle is equal to the area under the P-V curves for the isothermal expansions, while the work done on the gas is equal to the area under the P-V curves for the adiabatic compressions. The Carnot efficiency is the maximum possible efficiency for any heat engine operating between two thermal reservoirs and is equal to 1 - (TL/TH), where TL and TH are the temperatures of the low and high reservoirs. Factors that affect the Carnot efficiency include the temperatures of the reservoirs - higher TH and lower TL result in higher efficiency.
MICROSCOPIC & MACROSCOPIC POINT OF VIEW , THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM & CONTROL VO...KRUNAL RAVAL
Thermodynamics is science of energy transfer and its effects on properties.
Main aim is to convert disorganized form of energy into organized form of energy in an efficient manner. Based on the macroscopic approach which does not require knowledge of behavior of individual particles and is called classical thermodynamics.
MICROSCOPIC & MACROSCOPIC POINT OF VIEW , THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM & CONTROL VO...KRUNAL RAVAL
Thermodynamics is science of energy transfer and its effects on properties.
Main aim is to convert disorganized form of energy into organized form of energy in an efficient manner. Based on the macroscopic approach which does not require knowledge of behavior of individual particles and is called classical thermodynamics.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
NEED FOR THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - STATEMENT - CARNOT CYCLE - REFRIGERATOR CONCEPT - CONCEPT OF ENTROPY - FREE ENERGY FUNCTIONS - GIBB'S HELMHOLTZ EQUATIONS - MAXEWELL'S RELATIONS - THERMODYNAMICS EQUATION OF STATE - CRITERIA OF SPONTANITY - CHEMICAL POTENTIAL - GIBB'S DUHEM EQUATION
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
1. The Carnot Cycle (YAC 5-7 to 5-11)
• Idealized thermodynamic cycle consisting of four reversible processes
(working fluid can be any substance):
• The four steps for a Carnot Heat Engine are:
Reversible isothermal expansion (1-2, TH= constant)
Reversible adiabatic expansion (2-3, Q = 0, THTL)
Reversible isothermal compression (3-4, TL=constant)
Reversible adiabatic compression (4-1, Q=0, TLTH)
1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1 Carnot cylce.ppt
Modified 10/9/02
2. The Carnot Cycle (cont’d)
Work done by the gas = PdV, i.e. area
under the process curve 1-2-3.
1
2
3
3
2
1
Work done on gas = PdV, area under the
process curve 3-4-1
subtract
Net work
1
2
3
4
dV>0 from 1-2-3
PdV>0
Since dV<0
PdV<0
3. The Carnot Principles/Corollaries
1. The efficiency of an irreversible, i.e. a real, heat engine is always less than the
efficiency of a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs. hth, irrev
< hth, rev
2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two
thermal reservoirs are the same. (hth, rev)A= (hth, rev)B
• Both of the above statements can be demonstrated using the second law (K-P
statement and C-statement). Therefore, the Carnot heat engine defines the
maximum efficiency any practical heat engine can (hope to) achieve. (see
YAC: 5.8, for proof)
• Thermal efficiency hth=Wnet/QH=1-(QL/QH) = f(TL,TH)
• In the next slide we will show that hth=1-(QL/QH)=1-(TL/TH).
• This relationship is often called the Carnot efficiency since it is usually
defined in terms of a Carnot Heat Engine .
4. Carnot Efficiency
Consider an ideal gas undergoing a Carnot cycle between two temperatures TH and TL.
1 to 2, isothermal expansion, DU12 = 0
QH = Q12 = W12 = PdV = mRTHln(V2/V1) (1)
2 to 3, adiabatic expansion, Q23 = 0
(TL/TH) = (V2/V3)k-1 (2)
3 to 4, isothermal compression, DU34 = 0
QL = Q34 = W34 = - mRTLln(V4/V3) (3)
4 to 1, adiabatic compression, Q41 = 0
(TL/TH) = (V1/V4)k-1 (4)
From (2) & (4): (V2/V3) = (V1/V4) (V2/V1) = (V3/V4)
Since ln(V2/V1) = - ln(V4/V3); substituting for ln(V4/V3) in (1)
(QL/QH )= (TL/TH)
Hence: hth = 1-(QL/QH )= 1-(TL/TH)
It has been proven that hth = 1-(QL/QH )= 1-(TL/TH) for all Carnot engines since the
Carnot efficiency is independent of the working substance.
Example: A typical steam power plant operates between TH=800 K (boiler) and TL=300
K(cooling tower). For this plant, the maximum achievable efficiency is 62.5%.
5. Factors which affect Carnot Efficiency
Example: Consider a Carnot heat engine operating between a high-temperature source
at 900 K and rejecting heat to a low-temperature reservoir at 300 K. (a) Determine the
thermal efficiency of the engine; (b) Show how the thermal efficiency changes as the
temperature of the high-temperature source is decreased; (b) Determine the change in
thermal efficiency as the temperature of the low-temperature sink is decreased
h
h
h
th
L
H
th H
H
th H
L
T
T
K
T
T
K
T
T
1 1
300
900
0 667 66 7%
300
1
300
900
1
900
. .
( )
( )
( )
( )
Fixed T and lowering T
The higher the temperature, the higher the "quality"
of the energy: More work can be done
Fixed T and increasing T
L H
H L
200 400 600 800 1000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Temperature (TH)
Efficiency
Th( )
T
T
200 400 600 800 1000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Temperature (TL)
Efficiency
TH( )
TL
TL
Lower TH
Increase TL
6. Carnot Efficiency & Quality of Energy
• The previous example illustrates that higher the temperature of the
low-temperature sink, more difficult it becomes for a heat engine to
reject/transfer heat into it.
• This results in a lower thermal efficiency
• One reason why low-temperature reservoirs such as rivers, lakes and
atmosphere are popular for heat rejection from power plants.
• Similarly, the thermal efficiency of an engine, e.g a gas turbine
engine, can be increased by increasing the temperature of the
combustion chamber.
•This may sometimes conflict with other design requirements. Example:
turbine blades can not withstand high temperature (and pressure) gases,
which can leads to early fatigue. A Solution: better materials and/or
innovative cooling design.
7. Quality of Energy cont’d
•This illustrates that the quality of energy is an important factor in
determining the efficiencies of systems. E.g. for the same amount
(quantity) of total energy, it is easier – more efficient – to produce
work from a high temperature reservoir than a low temperature
reservoir. Consequently, extracting energy from low-temperature
reservoirs such as rivers and lakes is not very efficient. E.g. solar
pond/lake have typical efficiencies of around 5%
•Also, work is in general more valuable – of a higher quality -
relative to heat, since work can convert to heat almost with almost
100% efficiency but not the other way around. Energy becomes
less useful when it is transferred to and stored in a low-temperature
reservoir.