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This document summarizes various classes of cardiovascular agents used to treat arrhythmias and high blood pressure. It describes four main classes of antiarrhythmic drugs (class I-IV) based on the Vaughan Williams classification system that work by blocking sodium, potassium, calcium channels or adrenergic receptors. It also discusses beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, nitrates, vasodilators, and CNS agents used to treat high blood pressure and angina. Combination drugs are also mentioned that provide additive effects at lower dosages and fewer side effects.
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Dihydropyridines can act as both agonists and antagonists of calcium channels. As antagonists, compounds like amlodipine bind to L-type calcium channels in the closed mode 0, preventing opening and thereby decreasing calcium influx, cardiac contractility, and blood pressure. In contrast, the agonist Bay K8644 binds channels in the prolonged open mode 2, increasing calcium influx and having a positive ionotropic effect by enhancing contractility. Thus dihydropyridines demonstrate the ability to modulate calcium channels in both inhibitory and stimulatory fashions depending on the specific compound and its binding properties.
Anti hypertensive drugs Biomedical science slideshare
This document summarizes different classes of antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
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2) ACE inhibitors and ARBs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to reduce vasoconstriction and sodium retention.
3) Calcium channel blockers which relax blood vessels by blocking calcium channels.
Each class is described along with examples, mechanisms, and potential adverse effects. The document provides an overview of the major pharmacological approaches for treating hypertension.
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Hypertension is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. It can be essential (idiopathic) where the cause is unknown or secondary where there is an identified cause. Beta blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension and are classified as non-selective or selective based on their receptor specificity. They work by reducing cardiac output and sympathetic nervous system activity. Propranolol is a non-selective beta blocker while metoprolol is a selective beta-1 receptor blocker.
Anti arrhythmic drugs by hartik bhageriya
Anti-arrhythmic drugs are defined as drugs used to treat disturbances in cardiac rhythm. They are classified as sodium channel blockers, beta blockers like atenolol and propranolol, or potassium channel blockers like sotalol. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that is absorbed orally and metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. It reduces blood pressure, relieves angina, and slows AV conduction when used to treat hypertension, chest pain, and supraventricular tachycardia.
calcium channel blockers
The document discusses calcium channel blockers (CCBs), which are a class of antihypertensive drugs. CCBs work by blocking calcium channels, thereby relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. They are classified into phenylalkylamines, dihydropyridines, and benzothiazepines. CCBs are effective antihypertensives and are also used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries and reducing oxygen demand of the heart. Their adverse effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension. CCBs are contraindicated in conditions like heart failure and bradycardia.
HYPERTENSION TOPIC PREPARED BY DR. ARUN KUMAR
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, waste, and hormones. The heart powers this system. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure, specifically a systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg. There are two main types of hypertension: primary (95% of cases) which has no identifiable medical cause, and secondary which is caused by other conditions like Cushing's syndrome or kidney impairment.
Cardiovascular drugs
The document discusses kidney function and urine formation processes. It then summarizes the key functions of the kidneys, which include regulating electrolyte and fluid balance and removing waste from the blood. It describes the three main processes involved in urine formation - filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The document then focuses on hypertension, describing classifications of blood pressure and types of hypertension. It outlines mechanisms for blood pressure control and discusses non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches to hypertension management.
Pharmacology antiarrhythmias
1. Arrhythmias occur when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm due to problems with the heart's electrical conduction system.
2. Several classes of antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat arrhythmias by blocking sodium, calcium, or potassium channels to suppress abnormal automaticity or conduction in the heart.
3. Common antiarrhythmic drugs include quinidine, mexiletine, flecainide, propranolol, amiodarone, dofetilide, verapamil and diltiazem. These drugs have different mechanisms of action and potential side effects like cardiac toxicity that require careful monitoring.
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Dihydropyridines effect on Ca Channels
Dihydropyridines can act as both agonists and antagonists of calcium channels. As antagonists, compounds like amlodipine bind to L-type calcium channels in the closed mode 0, preventing opening and thereby decreasing calcium influx, cardiac contractility, and blood pressure. In contrast, the agonist Bay K8644 binds channels in the prolonged open mode 2, increasing calcium influx and having a positive ionotropic effect by enhancing contractility. Thus dihydropyridines demonstrate the ability to modulate calcium channels in both inhibitory and stimulatory fashions depending on the specific compound and its binding properties.
Anti hypertensive drugs Biomedical science slideshare
This document summarizes different classes of antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses:
1) Diuretics like thiazides and loop diuretics which decrease blood volume and cardiac output.
2) ACE inhibitors and ARBs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to reduce vasoconstriction and sodium retention.
3) Calcium channel blockers which relax blood vessels by blocking calcium channels.
Each class is described along with examples, mechanisms, and potential adverse effects. The document provides an overview of the major pharmacological approaches for treating hypertension.
Cardiovascular Drugs (Medicinal Chemistry) MANIK
Hypertension is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. It can be essential (idiopathic) where the cause is unknown or secondary where there is an identified cause. Beta blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension and are classified as non-selective or selective based on their receptor specificity. They work by reducing cardiac output and sympathetic nervous system activity. Propranolol is a non-selective beta blocker while metoprolol is a selective beta-1 receptor blocker.
Anti arrhythmic drugs by hartik bhageriya
Anti-arrhythmic drugs are defined as drugs used to treat disturbances in cardiac rhythm. They are classified as sodium channel blockers, beta blockers like atenolol and propranolol, or potassium channel blockers like sotalol. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that is absorbed orally and metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. It reduces blood pressure, relieves angina, and slows AV conduction when used to treat hypertension, chest pain, and supraventricular tachycardia.
calcium channel blockers
The document discusses calcium channel blockers (CCBs), which are a class of antihypertensive drugs. CCBs work by blocking calcium channels, thereby relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. They are classified into phenylalkylamines, dihydropyridines, and benzothiazepines. CCBs are effective antihypertensives and are also used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries and reducing oxygen demand of the heart. Their adverse effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension. CCBs are contraindicated in conditions like heart failure and bradycardia.
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, waste, and hormones. The heart powers this system. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure, specifically a systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg. There are two main types of hypertension: primary (95% of cases) which has no identifiable medical cause, and secondary which is caused by other conditions like Cushing's syndrome or kidney impairment.
Cardiovascular drugs
The document discusses kidney function and urine formation processes. It then summarizes the key functions of the kidneys, which include regulating electrolyte and fluid balance and removing waste from the blood. It describes the three main processes involved in urine formation - filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The document then focuses on hypertension, describing classifications of blood pressure and types of hypertension. It outlines mechanisms for blood pressure control and discusses non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches to hypertension management.
Pharmacology antiarrhythmias
1. Arrhythmias occur when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm due to problems with the heart's electrical conduction system.
2. Several classes of antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat arrhythmias by blocking sodium, calcium, or potassium channels to suppress abnormal automaticity or conduction in the heart.
3. Common antiarrhythmic drugs include quinidine, mexiletine, flecainide, propranolol, amiodarone, dofetilide, verapamil and diltiazem. These drugs have different mechanisms of action and potential side effects like cardiac toxicity that require careful monitoring.
Calcium channel blocker amlodipine.
This document provides information about the calcium channel blocker amlodipine. It begins with an introduction to calcium channel blockers and their classification. It then focuses on amlodipine, describing its method of synthesis, mechanism of action, and side effects. Amlodipine works by blocking calcium ion entry into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, relaxing blood vessels to improve blood flow and reduce blood pressure. Potential side effects include swelling, dizziness, nausea, and lightheadedness.
Antihypertensive agents
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It then discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway which controls blood pressure. Various classes of antihypertensive agents are described, including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Specific drugs from each class are provided along with their mechanisms and uses for treating hypertension. The mechanisms of action are summarized for each drug class, such as how beta-blockers work by blocking epinephrine to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
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This document discusses the use of ACE inhibitors like lisinopril for the treatment of heart failure. It covers types of heart failure, how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated in heart failure and contributes to disease progression, how ACE inhibitors work to inhibit this system, potential drug interactions with medications like Entresto and rifampin, side effects like cough and angioedema, pharmacokinetics of lisinopril, and the importance of monitoring for adverse reactions and assessing other medications when using ACE inhibitors.
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Antihypertensives acting on RAAS
- A 48-year-old male presented with essential hypertension and was prescribed captopril. He returned with a persistent brassy cough.
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- The patient's cough was likely caused by captopril as a side effect. His blood pressure was now under control, so the doctor would need to consider changing him to an alternative antihypertensive like an ARB that is less likely to cause cough.
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anti hypertensive drugs for nursing students
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a disorder where blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by unknown factors (essential hypertension) or other diseases (secondary hypertension). Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and organs over time.
The document discusses various types of medications used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and potential side effects in the treatment of hypertension.
Antiarrhythmic agents
This document discusses antiarrhythmic agents. It defines arrhythmia as a disturbance in impulse conduction or formation in the heart. Antiarrhythmic agents work by altering conduction velocity and refractory periods in heart muscle tissue. The document classifies antiarrhythmic agents into four classes based on their mechanism of action. Class I agents affect sodium channels, Class II affect beta receptors, Class III prolong repolarization, and Class IV block calcium channels. Representative drugs are discussed for each class, along with their structures, mechanisms of action, uses and side effects.
Cardiovascular drugs by Mrinmalini
This document discusses cardiovascular drugs and their uses. It begins by defining cardiovascular drugs as those that act on the heart or blood vessels. It then describes the anatomy of the heart including the myocardium, conduction system, and nerve supply. It lists some common cardiovascular conditions treated by drugs such as congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension. For each condition, it provides details on symptoms, types, and mechanisms of treatment with drugs. It also discusses the mechanisms of several classes of cardiovascular drugs including cardiac glycosides, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others.
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The document summarizes calcium channel blocking drugs (CCBs). There are three main classes of CCBs that bind to different sites on the L-type calcium channel: dihydropyridines like nifedipine, phenylalkylamines like verapamil, and benzothiazepines like diltiazem. CCBs act selectively on cardiovascular tissues due to their reliance on L-type calcium channels. The different binding sites result in varying pharmacological effects, with dihydropyridines primarily vasodilating and the others affecting both cardiac and vascular muscle. Common adverse effects include hypotension, headaches, and peripheral edema.
Calcium channel blockers word file
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) work by blocking calcium channels, thereby relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. They are classified as dihydropyridine (e.g. amlodipine) or non-dihydropyridine (e.g. verapamil, diltiazem). CCBs are used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias by decreasing calcium influx into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells. Common side effects include headache, edema, and dizziness. When prescribing CCBs, blood pressure, ECG, and side effects should be monitored closely.
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Cardivascular drug by maghan das
This document discusses cardiovascular drugs used to treat various conditions. It covers drugs that target the heart such as inotropic agents and beta blockers. It also discusses antihypertensive drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system like ACE inhibitors. The document describes antianginal drugs that reduce oxygen demand or increase oxygen delivery. It provides classifications of antiarrhythmic drugs and drugs used to treat heart failure like digoxin, diuretics, and vasodilators.
ACE Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors ( Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) .
A class of anti-hypertensive medications used to treat Hypertension.
The Renin Angiotensin Andosterone System
The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It involves the kidneys and liver. Renin is released from the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen from the liver into angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs then converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Aldosterone is also released, increasing blood pressure further. Common drugs that target RAAS include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, and aldosterone receptor antagonists, which are used to treat
Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) work by blocking the influx of calcium through L-type calcium channels in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. This leads to vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and reduced cardiac contractility. The main classes of CCBs are dihydropyridines like nifedipine, benzothiazepines like diltiazem, and diphenylalkylamines like verapamil. They are used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. Common side effects include headache, flushing, edema, and constipation. Cautions include hypotension, heart failure, and avoiding grapefruit juice with some CCBs.
Antiarrythmic drugs
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to prevent or treat irregularities in cardiac rhythm caused by disturbances in the heart's electrical impulses. The drugs work by reducing abnormal pacemaker activity or modifying conduction to disable reentrant circuits. Quinidine is a Class IA drug that blocks sodium channels, prolonging the action potential and increasing the refractory period. It can treat both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias but causes side effects like cinchonism. Procainamide is also a Class IA drug that works similarly to quinidine to treat ventricular and some supraventricular arrhythmias but has more ganglionic blocking effects and can cause lupus-like symptoms.
Antiarrythmic drugs review
A transmembrane electrical gradient (potential) is maintained, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to outside the cell.Caused by unequal distribution of ions inside vs. outside cell ,Na+ higher outside than inside cell,Ca+ much higher “ “ “ “
K+ higher inside cell than outside Maintenance by ion selective channels, active pumps and exchangers
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CONTROLLING HYPERTENSION: A BRIEF REVIEW
Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardio vascular system (CVS) disease, kidney failure and mortality in all over the world. It is said that in our country there are 200 million patients have been suffering from hypertension but only half of them were aware of their illness and out of them only 30% are taking medications under constant medical care. This is one of the deadliest non communicable diseases in the world leading to around 9.4 million deaths occurred in every year. The estimated market share of anti-hypertensive agents is $30 billion by 2016. Hypertension affects approximately 50 million individuals in the US and approximately 1 billion worldwide. There are significant health and economic gains achieved owing to early detection, adequate treatment and good control of hypertension. Hypertension prevails where ever weak health conditions exist all over the world irrespective of either advanced or low per capita income countries. It is alarming to know one in three American adults chronically suffering from high blood pressure. Many people don't aware that they have B.P till they badly affected because negligence of high blood pressure as no symptoms or warning signs appears and then only they abruptly rushed for the medical aid. Elevated chronic blood pressure enhanced cholesterol and blood sugar levels abnormally which causes serious damage to the arteries, kidneys, and heart. Fortunately, high blood pressure is easy to detect and treat due to invention of advanced medical instruments and techniques and introduction of new pharmaceutical drugs. People can keep blood pressure in a healthy range of normal conditions simply by altering lifestyle changes by reducing overweight, by regulating food habits with natural foods and regular practice of exercises and yoga. This report includes tips on how to use a home blood pressure monitor, as well as advice on choosing an appropriate drug treatment strategy based on the age and severity of B.P keeping in view any other medical problems existing in the body.
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This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It then discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway which controls blood pressure. Various classes of antihypertensive agents are described, including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Specific drugs from each class are provided along with their mechanisms and uses for treating hypertension. The mechanisms of action are summarized for each drug class, such as how beta-blockers work by blocking epinephrine to slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
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This document discusses the use of ACE inhibitors like lisinopril for the treatment of heart failure. It covers types of heart failure, how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated in heart failure and contributes to disease progression, how ACE inhibitors work to inhibit this system, potential drug interactions with medications like Entresto and rifampin, side effects like cough and angioedema, pharmacokinetics of lisinopril, and the importance of monitoring for adverse reactions and assessing other medications when using ACE inhibitors.
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- A 48-year-old male presented with essential hypertension and was prescribed captopril. He returned with a persistent brassy cough.
- Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that works by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. However, it can cause cough as a side effect by inhibiting the breakdown of bradykinin.
- The patient's cough was likely caused by captopril as a side effect. His blood pressure was now under control, so the doctor would need to consider changing him to an alternative antihypertensive like an ARB that is less likely to cause cough.
Copy of sravs
Electrophysiology of the heart
Arrhythmia: definition, mechanisms, types
Drugs :class I, II, III, IV
Guide to treat some types of arrhythmia
Vasodilators and vasoconstrictors
Vasoactive drugs act on vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation. Vasoconstrictors such as endothelin, angiotensin II, and ADH cause contraction through increasing calcium levels or sensitivity. Vasodilators such as calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and nitrates cause relaxation through decreasing calcium, increasing cGMP/cAMP, or inhibiting phosphodiesterases. The vascular endothelium releases various mediators like prostanoids, nitric oxide, and C-type natriuretic peptide that regulate vascular tone. RAAS activation leads to vasoconstriction and sodium retention through angiotensin II, while drugs blocking RAAS cause indirect vasodilation.
Cardiotonics
This document discusses cardiotonic drugs, which increase the contractility of the cardiac muscle without increasing oxygen demand. It focuses on two main types - cardiac glycosides like digoxin, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Digoxin increases calcium levels in cardiac cells, strengthening contractions. It has a positive inotropic effect and is used to treat heart failure and arrhythmias. The document outlines the mechanisms, effects, dosing, interactions, toxicity and nursing considerations for digoxin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
anti hypertensive drugs for nursing students
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a disorder where blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by unknown factors (essential hypertension) or other diseases (secondary hypertension). Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and organs over time.
The document discusses various types of medications used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and potential side effects in the treatment of hypertension.
Antiarrhythmic agents
This document discusses antiarrhythmic agents. It defines arrhythmia as a disturbance in impulse conduction or formation in the heart. Antiarrhythmic agents work by altering conduction velocity and refractory periods in heart muscle tissue. The document classifies antiarrhythmic agents into four classes based on their mechanism of action. Class I agents affect sodium channels, Class II affect beta receptors, Class III prolong repolarization, and Class IV block calcium channels. Representative drugs are discussed for each class, along with their structures, mechanisms of action, uses and side effects.
Cardiovascular drugs by Mrinmalini
This document discusses cardiovascular drugs and their uses. It begins by defining cardiovascular drugs as those that act on the heart or blood vessels. It then describes the anatomy of the heart including the myocardium, conduction system, and nerve supply. It lists some common cardiovascular conditions treated by drugs such as congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension. For each condition, it provides details on symptoms, types, and mechanisms of treatment with drugs. It also discusses the mechanisms of several classes of cardiovascular drugs including cardiac glycosides, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others.
calcim
The document summarizes calcium channel blocking drugs (CCBs). There are three main classes of CCBs that bind to different sites on the L-type calcium channel: dihydropyridines like nifedipine, phenylalkylamines like verapamil, and benzothiazepines like diltiazem. CCBs act selectively on cardiovascular tissues due to their reliance on L-type calcium channels. The different binding sites result in varying pharmacological effects, with dihydropyridines primarily vasodilating and the others affecting both cardiac and vascular muscle. Common adverse effects include hypotension, headaches, and peripheral edema.
Calcium channel blockers word file
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) work by blocking calcium channels, thereby relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. They are classified as dihydropyridine (e.g. amlodipine) or non-dihydropyridine (e.g. verapamil, diltiazem). CCBs are used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias by decreasing calcium influx into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells. Common side effects include headache, edema, and dizziness. When prescribing CCBs, blood pressure, ECG, and side effects should be monitored closely.
AcE Inhibitors in Hypertension
This document discusses angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and their use in treating hypertension. It begins by explaining how ACE converts angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting this enzyme, lowering blood pressure. Common ACE inhibitors are then classified and their individual mechanisms of action and uses described. In conclusion, ACE inhibitors are now first-line treatments for hypertension by preventing the formation of angiotensin II.
Cardivascular drug by maghan das
This document discusses cardiovascular drugs used to treat various conditions. It covers drugs that target the heart such as inotropic agents and beta blockers. It also discusses antihypertensive drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system like ACE inhibitors. The document describes antianginal drugs that reduce oxygen demand or increase oxygen delivery. It provides classifications of antiarrhythmic drugs and drugs used to treat heart failure like digoxin, diuretics, and vasodilators.
ACE Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors ( Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) .
A class of anti-hypertensive medications used to treat Hypertension.
The Renin Angiotensin Andosterone System
The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It involves the kidneys and liver. Renin is released from the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen from the liver into angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs then converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Aldosterone is also released, increasing blood pressure further. Common drugs that target RAAS include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, and aldosterone receptor antagonists, which are used to treat
Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) work by blocking the influx of calcium through L-type calcium channels in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. This leads to vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and reduced cardiac contractility. The main classes of CCBs are dihydropyridines like nifedipine, benzothiazepines like diltiazem, and diphenylalkylamines like verapamil. They are used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. Common side effects include headache, flushing, edema, and constipation. Cautions include hypotension, heart failure, and avoiding grapefruit juice with some CCBs.
Antiarrythmic drugs
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to prevent or treat irregularities in cardiac rhythm caused by disturbances in the heart's electrical impulses. The drugs work by reducing abnormal pacemaker activity or modifying conduction to disable reentrant circuits. Quinidine is a Class IA drug that blocks sodium channels, prolonging the action potential and increasing the refractory period. It can treat both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias but causes side effects like cinchonism. Procainamide is also a Class IA drug that works similarly to quinidine to treat ventricular and some supraventricular arrhythmias but has more ganglionic blocking effects and can cause lupus-like symptoms.
Antiarrythmic drugs review
A transmembrane electrical gradient (potential) is maintained, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to outside the cell.Caused by unequal distribution of ions inside vs. outside cell ,Na+ higher outside than inside cell,Ca+ much higher “ “ “ “
K+ higher inside cell than outside Maintenance by ion selective channels, active pumps and exchangers
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Top 200 drugs
This document lists 200 drugs along with their brand/trade names, therapeutic classes, and primary indications. For each drug, the name, most common brand or trade name, main therapeutic category or class, and primary medical use or condition treated are provided. The drugs span a wide range of categories including analgesics, antibiotics, antihypertensives, antidepressants, and more.
CONTROLLING HYPERTENSION: A BRIEF REVIEW
Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardio vascular system (CVS) disease, kidney failure and mortality in all over the world. It is said that in our country there are 200 million patients have been suffering from hypertension but only half of them were aware of their illness and out of them only 30% are taking medications under constant medical care. This is one of the deadliest non communicable diseases in the world leading to around 9.4 million deaths occurred in every year. The estimated market share of anti-hypertensive agents is $30 billion by 2016. Hypertension affects approximately 50 million individuals in the US and approximately 1 billion worldwide. There are significant health and economic gains achieved owing to early detection, adequate treatment and good control of hypertension. Hypertension prevails where ever weak health conditions exist all over the world irrespective of either advanced or low per capita income countries. It is alarming to know one in three American adults chronically suffering from high blood pressure. Many people don't aware that they have B.P till they badly affected because negligence of high blood pressure as no symptoms or warning signs appears and then only they abruptly rushed for the medical aid. Elevated chronic blood pressure enhanced cholesterol and blood sugar levels abnormally which causes serious damage to the arteries, kidneys, and heart. Fortunately, high blood pressure is easy to detect and treat due to invention of advanced medical instruments and techniques and introduction of new pharmaceutical drugs. People can keep blood pressure in a healthy range of normal conditions simply by altering lifestyle changes by reducing overweight, by regulating food habits with natural foods and regular practice of exercises and yoga. This report includes tips on how to use a home blood pressure monitor, as well as advice on choosing an appropriate drug treatment strategy based on the age and severity of B.P keeping in view any other medical problems existing in the body.
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considered to be the foremost infectious disease threats in the world today.
Losartan simple presentation
Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used to treat hypertension. It works by competitively inhibiting the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors, preventing vasoconstriction and lowering blood pressure. Common side effects include dizziness, hypotension, and hyperkalemia. Losartan has drug interactions with NSAIDs, potassium supplements, and lithium that can increase the risk of hyperkalemia and lithium toxicity. It is classified as pregnancy category D and contraindicated in pregnant women.
Are all arbs the same?
1) Telmisartan has the longest half-life, largest volume of distribution, highest lipophilicity, and lowest renal excretion of clinically available ARBs, resulting in the longest duration of action.
2) Telmisartan binds insurmountably to the AT1 receptor and has a much longer dissociation half-life compared to losartan, providing tighter, more sustained blockade of the RAS.
3) Telmisartan is the preferred ARB for patients with renal impairment due to its renal excretion profile and superior blood pressure lowering in renal disease compared to other ARBs like losartan.
Are+all+sartans+equal
The document discusses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and its role in cardiovascular diseases. It describes how inappropriate activation of RAAS can lead to hypertension, diabetes, obesity, heart failure and kidney diseases. RAAS modulators like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are effective in managing these conditions by inhibiting RAAS. Clinical trials have shown that drugs like losartan, valsartan and candesartan reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular events.
ARB in the management of Hypertension
ARBs (Angiotensin receptor blockers) are the most widely used anti hypertensive throughout the world. A solid knowledge related to ARB will make our practice more patients friendly & benefit will be maximum.
Fixed Dose Combinations
Hypertension remains difficult to treat effectively despite available drugs. Aggressive treatment of moderate and mild hypertension through combinations of drugs from different classes leads to better outcomes. Combination therapy is recommended to control blood pressure as it is more effective than monotherapy due to targeting multiple mechanisms. Fixed-dose combinations have advantages over individual drugs such as better blood pressure control, fewer side effects, and increased compliance.
Are all sartans equal
The document compares the efficacy of different angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). It provides an overview of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and how RAAS modulators such as ARBs work. It then reviews clinical trial data comparing the blood pressure lowering effects, 24-hour blood pressure control, and ability to achieve blood pressure goals of various ARBs. The document also examines the evidence for using ARBs to treat heart failure, including several meta-analyses, with the conclusion being that ARBs do not reduce mortality or morbidity in heart failure beyond placebo or ACE inhibitors.
Angiotensin-II Receptor Blocker Update --dr shanjida
1) Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.
2) Losartan was the first ARB developed and approved for clinical use in 1995. Since then, several other ARBs have been approved to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and stroke.
3) ARBs are as effective as ACE inhibitors at lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular events with fewer side effects like cough. They are considered a first-line treatment for hypertension by European guidelines.
Antiarrhythmic drugs - drdhriti
This document discusses antiarrhythmic drugs used to treat irregular heart rhythms. It begins by defining different types of arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and heart block. The causes of arrhythmias are then explained as enhanced automaticity, triggered activity, reentry, and fractionation of impulses. Common arrhythmia conditions seen clinically are also outlined. The document then discusses the Vaughan-Williams classification system for antiarrhythmic drugs and provides details on representative drugs from each class, including their mechanisms of action and uses.
Fixed Dose combination ppt
Hypertension affects a large portion of the global population and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While treatment has improved, blood pressure remains difficult to control for many patients. Guidelines recommend treating with multiple-drug combinations to effectively lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk. Fixed-dose combinations can simplify treatment regimens and improve patient compliance compared to free-drug combinations, helping to better control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
Fixed dose drug combinations
This document discusses fixed drug dose combinations (FDC). It notes that FDC involves combining two drugs in a single formulation. The drugs should have similar half-lives and dosage ratios based on pharmacokinetics. An example given is amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Advantages of FDC include convenience, enhanced effects, and reduced side effects. However, disadvantages include inability to adjust doses independently and increased adverse effects in some cases. Rational FDCs improve compliance and efficacy while irrational FDCs can cause harm.
Current status of ARBs in BD.ppt
This document discusses angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which are used to treat hypertension and other conditions. It lists the major ARBs available worldwide and in Bangladesh specifically. Data on the top selling ARBs in Bangladesh from 2001-2012 shows losartan as the highest selling, with strong growth from olmesartan and irbesartan as well. Clinical trials findings suggest azilsartan may provide better blood pressure control than other ARBs. A price comparison table shows the monthly and annual costs of common ARBs.
Antihypertensives - drdhriti
This document summarizes several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and effects. It discusses diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, centrally acting drugs, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes their advantages and disadvantages in treating hypertension, as well as recommendations for use.
Anti Hypertensive Drugs
The document discusses different types of antihypertensive drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It defines hypertension and guidelines for initiating treatment. The main drug classes covered are diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central acting agents. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and resistant hypertension are addressed in principles of treatment.
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Angiotensin-II Receptor Blocker Update --dr shanjida
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Week 5 Pharma
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and drugs that affect it. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulation. It then explains different classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias, angina, hyperlipidemia, and blood clotting disorders. These include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs.
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
This document discusses various types of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, sympathetic inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. It describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, drug interactions, and side effects of common antihypertensive drugs from each class such as hydrochlorothiazide, captopril, propranolol, nifedipine, and hydralazine. The document provides an overview of classifications, treatment approaches, and management of hypertension using different antihypertensive drug classes and combinations.
Chf ppn
Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by impaired cardiac muscle contraction or an increased workload on the heart. There are two main types: systolic dysfunction where the weakened heart cannot contract properly, and diastolic dysfunction where the stiff heart cannot relax to allow chambers to fill with blood. Treatment involves drugs like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and vasodilators to reduce workload and improve pumping ability. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, weight control, exercise and medication adherence can help prevent disease progression.
Hypertension .pptx
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including: diuretics (thiazide, loop, potassium-sparing), ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central acting drugs. It provides details on mechanisms of action, examples within each class, their uses, and common side effects in treating hypertension. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and how different drug classes target it at different levels is also explained.
Antihypertensives
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
6073324.ppt
Class I-IV antiarrhythmic drugs work by altering the electrophysiology of the heart. Class I drugs block sodium channels, Class II are beta-blockers, Class III prolong action potentials, and Class IV block calcium channels. The main drugs discussed are quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, lidocaine, mexiletine, flecainide, propranolol, metoprolol, esmolol, amiodarone, sotalol, verapamil and diltiazem. Each drug has therapeutic uses for specific arrhythmias but also adverse effects that must be considered.
Antiarrhythmic drugs, Drugs used in arrhythmia
This presentation highlights on Introduction, Chemistry, classification, structures, SAR and MOA of Antiarrhythmic drugs
Pharma seminar new version
The document discusses various drugs used to treat angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. It describes the classes of drugs which include nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nicorandil, aspirin, ACE inhibitors, and captopril. It explains the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications and side effects of these drug classes and examples like nitroglycerin, atenolol, nifedipine, verapamil, aspirin, and captopril.
Antiarrhythmia
This document discusses anti-arrhythmia drugs and mechanisms. It defines arrhythmia as an irregular or abnormal heart rhythm. The main mechanisms are altered automaticity, triggered activity including early and delayed afterdepolarizations, and reentry which can occur through anatomical circuits or functionally. Drugs classes include sodium channel blockers (Class 1), beta blockers (Class 2), potassium channel blockers (Class 3), calcium channel blockers (Class 4), and others like adenosine, digoxin, and atropine. The classes have different effects on action potential duration and refractory period to suppress arrhythmias.
Aashna ccbs-130919152838-phpapp01
This document presents information on calcium channel blockers (CCBs). It discusses their classification into phenylalkylamines, dihydropyridines, and benzothiazepines. CCBs work by blocking L-type calcium channels, relaxing smooth muscles and dilating blood vessels. They are used to treat hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, and other conditions. Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension.
Antihypertensives Ch 1.pptx
The document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It describes how hypertension results from increased vascular resistance and defines normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It explains the two main mechanisms that control blood pressure - the baroreflex system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The rest of the document summarizes several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects in treating hypertension.
Antiarrhythmic Drugs and its side effect.pptx
Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias. They work by altering the movement of ions through cardiac cell membranes. The Vaughan Williams classification system groups antiarrhythmics based on their effects on sodium, potassium, calcium, and beta-adrenergic channels. Common antiarrhythmics include amiodarone (blocks multiple channels), beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and sodium channel blockers. Nurses must closely monitor patients taking these drugs for effectiveness and potential adverse effects like hypotension, bradycardia, and prolonged QT interval.
Antihypertensive drugs
1) Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic over 90 mm Hg. Antihypertensive drugs are used to reduce high blood pressure.
2) There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers.
3) The document provides details on the mechanisms of several classes of antihypertensive drugs and examples of drugs within each class, such as ACE inhibitors decreasing angiotensin II and calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
Pharma 3
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and drugs that affect blood pressure. It covers the heart and circulation, factors that determine heart oxygen use and blood pressure, hypertension treatment approaches, and classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, vasodilators, and drugs that treat hypotension. It also briefly mentions cardiotonic drugs.
Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) work by blocking the influx of calcium through L-type calcium channels in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. This leads to vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and reduced cardiac contractility. The main classes of CCBs are dihydropyridines like nifedipine, benzothiazepines like diltiazem, and diphenylalkylamines like verapamil. They are used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. Common side effects include headache, flushing, edema, and constipation. Cautions include hypotension, heart failure, and avoiding grapefruit juice with some CCBs.
Pharmacology notes
This document contains notes on pharmacology. It discusses several topics in 3-7 sentences each, including cholinergic and adrenergic agonists and antagonists, drugs for conditions like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, psychosis, pain, heart failure, arrhythmias, hypertension, diuretics, and respiratory issues. The notes provide an overview of medication classes and examples for different body systems and diseases.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I) are a class of drugs that inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme and are often used as first-line treatment for congestive heart failure and hypertension. They work by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme, reducing stimulation of AT1 receptors and increasing bradykinin levels, leading to vasodilation. Common side effects include hypotension, dry cough, and hyperkalemia. ACE-I have various clinical uses including treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy.
Renin-Angiotensin Aldeaterone System RAAS
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It involves the release of renin from the kidneys in response to low blood pressure, sodium levels, or sympathetic stimulation. Renin then cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I and eventually angiotensin II with ACE. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and aldosterone release to increase blood pressure. ACE inhibitors are used to treat hypertension and heart failure by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II and reducing RAAS activity.
Antiarrhythmic drugs
This document discusses antiarrhythmic drugs used to treat arrhythmias. It begins by defining arrhythmias as abnormalities in heart rate, rhythm or conduction. It then discusses the normal physiology of the heart including the properties of cardiac muscle cells and the conduction system. It explains the mechanisms of arrhythmias and classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. The major classes of antiarrhythmic drugs are discussed in detail including mechanisms of action, indications, dosages and side effects. Class I drugs block sodium channels, Class II are beta blockers, and Class III block potassium channels.
ACE Inhibitors and receptor blockers.pptx
This document discusses ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). It begins by explaining that ACE stands for angiotensin-converting enzyme, which plays a key role in regulating blood pressure. ACE inhibitors work by blocking this enzyme, reducing angiotensin II and vasoconstriction. The document then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and uses of several common ACE inhibitors and ARBs, including captopril, enalapril, losartan and candesartan. It concludes by describing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and angiotensin receptor types.
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STD
This document summarizes information about various sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including their symptoms, transmission methods, and treatment options. It notes that STIs can be transmitted through oral, vaginal, and anal sex as well as skin-to-skin contact, depending on the infection. STIs are passed via bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, and breast milk. Examples of STIs discussed include syphilis, HPV, herpes, hepatitis B, pubic lice, and trichomoniasis. The document stresses notifying partners about potential exposures and abstaining from sex until treatment is complete to prevent further spread.
Urinary noyouranary 2
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains over a million nephrons, the microscopic filtering units of the kidney. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. Kidney functions include regulating blood pressure by releasing hormones like renin and angiotensin in response to changes in blood pressure. Common urinary system issues include kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and renal failure in late-stage chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis or transplant.
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are a class of chemicals that include steroid hormones produced naturally in the adrenal cortex. They affect stress response, immune response, and inflammation. Corticosteroids work in the body by entering cells and inhibiting the enzyme that produces arachidonic acid, which leads to reduced inflammation. Common corticosteroids include dexamethasone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisone, prednisolone, and prednisone. While they can treat conditions like asthma and arthritis, prolonged high doses can cause side effects like Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis, and hypokalemia.
Antihistamines, antitussives, decongestants, expectorants
Histamine is produced by basophils and mast cells during immune responses. It binds to H1-H4 receptors, causing effects like vasodilation, bronchioconstriction, and increased gastric acid. Anaphylactic shock results from severe drops in blood pressure and impaired breathing from vasodilation and bronchioconstriction. Epinephrine is used to treat it. Antihistamines compete with histamine at receptors to treat allergies and other conditions. Antitussives suppress coughing through opioid or non-opioid mechanisms. Decongestants stimulate alpha receptors to constrict nasal passages. Expectorants thin mucus to make coughing up secretions easier.
Firstaid
This document provides information and links to videos about various first aid procedures and treatments. It defines first aid as immediate care before professional help arrives. It discusses triage, or sorting injured people by severity. A variety of injuries and conditions are covered, including bleeding, burns, fractures, dislocations, hypothermia, frostbite, sprains, strains, eye injuries, and more. Videos linked provide guidance on splinting, wound treatment, positioning, and other first aid techniques.
Sterile enviroment
The document discusses standards and guidelines for maintaining sterile environments and compounding sterile products, including:
- USP Chapter 797 which covers equipment, techniques, and quality control for sterile products to prevent harm from microbial contamination or incorrect ingredients.
- USP Chapter 795 which outlines the responsibilities of compounders to produce safe, high quality medications.
- Maintaining clean rooms, anterooms, and laminar flow hoods at ISO particle standards to control contamination, with the most stringent standard of ISO Class 5 required for laminar flow hoods.
- Proper attire, cleaning procedures, and environmental controls are needed to ensure work areas are sufficiently sterile for compounding sterile products.
Rx order
This document outlines the steps a pharmacy should take when filling a prescription order, including verifying patient and insurance information in the computer system, scanning the prescription to avoid using paper, confirming details of the prescription such as drug, dosage, quantity, and prescriber, and obtaining necessary details from the patient like date of birth and whether they want to fill the full prescription.
Retaildelivery
Most prescriptions will have locking caps for safety, and non-locking caps require a signature each time from the patient. Brown bottles are used for light- and heat-sensitive medications. Compounding can be done by pharmacists for individual prescriptions without recipes, by pharmacy technicians following written protocols for single treatments, or by technicians in bulk manufacturing for multiple patients. Prescription labels contain important pharmacy and patient information as well as dosing instructions, while shelf bottles must be checked for expiration and accuracy before and after dispensing medications which may have additional instructions or require medication guides.
Restricteddrugpate
The document discusses Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) implemented by the FDA for certain drugs that pose serious safety risks. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans, and elements to assure safe use. Examples provided include specific REMS programs for drugs like alosetron, clozapine, isotretinoin, thalidomide, and dofetilide that require enrollment of prescribers and pharmacies, patient counseling and monitoring, and other restrictions to ensure the safe use of the medication. REMS are intended to help ensure the benefits of medications outweigh the risks when serious safety issues have been identified.
Regulatgion audit
The document discusses healthcare regulation and audits from several organizations. The Joint Commission inspects and accredits nursing homes, hospitals, laboratories and pharmacies, with their approval sometimes required by health payors. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices provides education about medication mistakes. Third party audits check for proper drug orders, patient consent, and correct medication dispensing to ensure accurate billing and compliance with company policies.
Recordkeeping
Pharmacies must properly file and store records related to dispensing medications including: stamping Schedule III-V prescriptions with a red "C"; keeping narcotic invoices and forms; maintaining logs of exempt narcotic transactions, compounding records, poison logs, and repacked medication paperwork; and storing electronic or paper prescriptions for two years. Pharmacies must also conduct biennial narcotic inventories and use automatic stop orders for certain drug classes to limit prescriptions to specific time periods unless overridden by the doctor.
Recallsrefund
A pharmacy can refund money for a drug returned by an outpatient, but cannot resell or redistribute the drug as its condition after leaving the pharmacy cannot be verified. For inpatient drugs or manufacturer recalls, unused packaged drugs can be destroyed. Manufacturer recalls are classified by the FDA from Class I, which can cause serious harm or death, to Class III, which violate regulations but are unlikely to harm health. Wholesalers have requirements for accepting returns, and controlled substances have additional DEA paperwork and witness requirements for destruction.
Pointof saleinvenrtory
This document discusses various aspects of point of sale and inventory management in a healthcare setting. It covers: 1) how drugs are obtained from manufacturers and wholesalers; 2) how inventory is managed at point of sale and through purchase orders; and 3) how formularies are developed and used to determine covered drugs.
Effectofmeds
Medications can have unintended side effects, adverse effects, or toxic effects. Side effects may not be harmful, while adverse effects can damage organs over time and toxic effects can be life-threatening. The causes of harmful effects include overdose, interactions with other drugs or foods, illnesses impairing organ function, and allergic reactions. Treatment depends on the type of effect but may include inducing vomiting, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, reducing the dosage, discontinuing the drug, supportive treatments, and administration of antidotes.
Hospital drug rx
This document outlines the components of a hospital drug order, including patient information like name and room number, drug details like name, dosage, and administration route and time, and institutional policies around formularies, prescription durations, floor stock, and IV preparations. A hospital drug order contains patient identification, prescription specifications, and information about the hospital's medication storage, preparation, and dispensing systems to inpatients and outpatients.
Hospdelivery
This document discusses medication delivery and management in a hospital setting. Drugs are provided either in single unit doses with labeling information but no patient name, or in bulk form with the patient's name and room number to avoid sharing. The computerized medication administration record system tracks all drugs and doses given to each patient from the medical station. Parenteral products require additional labeling information as shown in an accompanying picture.
Pharmadmin
CSA requires invoices for controlled substances to be filed separately from non-controlled drug invoices. Schedule 2 invoices must be filed separately from Schedule 3-5 invoices. Controlled substance invoices and DEA 222 forms can be destroyed after 2 years. Prescriptions for controlled substances must be held for 2 years starting from the last dispensing. Schedule 3-5 medications may be refilled 5 times in 6 months so the 2 year clock may start 6 months after the prescription is received. CSA requires pharmacies to perform an inventory of controlled substances every 2 years. The inventory must include pharmacy information and details of full and partial drug packages. Perpetual inventory of Schedule 2 drugs is also required with dispensing details.
Analgesics
Opioids like morphine bind to opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and digestive tract to relieve pain. They inhibit neurotransmitter release and can cause respiratory depression, nausea, drowsiness, tolerance, and addiction with long term use. Narcotic analgesics are classified into categories including morphine derivatives, synthetic morphine derivatives, and narcotic antagonists. NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen inhibit prostaglandin production to reduce pain and inflammation but can cause gastric upset and kidney damage. COX-2 inhibitors selectively inhibit COX-2 to reduce inflammation with fewer gastrointestinal side effects. Acetaminophen's mechanism is unknown but it is used for fever and pain relief, though can
Respiratorydrugs
This document discusses several classes of respiratory agents including bronchodilators, xanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, mast cell stabilizers, mucolytic agents, and smoking cessation agents. It describes their mechanisms of action, indications, examples within each class, and important adverse effects and considerations for use.
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Cardiovascularagentsnew
- 1. CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS for use in arrythmia: contraction of ventricle and atrium is not synchronized. Antiarythmia agents will block sodium channel, potassium channel, calcium channel or adrenergic receptor(adreneline,noradrenaline, dopamine). membrane stabilizing agents--aka Class 1--- sodium channel blockers The class I antiarrhythmic agents interfere with the sodium channel. Class I agents are divided into three groups (Ia(lengthens action potential), Ib(shortens) and Ic( no effect and increased sodium current depression)--- based upon their effect on the length of the action potential.
- 2. • MOA----depresses cardiac conduction and excitabiltity. action potential depends on the opening of sodium ion channels, so a blockade of these channels will slow the spread of impulse conduction across the myocardium. mainly for tachycardia. • Side effects: • diarrhea, naseau, dizziness • examples---- • lidocaine/Xylocaine • mexiletine/Mextil • procainamide/Pronestyl • quinidine/Quinaglute • tocainide/Tonocard Vaughan Williams Classification I-IV class 1--Na channel blocker
- 3. Class II--Beta blockers(olol) used after heart attack/hypertension moa---- beta receptors are found on muscle cells. These drugs block adrenaline and noradrenaline from hitting receptors. Beta-adrenergic blockers reduce heart rate and conduction velocity through the AV node. mainly for atrial dysrythmia. side effects---bronchoconstriction, impotence, fatigue, bradycardia, alopecia, depression examples--- atenolol/Tenormin carvedilol/Coreg propanolol/Inderal sotalol/Betapace metaprolol/Lopressor
- 4. class III---potassium channel blockers moa--- K+ channels on cardiac cells affect plateau and repolarization time. these drugs block K channel on cardiac cells, yields more time to repolarize the cells so this will suppress tachycardia. side effects---possible pulmonary fibrosis, blue skin deposit, liver damage examples-- amiodarone, bretylium, sotalol, ibutilideamiodarone, bretylium, sotalol, ibutilide
- 5. class IV---calcium channel blockers calcium allows myosin heads to bind to actin filaments and pull them to get a power stroke. Cardiac muscle requires extracellular calcium ions for contraction to occur.
- 6. class IV-calcium blockers moa--Slow conduction velocity Prolongs the refractory period effective against supraventricular dysrhythmias side effects----bradycardia, hypotension, constipation, headache, dizziness, heart failure consider----keep dilitazem from light examples-- dilitazem/Cardizem verapamil/Veralan
- 7. ACE inhibitors-(pril) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme mainly used in congestive heart failure----heart cannot meet oxygen needs for the body. chambers of the heart may respond by stretching to hold more blood to pump through the body or by becoming stiff and thickened. heart muscle walls may eventually weaken and become unable to pump as efficiently. The body keeps high blood pressure by--- the protein renin from kidneys finds protein angiotensinogen(453 amino acids) from the liver and removes first 10 amino acids, this yields angiotensin I(no biological activity). ACE removes another 2 amino acids to yield angiotensin II. This increases blood pressure by increasing the amount of salt and water the body retains. Also a vasoconstrictor. side effects---hypotension, cough, hyperkalemia, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and renal impairment. examples---benazapril,enalapril, lisinopril, quinapril, ramipril, perinopril, captopril
- 8. Angiotensin II antagonists for patients who don’t tolerate ACE inhibitors. Angiotensin II is allowed to be made but blocked at receptor site by the drug, yields reduced blood pressure. side effects----dizziness, headache, and/or hyperkalemia examples----- losartan, olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan, eprosartan, telmisartan, candesartan
- 9. Nitrates used for angina pectoris----coronary blood flow is inadequate for heart oxygen needs. chest pain with exertion. moa----nitrates are converted quickly to nitric acid and yields decreased venous return and reduced ventricular pressure, Gives coronary vessel dilation. side effects----orthostatic hypotension, flushing, nitroglygerin inhalant is flammable, projection liquid from light. examples--- isosorbide dinitrated/Isodil isosorbide monomitrate/Imdur nitroglygerin/Nitrostat
- 10. Vasodilators moa---relax smooth muscle atrerioles, yields decreased vascular resistance. recommend with diuretics and sympathoplegic drugs. side effects----headache, naseau, tachycardia, palpitations examples---- minoxidil/Loniten hydralazine/Apresoline fendolapam/Corlopam
- 11. CNS agents moa----reduce sympathetic outflow from vasomotor center in the brain, yields reduced heart rate, cardiac output, peripheral resistance. side effects----drowsiness, fatigue, fluid retention examples---- clonodine/Catapres guanfacine/tenex methyldopa/Aldomet
- 12. combination drugs moa-----additive effect to lower blood pressure. lower dosages yield less side effects examples------ Lotensin/benazepril&HCTZ Hyzaar/ losartan&HCTZ Avalide/irbesartan&HCTZ