Carbonate Reservoir.pdf
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Carbonate rocks are special because they have a strong link to biological processes. Carbonate sediments are formed biologically rather than through inorganic processes. The composition of carbonate rocks can provide precise information about the depositional environment, unlike siliciclastic rocks. Carbonates can form through various processes, including mechanical deposition, chemical precipitation, and in situ growth. They are classified based on their grain composition, matrix, and cement using ternary diagrams and schemes from Dunham and Folk.
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- 2. Strong link with the “biologic world” carbonate sediments are born, not made (James, 1984) “Organic world” has stronger and more complex relationship with the environment than the inorganic one. A qz grain is a qz grain at the present time as well as in the Cambrian. An actual reef works in a different way than a Cambrian reef. The study of carbonate rocks allows paleoenvironmental recostructionof high detail Why carbonate rocks are special?
- 3. Lateral transport of carbonate sediments is usually very limited . Why carbonate rocks are special?
- 4. The composition of a carbonate rock gives very often precise information on the depositional environment. The composition of a siliciclastic rock does not give in general information of the original depositional setting Why carbonate rocks are special?
- 5. Carbonates can be the final product of different processes mechanical deposition chemical precipitation in situ growth (build-up) Why carbonate rocks are special?
- 6. Classification of carbonate rocks
- 7. Fundamental to understanding sedimentary rocks is the distinction of three basic components: GRAINS (termed allochems by Folk), MATRIX (carbonate mud), and porosity or porosity-filling CEMENT. Typical carbonate rocks are plotted here on a ternary diagram using those three end members. Ternary Plot of Major Limestone Constituents
- 8. Carbonate Rock-Petrography Carbonate Rocks are made of : Grains or allochems Matrix or mud Cement matrix cement grains grains
- 9. Grains non-skeletal grains skeletal grains/bioclasts non-skeletal grains Carbonate Rock-Petrography skeletal grains
- 10. Carbonate sediments and rocks (lithified sediment hardened by diagenetic processes, such as cementation, compaction, mineral recrystallization) Carbonate rock classification: Dunham (1962) based on DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE: information about energy of the depositional environment. MOST IMPORTANT and COMMONLY in USE!! Carbonate rock classification: Folk (1951) based on grain composition and presence of micrite or cement: information about the origin of the grains and of the depositional environment. NOT CURRENTLY IN USE!! Carbonate Classifications
- 11. Dunham (1962) Limestone Classification The distinction as to whether a rock is supported by matrix (mud) or framework (grains) is fundamental to this scheme. The four basic terms for normal (non-crystalline) limestones can be further modified with terms describing constituent grains or other features. The most difficult aspect of this classification, in many cases, is in deciding whether a rock with large and irregular (skeletal or intraclastic) grains, or one that has undergone substantial post-depositional compaction, was originally mud- or grain-supported. Dunham classification is based on depositional texture
- 12. Embry& Klovan (1971) Limestone Classification In Embry and Klovan (1971) scheme,for biogenic limestones, the term “floatstone” replaces Dunhamʼs “packstone”. For coarser, grain-supported biogenic limestones, the term “rudstone” was coined. In addition, an organically bound rock can be termed a “bafflestone”, a “bindstone”, or a “framestone”, depending on the nature of the organic structures. These last three terms, in particular, have been widely adopted by those working on reefs, bioherms, and other biogenic carbonates.
- 13. EMBRY & KLOWAN (1971) Dunham (1962) Limestone Classification
- 14. 1. Original components bound together at the time of deposition: BOUNDSTONE 1a. Organisms build a rigid framework: FRAMESTONE (corals) 1b. Organisms act as baffle: BAFFLESTONE (algae, bryozoans) 1b. Organisms encrust and bind: BINDSTONE (Stromatolites, red algae) Carbonate rock classification: Dunham (1962) + Embry and Klovan (1972) 2. Original components not bound together at the time of deposition 2a. Less 10% grains > 2mm -When mud-supported and grains are < 10%: MUDSTONE -When mud-supported and grains are > 10%: WACKESTONE -When grain-supported with micrite matrix filling the pore space: PACKSTONE -When grain-supported, no micrite matrix (sediment) but cement (precipitate) or unfilled pore space: GRAINSTONE 2b. More 10% grains > 2mm -Matrix supported: FLOATSTONE -Grain supported: RUDSTONE
- 16. Peloidal grainstone with intraclasts and bioclasts
- 18. Lime mudstone
- 19. Bioclastic Packstone with intaclasts
- 24. Bioclastic Packstone with intraclasts
- 27. Boundstone Algal boundstone (bindstone) Finely laminated, algal boundstone (Stromatolite). Coral boundstone (framestone)
- 28. From Baccelle & Bosellini (1965)