Classifications of carbonate rocks
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This document discusses different classifications of carbonate rocks. It describes compositional classifications based on mineralogical and chemical composition, including limestone, dolomite, and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic rocks. It also describes textural classifications including Folk's classification based on particle sizes, Dunham's classification of carbonates by depositional texture, and revisions by Embry and Klovan and Wright. The classifications are useful for understanding the composition and depositional environment of carbonate rocks.
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Komatiite
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
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This document provides information on carbonate systems, including their formation processes, modern and ancient settings, controlling factors, and sedimentary facies. Carbonate sediment is formed through biological processes controlled by factors like temperature, salinity, and clastic sediment influx. Modern carbonates are found in warm-water, cool-water, and pelagic settings. Ancient carbonates developed on flooded continental shelves during high sea levels. Carbonate platforms, ramps, reefs, and other depositional environments are described.
Facies Models
Sedimentary facies refer to rock or sediment bodies that are distinguished by their composition, texture, structures and other features related to the depositional environment. Key aspects of facies include grain size, sorting, fossils and bedding. Individual facies represent specific depositional conditions. Multiple genetically-related facies comprise a facies association representing a depositional system. Facies successions occur at different scales from individual systems to basin-scale sequences reflecting changes in sea level over time.
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The document discusses skarn deposits, which are metallic deposits associated with skarn rocks formed by the chemical alteration of carbonate rocks like dolostone and limestone. It defines skarn and its classifications, discusses associated mineral deposits, and highlights potential occurrences in Nigeria. Specifically, it notes that the Younger Granites Complex and marble-bearing schist belts may host skarn occurrences in Nigeria rich in iron, copper, gold, and molybdenum deposits. The document also presents a case study of the Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit in Peru to illustrate deposit geology and mineralization.
Depositional environments
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
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The document summarizes carbonate rock classification systems. It describes the Dunham and Folk classification schemes which are based on composition and textures. The Dunham scheme categorizes rocks as mudstone, wackestone, packstone, or grainstone depending on whether allochems or matrix is dominant. The Folk scheme additionally considers allochem types. Both aim to capture depositional environments but Dunham focuses on grain abundance while Folk considers all components. The document also discusses carbonate components, textures, porosity types and dolomitization.
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2) During burial, formation waters in pore spaces become more saline with depth due to reverse osmosis, reaching concentrations over 350,000 ppm at several kilometers depth.
3) Primary migration involves the expulsion of hydrocarbons from low-permeability source rocks into more permeable surrounding rocks due to fluid overpressure. Secondary migration transports hydrocarbons long distances through porous reservoir rocks driven by buoyancy until trapped by impermeable seals.
volcaniclastic deposits
This document provides information about volcaniclastic rocks and pyroclastic materials. It defines pyroclastic rocks as being composed of volcanic materials and volcaniclastic rocks as pyroclastic materials that have been transported and reworked. Pyroclastic materials include volcanic bombs, lapilli, ash, and ignimbrites. These materials are classified based on size. Volcaniclastic rocks include agglomerates, tuffs, and other deposits that form from pyroclastic flows and ash falls.
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Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
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Sedimentary facies refer to rock or sediment bodies that are distinguished by their composition, texture, structures and other features related to the depositional environment. Key aspects of facies include grain size, sorting, fossils and bedding. Individual facies represent specific depositional conditions. Multiple genetically-related facies comprise a facies association representing a depositional system. Facies successions occur at different scales from individual systems to basin-scale sequences reflecting changes in sea level over time.
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The document discusses skarn deposits, which are metallic deposits associated with skarn rocks formed by the chemical alteration of carbonate rocks like dolostone and limestone. It defines skarn and its classifications, discusses associated mineral deposits, and highlights potential occurrences in Nigeria. Specifically, it notes that the Younger Granites Complex and marble-bearing schist belts may host skarn occurrences in Nigeria rich in iron, copper, gold, and molybdenum deposits. The document also presents a case study of the Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit in Peru to illustrate deposit geology and mineralization.
Depositional environments
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
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The document summarizes carbonate rock classification systems. It describes the Dunham and Folk classification schemes which are based on composition and textures. The Dunham scheme categorizes rocks as mudstone, wackestone, packstone, or grainstone depending on whether allochems or matrix is dominant. The Folk scheme additionally considers allochem types. Both aim to capture depositional environments but Dunham focuses on grain abundance while Folk considers all components. The document also discusses carbonate components, textures, porosity types and dolomitization.
Oil migration (pinacle reef)
1) Oil and gas migration are poorly understood processes in hydrocarbon reservoir formation. Hydrocarbons must migrate from their source rock to reservoir rocks through pore spaces originally filled with water.
2) During burial, formation waters in pore spaces become more saline with depth due to reverse osmosis, reaching concentrations over 350,000 ppm at several kilometers depth.
3) Primary migration involves the expulsion of hydrocarbons from low-permeability source rocks into more permeable surrounding rocks due to fluid overpressure. Secondary migration transports hydrocarbons long distances through porous reservoir rocks driven by buoyancy until trapped by impermeable seals.
volcaniclastic deposits
This document provides information about volcaniclastic rocks and pyroclastic materials. It defines pyroclastic rocks as being composed of volcanic materials and volcaniclastic rocks as pyroclastic materials that have been transported and reworked. Pyroclastic materials include volcanic bombs, lapilli, ash, and ignimbrites. These materials are classified based on size. Volcaniclastic rocks include agglomerates, tuffs, and other deposits that form from pyroclastic flows and ash falls.
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This document provides information about amphibole group minerals. It discusses that amphiboles are double chain silicates that share properties with pyroxenes. Amphiboles have a Si:O ratio of 4:11, contain essential hydroxyl groups, and form prismatic or needle-like crystals. Several monoclinic and orthorhombic amphibole group minerals are described in detail, including their chemical formulas, crystal structures, typical occurrences, and physical properties. Prominent amphibole deposits in India are also listed.
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Sedimentary ore forming process
Sedimentary ores form through sedimentation processes. Sediments are weathered from primary rocks by physical and chemical breakdown, then transported and deposited by agents like wind and water in sedimentary basins. Through diagenesis and cementation, sediments consolidate into sedimentary rocks. These rocks form through mechanical, chemical, or biogenic processes. Economically important sedimentation processes include coalification, biogeneous shale formation, residual concentration, and mechanical concentration in placer deposits. Coal forms over millions of years as plant remains are buried and undergo heat and pressure to form carbon-rich rock.
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This document discusses different sedimentary environments including terrestrial, marginal marine, and marine settings. Terrestrial environments include fluvial systems like braided rivers and meandering streams, alluvial fans, glacial deposits, lacustrine environments, and aeolian deposits in deserts. Marginal marine environments are located along the continental boundary and include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are coral reefs, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Different sedimentary structures form in each environment providing clues to depositional conditions.
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s
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. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Paired metamorphic belts
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Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Sedimentary Process
This document discusses sediment transport and deposition processes. It describes four main media that transport sediment: water, air, ice, and gravity. Different flow regimes like laminar, turbulent and transitional are discussed. Specific bedforms like ripples, dunes and planar beds are described that form under different flow velocities and sediment grain sizes. Factors like Reynolds number, Froude number and Stokes' law that influence sediment transport and bedform development are also summarized.
Dotts classification
Dott's classification scheme for sandstones is based on the relative proportions of matrix, quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments. Point counting under a microscope is used to determine the composition by identifying materials beneath cross hairs. Sandstones with 5-15% clay matrix are called arenites and can be further classified as arkose, litharenite, or other based on quartz, feldspar, and lithic percentages. Rocks with 15-75% clay matrix are called wackes and those over 75% are mudstones. This classification provides a consistent terminology for describing sandstone compositions.
Sedimentary ore forming process
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This document discusses different sedimentary environments including terrestrial, marginal marine, and marine settings. Terrestrial environments include fluvial systems like braided rivers and meandering streams, alluvial fans, glacial deposits, lacustrine environments, and aeolian deposits in deserts. Marginal marine environments are located along the continental boundary and include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are coral reefs, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Different sedimentary structures form in each environment providing clues to depositional conditions.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
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Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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Classifications of carbonate rocks
- 1. Classifications of Carbonate Rocks Dr. Behrooz Esrafili-Dizaji
- 2. Classification Classification of carbonate Non-textural Mineralogical and chemical composition Physical properties Textural Autochthonou s Reefal and Microbial Allochthonous Non-reefal Flügel, 2004
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