This document discusses carbohydrates and related products. It defines carbohydrates as compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can be hydrolyzed into polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or related compounds. Carbohydrates are classified as sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides) or polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. The document also discusses gums and mucilages, providing differences between the two, and describes tests used to identify carbohydrates, such as Molisch's test and Fehling's test.

1. CARBOHYDRATES AND RELATED PRODUCTSCARBOHYDRATES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Dr.U.Srinivasa, M. Pharm., M.Phil., Ph.D.Dr.U.Srinivasa, M. Pharm., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Professor and Head, (Dept. of pharmacognosy)Professor and Head, (Dept. of pharmacognosy)
Srinivas college of pharmacy, Mangalore.Srinivas college of pharmacy, Mangalore.
Email. usreenivas1966@rediffmail.comEmail. usreenivas1966@rediffmail.com

2. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates are first or primary products of
photosynthesis.
Functions :
They are the reserve materials of plants (starch)
and of animals (glycogen)
They supply energy and are structural or skeletal
substances of plants (cellulose)

3. DefinitionDefinition
Carbohydrates were defined as a group of
compounds composed of carbon (C),
Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O).
They are expressed by formula (CH2O)n i.e.
is hydrates of carbon.

4. DefinitionDefinition
They are also defined as polyhydroxy
aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones or
compounds that on hydrolysis produce
either of the above

5. Classification:
Carbohydrates are mainly classified into
two groups
Sugars or saccharides and
Polysaccharides

6. Sugars or saccharides
They are also called as “Saccharides”
(Sakcharon in Greek meaning sugar),
chemically a simple sugar is a ketonic or
aldehydic substitution product of a
polyhydroxy alcohol.

7. Sugars or Saccharides
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Trisaccharides
Tetrasccharides

8. Sugars or saccharides
Monosaccharide are sugars, which cannot be
further hydrolyzed to simple sugars.
However, they are classified according to the
number of carbon atoms in sugar molecules

9. TypesTypes
i)Bioses: They contain two carbon atoms.
They do not occur in free in nature
ii)Trioses: They contain three carbon
atoms, but in the form of phosphoric esters,
eg Glyceraldehyde

10. TypesTypes
iii)Tetroses: They contain four carbon
atoms, eg: Erythrose
iv) Pentoses:
They are very common in plants and are the
products of hydrolysis of polysaccharides like
hemicelluloses,mucilages and gums. (Contain
five carbon atoms)
Eg: Arabinose, Ribose, xylose

11. TypesTypes
V. Hexoses: They contain 6 carbon atoms
and are abundantly available
carbohydrates of plant kingdom. They are
further divided into 2 types -
Aldoses : They contain an aldehyde group,
eg: Glucose, manose, galactose
Ketoses: They contain ketone group, eg:
Fructose and sorbose

12. TypesTypes
VI) Heptoses:
They contain seven carbon atoms, eg:
Glucoheptose and monoheptose

13. Disaccharides
Carbohydrates which on hydrolysis yield two
molecules of monosaccharides are called as
disaccharides
Eg: Sucrose - on hydrolysis - Glucose +
Fructose (Sugarcane)
Eg: Lactose - on hydrolysis - Glucose -
Galactose (Cow’s milk)

14. Trisaccharides:
Carbohydrates, which on hydrolysis yield
three molecules of monosaccharide’s are
called as trisaccharides.
Eg: Raffinose – on hydrolysis - Glucose +
Fructose + Galactose
Eg: Gentianose - on hydrolysis - Glucose +
Glucose + Fructose (Gentian roots)

15. Tetrasaccharides
On hydrolysis yields 4 molecules of
monosaccharide's, eg: Stachyose

16. II. Polysaccharides
On hydrolysis yields an indefinite number
of monosaccharide.
Eg starch, cellulose

17. Difference between Gums andDifference between Gums and
MucilageMucilage
Gums Mucilage
They are the pathological products
consisting of ca, mg, k, salts of
complex substances
They are the physiological products
related to gums
On prolong heating with dilute
acids forms sugars and uronic acids
They are sulphonic acid esters
They are not normal products of
plant metabolism but as a result of
injury / in abnormal / in
unfavourable condition the gums
are produced
Mucilage are the normal products
and are produced without injury to
the plant
They are plant exudates They are not exudates of plant
Gums are used in dental and other
adhesives and as bulk laxatives.
Eg: Acacia, tragacanth,
Mucilage are used as demulcents,
bulk laxatives
Eg, Isapghula, linseed, agar

18. Identification of carbohydratesIdentification of carbohydrates
1) Molisch’s test: The test is positive with soluble, as well
as insoluble carbohydrate.
Solution of carbohydrate and few drops of Molisch’s
reagent and few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid -
Purple colour or violet ring at the junction of the two
liquids
1) Fehling’s test: Solution of carbohydrate and few
drops of Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s solution B.
Heat the mixture -- Brick red ppt.