Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, essential as they provide energy and structure in living organisms. They are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, with significant roles in both diet and pharmaceutical applications. Diseases related to carbohydrate metabolism include diabetes and lactose intolerance, highlighting their importance in health and nutrition.

1. Presented by: Group 1
Iqra, Ghazia, Mobeen, Hamza, Kainat
GC Women University, Sialkot

3. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are broadly defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones and their derivatives or as substances that yields one of
these compounds
Simple carbohydrates are also known as “sugars
or saccharides” (latin: saccharum = sugar).
 Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Functional groups present include hydroxyl groups
 -ose indicates sugar

4. Carbohydrates are the most abundant of all the organic compounds in
nature.
 In plants, energy from the Sun is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into
the carbohydrate glucose.
 Many of the glucose molecules are made into long-chain polymers of starch that
store energy.
About 65% of the foods in our diet consist of carbohydrates.
Each day we utilize carbohydrates in foods such as bread, pasta, potatoes, and
rice.
Other carbohydrates called disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar) and
lactose in milk.
During digestion and cellular metabolism, carbohydrates are converted into
glucose,
which is oxidized further in our cells to provide our bodies with energy and to
provide the cells with carbon atoms for building molecules of protein, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
 In plants, a polymer of glucose called cellulose builds the structural framework.
Cellulose has other important uses, too.
The wood in our furniture, the pages in your notebook, and the cotton in our
clothing are made of cellulose.

6. Carbohydrates
Mostly derived from plant.
Animals -synthesize carbohydrate from
lipidglycerol and amino acids.
Glucose -major metabolic fuel of mammals
and a universal fuel of the fetus.
Other sugars are converted into glucose in the
liver.
Diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen storage
diseases, and lactose intolerance are some of the
disease related to carbohydrate metabolism

7. Classification
Aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric
alcohol are mainly classified as
 Monosaccharides
 Disaccharides
 Oligosaccharide
 Polysaccharides

25. Importance of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are used in pharmacy:
for the preparation of simple syrup( sucrose).
as diluents& binders for the preparation of tablets(lactose, starch,
gums) & for coating sugar-coated tablets(liquid glucose).
for preparation of infants’ food(starch & dextrin).
for preparation of sterile iv solutions(dextrose).
In anti –diarrhea drugs (pectin).
As laxatives (mucilage, lactulose),antacids(sucrl fate) or diuretic
drugs (manitol & sorbitol).
as emulsifying agents(gums).
as nutrient media for both bacteria and tissue cultures (agar).
In the preparation of surgical dressing(cellulose) & plasters( gums).
Some carbohydrate derivatives have various therapeutic use such as
ascorbic acid, glucosamine, dextran and others

26. Function of Carbohydrate
•Dietary source of energy.
•Form the structural framework of RNA and DNA.
•Structure of cell membrane and cell wall of plant cell & microorganism and
exoskeleton of insects
•Precursor for synthesis of all the other carbohydrates in the body,
–glycogen for storage.
–ribose and deoxyribosein nucleic acids.
–Galactose-lactose of milk, in glycolipids.
–Combination with protein -glycoproteinsand proteoglycans